Operating System1) For what types of resources is synchronization.pdf

•

0 likes•2 views

Synchronization is needed for both software and hardware resources to ensure safe sharing. Hardware resources required for synchronization include semaphores, which help with process synchronization, and interrupt masks, which prevent access to global resources. Software resources like dispatcher objects and spinlocks on multiprocessor systems also require synchronization.

Education

Operating System:
1) For what types of resources is synchronization needed, Explain
Solution
1) Both software and hardware resources are needed for synchronization.
Hardware required for process synchronization must have the following minimal qualities they
are,
Semaphore helps for process synchronization.
Safe sharing of an abstract data type.
Interrupt masks are used to prevent access of global resources.
Spinlicks on multiprocessor system.
Dispatcher objects.

More from forecastfashions

After reading the Cultural Competency Module, reflect on your own communication competence. In what areas are you weak? How can you address your weaknesses and build a strong communication competence? Solution Weakness-Different people have different kind of communication styles as because they are from different region and culture . I for an instant have very less interaction with people i get very embarrased while interacting with a group of people . i do not like to attend parties or family reunions as because there will be family memebers who will try to interact with me and i will continuosly get embarrased beacuse of my shy nature. Improvement- I need to be confident about myshelf and stop being shy . I should start by interacting with small group of people and move up by increasing the number of people i interact with. And attend parties functins and have a casual converastion with family members or friends..

After reading the Cultural Competency Module, reflect on your own co.pdf

forecastfashions

A variable that consists of indivisible categories with no other sco.pdf

forecastfashions

C++ BinaryTree Help : Creating main function for Trees... Here are the header files : PrintExpressionTour.H: #ifndef _PRINTEXPRESSIONTOUR_H_ #define _PRINTEXPRESSIONTOUR_H_ #include \"EulerTour.h\" #include template class PrintExpressionTour : public EulerTour { protected: // ...same type name shortcuts as in EvaluateExpressionTour public: inline void execute( const BinaryTree& T ) { // execute the tour initialize( T ); std::cout << \"Expression: \"; eulerTour( T.root() ); std::cout << std::endl; } protected: // leaf: print value virtual void visitExternal( const Position& p, Result& r ) const { std::cout << *p; } // left: open new expression virtual void visitLeft( const Position& p, Result& r ) const { std::cout << \"(\"; } // below: print operator virtual void visitBelow( const Position& p, Result& r ) const { std::cout << *p; } // right: close expression virtual void visitRight( const BinaryTree::Position& p, Result& r ) const { std::cout << \")\"; } }; #endif // _PRINTEXPRESSIONTOUR_H_ BinaryTree.h: #ifndef _BINARYTREE_H_ #define _BINARYTREE_H_ #include #include typedef std::string Elem; // base element type class BinaryTree { protected: struct Node { // a node of the tree Elem elt; // element value Node* par; // parent Node* left; // left child Node* right; // right child Node() : elt(), par( NULL ), left( NULL ), right( NULL ) {} // constructor }; public: class Position { // position in the tree private: Node* v; // pointer to the node public: Position( Node* _v = NULL ) : v( _v ) {} // constructor Elem& operator*() const // get element { return v->elt; } Position left() const // get left child { return Position( v->left ); } Position right() const // get right child { return Position( v->right ); } Position parent() const // get parent { return Position( v->par ); } bool isRoot() const // root of the tree? { return v->par == NULL; } bool isExternal() const // an external node? { return v->left == NULL && v->right == NULL; } friend class BinaryTree; // give tree access }; typedef std::list PositionList; // list of positions public: BinaryTree(); // constructor int size() const; // number of nodes bool empty() const; // is tree empty? Position root() const; // get the root PositionList positions() const; // list of nodes void addRoot(); // add root to empty tree void expandExternal( const Position& p ); // expand external node Position removeAboveExternal( const Position& p ); // remove p and parent // housekeeping functions omitted... protected: // local utilities void preorder( Node* v, PositionList& pl ) const; // preorder utility private: Node* _root; // pointer to the root int n; // number of nodes }; #endif // _BINARYTREE_H_ EulerTour.h: #ifndef _EULERTOUR_H_ #define _EULERTOUR_H_ #include \"BinaryTree.h\" template // element and result types class EulerTour { // a template for Euler tour protected: struct Result { // stores tour results R leftResult; // result from left subtree R rightResult; // result from right subtree R finalR.

