Primary 5

1. The Earth

3. The three spheres of The
Earth

4. atmosphere
hydrosphere
geosphere

5. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that
surrounds the Earth
It consists mostly of nitrogen but also contains
oxigen, carbon dioxide and other gases

6. The hydrosphere is all the water that exists
on Earth

7. glacier
s
rain
rivers
oceans
groundwater

8. The geosphere is the part of the Earth that
includes the rocks and minerals. They make
landforms , such as mountains.

9. The atmosphere

10. What is the atmosphere?
It’s the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth: Nitrogene, oxygen, carbon
dioxide and others. It has different layers:
Troposphere (17 km)
It’s the layer where living things are found. Contains
weather systems (rain, wind)
Most of the gases are in the troposphere
Mesosphere (85 km)
It’s the coldest layer of the lower atmosphere
This layer protects the Earth from meteors
Outer layers of atmosphere
Outer space
Stratosphere (50 km)
Contains the ozone layer.
The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet light from the
sun and reflects it back into space

11. troposphere
17km
Stratosphere
Ozone layer
Mesosphere
Outer layers of the atmosphere
Outer space
85km50km

12. The geosphere

13. What is the geosphere?
The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth. It’s made up of
three spheres: The core, the mantle and the crust
crust
core
mantle

14. The crust is the outer layer and it’s
made of rocks and minerals. It forms
the continents, the islands and ocean
floors. We can see landforms here:
mountains, valleys
The mantle is the middle layer and
contains a liquid rock called magma
The core is the inner sphere and it’s
made of iron (liquid and solid). It’s the
hottest part of the Earth

15. Earthquakes and
volcanoes can
change or move the
crust

16. The wind, rain, ice and rivers can
also change the Earth’s crust,
very slowly.
This processes are called
weathering and erosion

17. Weathering is the breaking down of
rocks into smaller pieces
by plants or by animals
It can be caused by rain and freezing temperatures

18. Erosion is the moving of soil and rocks to a
different place

19. Rocks and minerals

20. Rocks are made of one or more
minerals

21. We can classify rocks into three
groups:
• Sedimentary rocks: they are
made of sediments (chalk)
• Metamorphic rocks:
(marble)
• igneus rocks:
they form when liquid
magma cools
• igneus rocks:
they form when liquid
magma cools: (basalt)
• Metamorphic rocks:
(marble)

22. There are thousands of minerals on
Earth and we clasify them by their
different properties: colour, hardness
and lustre. Diamonds, galena, talc, are
some examples of minerals

23. The
hydrosphere

24. What is the hydrosphere?
The hydrosphere is all the water that exists
on the Earth
solid
We can find water in three states
Liquid: saltwater
and freshwater
Only 1% of all
the water
Gas: water vapour

25. A river starts in the source
It forms meanders
It ends at the mouth
The path of a river is called a course. We can divide the course into
three parts: the upper course, the middle course and the lower
course
Small rivers are called tributaries