1. Chap 2: Cell Structure & Cell Organisation
Chap 2: Cell Structure & Cell Organisation
Cell Structure
Cell Structure Cell Organisation
Cell Organisation
Animals
Animals Plants
Plants Living Process:
Living Process: Cell Specialisation:
Cell Specialisation:
•Locomotion
•Locomotion •Cells
•Cells Animals
Animals
•Feeding
•Feeding •Tissues
•Tissues
•Respiration
•Respiration •Organs
•Organs
http://www.youtube.com/
http://www.youtube.com/ •Excretion •Systems Plants
•Excretion •Systems Plants
watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA
watch?v=o1GQyciJaTA •Reproduction •Organism
•Reproduction •Organism
•Response
•Response to
to Focus on
Comparison
Comparison stimuli
stimuli
•Growth
•Growth Parts involved
Parts involved &&
their functions
their functions
Helps in
Amoeba sp.
Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp.
Paramecium sp.
Regulation of internal
Regulation of internal
environment via negative
environment via negative
feedback loop
feedback loop
Click red-
coloured box
for more info.

2. Animal cell
Animal cell Plant cell
Plant cell
Both have aanucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosome
Both have nucleus, plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum & ribosome
No fixed shape
No fixed shape Shape
Shape Have fixed shape
Have fixed shape
No cell walls
No cell walls Cell walls
Cell walls Have cell walls
Have cell walls
No chloroplast
No chloroplast Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts Have chloroplasts
Have chloroplasts
No vacuoles
No vacuoles Vacuoles
Vacuoles Have vacuoles
Have vacuoles
Have centrioles
Have centrioles Centrioles
Centrioles No centriole
No centriole
Glycogen
Glycogen Food storage
Food storage Starch
Starch
Density

3. Density of organelles in tissues
Density of organelles in tissues Click to return to
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria Sperm – –Swim
Sperm Swim
Energy (ATP) Muscle cells - -Movement
Muscle cells Movement
Energy (ATP)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Mesophyll palisade --photosynthesis
Mesophyll palisade photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Salivary gland – –Secrete saliva
Salivary gland Secrete saliva
Rough ER
Rough ER &&enzymes
enzymes
Pancreas
Pancreas – – Synthesise
Synthesise &&
Transport protein
Transport protein secrete enzymes
secrete enzymes
Smooth ER
Smooth ER Intestinal epithelium – – Digestive
Intestinal epithelium Digestive
enzyme
enzyme
Synthesise lipid
Synthesise lipid Liver - -Detoxification
Liver Detoxification
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus Goblet
Goblet cells
cells inin intestine &&
intestine
respiratory tract – –Secrete mucus
respiratory tract Secrete mucus
Process, package &&
Process, package
transport protein &&
transport protein
carbo.
carbo.

4. Excretion:
Excretion:
Contractile
Contractile
Feeding: vacuole
vacuole in
in
Feeding:
http://www.youtube.com/ osmoregulation
osmoregulation
http://www.youtube.com/
Movement: while waste is
while waste is
Movement: watch?v=m6i3F9nbHwA
watch?v=m6i3F9nbHwA
Cytoplasmic projection via diffusion
via diffusion
Cytoplasmic projection
(pseudopodia)
(pseudopodia)
Respiration:
Respiration:
Response to stimuli:
Response to stimuli: Simple diffusion via
Simple diffusion via
Retreat from bright
Retreat from bright Reproduction:
Reproduction: whole plasma membrane
whole plasma membrane
light & acidic condition
light & acidic condition http://www.youtube.com/
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=fUxPL8cySwY
watch?v=fUxPL8cySwY
Paramecium

5. Movement: Feeding:
Feeding:
Movement: Reproduction:
Reproduction:
Binary fission
Binary fission
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Response to stimuli: Excretion:
Excretion:
Response to stimuli:
Sense it using cilia Contractile vacuole in
Contractile vacuole in
Sense it using cilia Respiration:
Respiration: osmoregulation while
osmoregulation while
Sensitive to chemicals,
Sensitive to chemicals, Simple diffusion via
Simple diffusion via waste is via diffusion
waste is via diffusion
O2, , CO2, , light, contact
O2 CO2 light, contact whole plasma membrane
whole plasma membrane
& temperature
& temperature

6. Cell
Cell
Same
cells form
Tissues
Tissues
Epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissues
Muscle tissues
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues
Nervous tissues
Connective tissues
Connective tissues
Different
tissues work
together form
Organs
Organs Systems
Systems Organism
Organism
Different Different
organs work Nervous system
Nervous system systems work
together form Skeletal system together form
Skeletal system
Circulatory system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
Excretory system
Excretory system
Reproductive system
Reproductive system
Endocrine system
Endocrine system
Muscular system
Muscular system
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic system

