The document discusses parallelism in both grammar and geometry. In grammar, parallelism refers to a balance within sentences of similar grammatical structures, such as phrases or clauses. Using parallel structure improves writing style, readability, and comprehension. The document then provides examples of parallel and non-parallel structures in words, phrases, clauses, and lists. It concludes with rules for maintaining parallelism when using coordinating conjunctions, elements in a series, elements being compared, and elements joined by linking verbs or words.

1. PARALLEL STRUCTURE

2. The three illustrations show parallel lines. In
geometry, they can be defined as two lines
in the same plane that are at equal distance
from each other and never meet.
In grammar, parallelism, also known as
parallel structure or parallel construction, is
a balance within one or more sentences of
similar phrases or clauses that have the
same grammatical structure. The
application of parallelism improves writing
style and readability, and is thought to
make sentences easier to process.

3. PARALLELISM
• The balance between two or more similar words, phrases or
clauses is called parallelism in grammar. Parallelism is also called
parallel structure or parallel construction. Parallel construction
prevents awkwardness, promotes clarity and improves writing
style and readability.
• In grammar, parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel
construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar
phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure. The
application of parallelism improves writing style and readability,
and is thought to make sentences easier to process.

4. RULES OF PARALLELISM
A. Words and Phrases
With the -ing form (gerund) of words:
Parallel: Jhoanne likes writing, swimming,
and reading.

5. With infinitive phrases:
•Parallel: Jhoanne likes to hike, to swim, and to
ride a bicycle. OR
Jhoanne likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a
sentence or only before the first one.)

6. •Do not mix forms.
•Parallel: Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a
bicycle.
• Parallel: The production manager was asked to
write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.
• Parallel: The teacher said that he was a poor
student because he waited until the last minute to
study for the exam, completed his lab problems in
a careless manner, and lacked motivation.

7. B. Clauses
•A parallel structure that begins with clauses
must keep on with clauses. Changing to
another pattern or changing the voice of the
verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will
break the parallelism.

8. • Example 1
• Parallel: The coach told the players that they should
a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and
that they should do some warm-up exercises before the
game.
— or —
• Parallel: The coach told the players that they should
a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up
exercises before the game.

9. •Example 2
• Parallel: The salesman expected that he
would present his product at the meeting,
that he would have time to show his slide
presentation, and that prospective buyers
would ask him questions.

10. C. Lists After a Colon
Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in
the same form.
•Example 1
Parallel: The dictionary can be used to find
these: word meanings, pronunciations, correct
spellings, and irregular verbs.

11. REVIEW
•Rules of Parallelism
•1. Parallelism is used to balance nouns
with nouns, prepositional phrases with
prepositional phrases, participles with
participles, infinitives with infinitives,
clauses with clauses.

12. •2. Parallelism is used with elements joined
by coordinating conjunctions.
a. My mother likes cooking and to read.
b. My mother likes cooking and reading

13. •3. Parallelism is used with elements in
lists or in a series.
a. This task can be done individually,
in pairs, or can be done in groups
of four.
b. This task can be do ne individually,
in pairs, or in groups of four.

14. •Parallelism is used with elements being
compared.
a. She is mad about watching TV more than to
read a book .
b.She is mad about watching TV more than
reading a book.

15. •5. Parallelism is used with elements
joined by a linking verb or a form of be
a.To learn is understanding the world.
b. To learn is to understand the world.

16. •6. Parallelism is used with elements joined by
linking words.
a. The teacher not only wants his students to
keep quiet but also to do the task.
b.The teacher wants his students not only to
keep quiet but also to do the task.