3.  Definitions
 Species – Group of similar living organism who can
breed together to produce fertile
offspring
 Population – Group of individuals of the same species
living in a habitat at the same time

4.  Community – Different populations of organisms
living together and interacting with one
another in same habitat
 Ecosystem – Different communities interact with
one another and with environment

5.  Habitat – Natural living place of organisms
- Provides air, space, food, shelter and place
to breed
 Environment – Made up of living & non-living organisms

7.  Interactions
 Prey-predator
 Symbiosis
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Competition

8.  Prey-predator
a) Predator is animal that hunts other living
organism for food
b) Prey is animals that are hunted by predator
c) Predator usually have special characteristics such
as sharp claws or beak to kill prey
d) Prey can usually runs fast

9.  Symbiosis
a) Interaction between 2 living organisms
b) At least one benefits
c) Divided into
 Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
d) Commensalism
 One benefits while the other unaffected
 Eg: Shark & remora fish

10. e) Mutualism
 Both organisms benefit
 Eg: Bee & flower, Crocodile & bird
f) Parasitism
 One benefits and the other is harmed / killed
 Eg: Human & tape worm, rafflesia & other plants

11.  Competition
a) Competition occurs when organisms compete for
the same basic resources
b) Animals compete to obtain water, food, living
space and mates for reproduction
c) Plants compete to obtain water, sunlight,
minerals and living space

12.  Biological control
 The use of natural predator to control the
population of pest.
 Eg: Owl & rat in palm oil, caterpillars & weed
 Advantages:
a) Does not kill other organisms except pest
b) Does not pollute environment
c) Safe and cheap

14.  Food chain is the food relationship among organisms
 Food web consists of several food chains that are
interlinked to one another

15.  Pyramid of numbers show the number of organisms
at each stage of food chain
 From the base to the peak:
a) Number of organisms decrease
b) Size of organisms increase
c) More energy is lost

17.  Photosynthesis
 Occur in green plants
 Making own food from sunlight, water, carbon
dioxide and chlorophyll

18.  Glucose is converted to starch
 Role of photosynthesis:
a) Enable green plant to make own food
b) Regulate and maintain carbon dioxide content in
atmosphere
c) Increase oxygen content in atmosphere

19.  Carbon cycle
Decay
Death

20.  Process that releases carbon dioxide into air are:
a) Respiration & breathing
b) Combustion
c) Decomposition
 Process that removes carbon dioxide from air is
photosynthesis

21.  Oxygen cycle
 Maintains the amount of oxygen in air

23.  Definition
 Conservation – Protecting plants and animals from
being killed / destroyed
 Preservation – Keeping living organisms the way they
are

24.  Steps taken:
 Setting up protected areas.
 Setting up man-made habitats.
 Laws and regulations.
 Recycling and reusing materials.
 Banning trade of exotic pets.
 Banning sale of products made from endangered
organisms
 Conservation and preservation activities

26.  Effects:
 Over-exploitation of resources
 Air pollution
 Soil pollution
 Water pollution

27.  Solutions to pollution:
 What we can do?
 What the community can do?
 What the government can do?