7. Same cells work together forming TISSUES
Same cells work together forming TISSUES
Epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissues
 1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg: skin) and
 1 or more layer of cells covering the body surfaces (eg: skin) and
inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs)
inner lining of cavities (eg: lungs)
 Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)
 Some form glands for secretion (exocrine & endocrine gland)
 Functions:
 Functions:
a)Protection (skin)
a)Protection (skin)
b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)
b)Gaseous exchange (in alveoli and blood capillary)
c) Absorption (lining of small intestine)
c) Absorption (lining of small intestine)
d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland & trachea)
d)Secretion (goblet cells in sweat & sebaceous gland & trachea)
Muscle tissues
Muscle tissues
 Composed of muscle fibres
 Composed of muscle fibres
 3 types
 3 types
a)Cardiac muscles
a)Cardiac muscles
 Striated, branched & multi-nucleated
 Striated, branched & multi-nucleated
 Heart
 Heart
 Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole body
 Involuntary contraction to pump blood to whole body
b) Skeletal muscles
b) Skeletal muscles
 Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated
 Striated, not branched & multi-nucleated
 Attached to bones (eg: tendons)
 Attached to bones (eg: tendons)
 Voluntary movements of the body
 Voluntary movements of the body
c) Smooth muscles
c) Smooth muscles
 Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated
 Non-striated, not branched and uni-nucleated
 Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc
 Linings of digestive tract, blood vessels, reproductive tract etc More
 Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement)
 Involuntary actions of the body (eg: peristaltic movement) tissues

8. Nervous tissues
Nervous tissues
 Composed of neurones
 Composed of neurones
 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &
 3 types of neurones, ie. afferent neurone, efferent neurone &
interneurone
interneurone
 Transmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body & coordinate
 Transmit signals (nerve impulse) to whole body & coordinate
activities in the body
activities in the body
Connective tissues
Connective tissues
 Variety of tissues that connect body parts
 Variety of tissues that connect body parts
 All have cells and extracellular matrix
 All have cells and extracellular matrix
 Types of connective tissues:
 Types of connective tissues:
a)Tendons & ligaments ––Densely packed collagen for attachments of
a)Tendons & ligaments Densely packed collagen for attachments of
bone-muscle & bone-bone
bone-muscle & bone-bone
b)Cartilage ––Strong yet flexible for support & cushion
b)Cartilage Strong yet flexible for support & cushion
c) Bones ––Cells embedded in aamatrix of collagen hardened by mineral
c) Bones Cells embedded in matrix of collagen hardened by mineral
deposits like Ca2+. .Provides protection & support
deposits like Ca2+ Provides protection & support
d)Blood –– RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).
d)Blood RBC, WBC & cell fragments in fluid (blood plasma).
Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune
Manufactured in bone marrow. Helps in transportation & immune
system.
system.
e)Lymph ––Immune system & forming internal environment
e)Lymph Immune system & forming internal environment
f) Fat cells ––Store energy & insulation
f) Fat cells Store energy & insulation
Organ

9. Different tissues work together to form ORGAN
Different tissues work together to form ORGAN
One of the organs in human body is SKIN
One of the organs in human body is SKIN
Epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissues
Nervous tissues
Nervous tissues
Connective tissues
Connective tissues
Hair follicle
Muscle
Muscle tissues
tissues
(Smooth muscles)
(Smooth muscles)
Specialised epithelial
Specialised epithelial
tissues form glands
tissues form glands Systems
and hair follicle
and hair follicle

10. Different organs make up SYSTEM
Different organs make up SYSTEM
Nervous System
Nervous System
 Brain, spinal cord & nerves
 Brain, spinal cord & nerves
 Functions:
 Functions:
a) Detects stimuli, transmit nerve impulse & formulates responses
a) Detects stimuli, transmit nerve impulse & formulates responses
b)Controls physiological processes
b)Controls physiological processes
Skeletal System
Skeletal System
 Bones, cartilage, tendons & ligaments
 Bones, cartilage, tendons & ligaments
 Functions:
 Functions:
a)Support
a)Support
b)Attachment of muscles
b)Attachment of muscles
c) Protection of internal organs
c) Protection of internal organs
Circulatory System
Circulatory System
 Heart, blood vessels
 Heart, blood vessels
 Functions:
 Functions:
a)Transport of nutrients, gases and hormones
a)Transport of nutrients, gases and hormones
b)Carry waste products to excretory systems
b)Carry waste products to excretory systems
More
systems

11. Digestive system
Digestive system
 Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small & large
 Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small & large
intestine, rectum & anus
intestine, rectum & anus
 Functions:
 Functions:
a)Ingest & digest food
a)Ingest & digest food
b)Absorbs nutrients
b)Absorbs nutrients
c) Eliminates undigested food
c) Eliminates undigested food
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
 Nose, trachea, lungs
 Nose, trachea, lungs
 Functions:
 Functions:
a) Provide gaseous exchange between blood & external environment
a) Provide gaseous exchange between blood & external environment
b)Allow O2 2intake & CO2 2elimination
b)Allow O intake & CO elimination
Excretory system
Excretory system
 Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungs
 Kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, skin, lungs
 Functions:
 Functions:
a) Remove waste products
a) Remove waste products
b)Regulate osmotic balance of blood
b)Regulate osmotic balance of blood
More
systems

12. Reproductive System
Reproductive System
 Testes, seminal vesicle & penis // Ovaries, fallopian tube,
 Testes, seminal vesicle & penis // Ovaries, fallopian tube,
uterus, cervix, vagina
uterus, cervix, vagina
 Functions:
 Functions:
a) Produce sperm & male hormones
a) Produce sperm & male hormones
b)Produce ova, nurtures & developing foetus & produce female
b)Produce ova, nurtures & developing foetus & produce female
hormones
hormones
Muscular System
Muscular System
 Skeletal, smooth & cardiac muscles
 Skeletal, smooth & cardiac muscles
 Functions:
 Functions:
a)Body movements
a)Body movements
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
 Pituitary, thyroid & adrenal glands, hypothalamus etc.
 Pituitary, thyroid & adrenal glands, hypothalamus etc.
 Functions:
 Functions:
a)Coordinate body activities
a)Coordinate body activities
b)Hormone secretion
b)Hormone secretion
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System
 Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus
 Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus
 Functions:
 Functions:
a)Immune system
a)Immune system
b)Returns excess fluid to blood
b)Returns excess fluid to blood
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13. Cell
Cell
Xylem and phloem cells
Xylem and phloem cells
Guard cells
Guard cells
Mesophyll cells
Mesophyll cells
Root cells
Root cells
Same
cells form
Tissues
Tissues
Meristematic tissues
Meristematic tissues
a)Apical meristem
a)Apical meristem
b)Lateral meristem
b)Lateral meristem
Permanent tissues
Permanent tissues
a)Epidermal tissues
a)Epidermal tissues
b)Vascular tissues
b)Vascular tissues Organism
Organism
c)Ground tissues
c)Ground tissues
Different Different
tissues work systems work
together form Different together form
organs work
Systems
Systems
Organs
Organs together form
Shoot system
Shoot system
Flower
Flower
Root system
Root system
Leaf
Leaf
Support system
Support system
Root
Root
Reproductive system
Reproductive system
Stem
Stem

14. Plant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLS
Plant cells undergo differentiation to form SPECIALISED CELLS
Guard cells
Guard cells
•Specialised
•Specialised epidermal
epidermal
cells (kidney shape) to
cells (kidney shape) to
control size of stoma
control size of stoma
Palisade mesophyll cells
Palisade mesophyll cells
Xylem and phloem cells
Xylem and phloem cells •Elongated & cylindrical, arranged
•Elongated & cylindrical, arranged
•No cytoplasm to allow water and
•No cytoplasm to allow water and vertically, close to one another
vertically, close to one another
minerals to move freely
minerals to move freely •Have aalot of chloroplasts
•Have lot of chloroplasts
•End walls are perforated to allow
•End walls are perforated to allow
continuous flow
continuous flow
•Carry water (from roots) and
•Carry water (from roots) and
minerals (from leaves)
minerals (from leaves)
Root hairs
Root hairs
•Long
•Long extension
extension to
to
increase surface area for
increase surface area for Tissues
absorption of minerals &
absorption of minerals &
water
water

15. Plants have their own TISSUES too
Plants have their own TISSUES too Organs & Systems
1) Meristematic tissues
1) Meristematic tissues 2) Permanent tissues
2) Permanent tissues
Vascular tissue
Vascular tissue
Epidermal tissue
Epidermal tissue Xylem:
Xylem:
• •Carry
Carry H2O
H2O &&
• •Prevent H2O loss
Prevent H2O loss
Apical meristem minerals
minerals
Apical meristem (stomata)
(stomata) • •For support
For support
• •110growth
0
growth • •Absorption of H2O &
Absorption of H2O & Phloem:
Phloem:
minerals (root hair)
minerals (root hair) • •Transport
Transport organic
organic
substances
substances
Ground tissue
Ground tissue
Lateral meristem
Lateral meristem • •Store products of • •Support • •Support
Store products of Support Support
• •2 growth
00
2 growth photosynthesis
photosynthesis • •Protection (lignin)
Protection (lignin)
• •Support & shape
Support & shape

16. Different tissues form ORGANS & different organs form SYSTEMS
Different tissues form ORGANS & different organs form SYSTEMS
Flower
Reproductive
system
• Those underlined are
some of the
examples of plant
organs.
• Those in boxes are
some examples of
Support system
systems in plants.
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