C++ BinaryTree Help Creating main function for Trees...Here are .pdf

forecastfashions

Write a short essay explaining the four primary groups of production. Include in your explanation an example of each group as well as what we call the payment each group receives. Solution Four primary groups of production are four main factors of production which are a foundation of any productions. these four factors are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. the first factor is Land that consists all type of natural resources used to create goods and services. examples : land, Gold, oil, forest, animal etc. Labor who transform these natural resources into usable resources. the value of labor depends on their skills and educations. to increase the productivity of firm owner trained their employees (labors) to become more skilled. capital includes buildings, tools, and machines that are labor usees to make outputs of the process. some examples are trucks, automated machines, computers, etc. entrepreneurship who create the idea and combine these all three factors of productions and makes a profit and increases the productivity of a country. payments to land and capital are rent, wages to labor, and profit to entrepreneurship..

Write a short essay explaining the four primary groups of production.pdf

forecastfashions

Why didn\'t the government just arrange to have excess food commodities shipped to places where people didn\'t have enough to eat during the Great Depression?1.Transportation systems during the 1930\'s had basically shut down all over the country. Solution 2) is the correct option The government\'s goal, via the AAA, was to preserve the idea of a market economy for agricultural products, not just to feed the hungry. 1) is wrong as there is water transport by that time, 3) is wrong as there r some places where people Use to die due to hunger. 4) is wrong as they have the chance to export food grains, some other which dont get spoil for few months..

Why didnt the government just arrange to have excess food commodit.pdf

forecastfashions

Where is Virtual Reality going, and where would it be 20 years? Solution Answer: Virtual reality is turnng towards the another world where the influence of artificial intelligence would be at peaks. Recently t has been declared that Quantum computers will gonna be rule the future. This computer is going to be detect and fix the errors by itself. Virtual reality is simply a focus and hence eye tracking will be improve. It is true that Virual reality will rule but the control would be physical . 4K X 4K resolution would be there and it would be very hard to unthether the PCs.

Where is Virtual Reality going, and where would it be 20 yearsS.pdf

forecastfashions

What is the negative side to overusing technical communication tools and examine how to avoid or address the issue. Solution Technical communication can be defined as the process of creating something to transfer others by using electronic gadgets and tools, like computer applications, medical procedures, or environmental regulations, web pages, help files, or social media sites, or any other form, where technology used for creating and delivering something. It is the high level languages, where a common man can not be understand. The people who are professional in nature, they only able to understand this kind of communication. The disadvantages are: These limitations can be covered by providing proper guideliness to the creaters and users of this information. Otherwise, there may be chance to not understading or misunderstanding the information..

What is the negative side to overusing technical communication tools.pdf

forecastfashions

What is the method of action of aldehydes? They damage proteins They disrupt membranes and DNA They damage nucleic acids They inhibit enzymes. Solution Answer will be 2. Aldehydes disrupts membranes and DNA. Aldehydes like glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde involves a strong association with outer layer of bacterial cells, specifically with unprotonated amines present on the cell surface, representing reactive site. this inhibits transport through the cell leading to inhibition of substrate reaching to rhe enzymes. Action mechanism of aldehydes also include nucleic acid damage by alkylation of amino- , carboxyl- or hydroxyl- group of nucleic acid.

What is the method of action of aldehydes They damage proteins .pdf

forecastfashions

What are rubisco and RuBP? And what do they do? Briefly list 4 similarities in how ATP is made in mitochondria and in chloroplasts. A. How does the second law of thermodynamics explain why diffusion occurs across a membrane? B. Describe how oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and photo phosphorylation differ in the way ATP is made. Solution RuBisCO , is an enzyme Which is used in the Calvin cycle for catalyzing the first step of carbon fixation, a process by which the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as sucrose. RuBisCO catalyzes either the carboxylation or oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP) with carbon dioxide or oxygen. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an important 5-carbon intermediate in the Calvin cycle taking place during photosynthesis. It is the substrate, which is used by the enzyme to fix CO2 to create a highly unstable 6 Carbon PO4 which decays into two molecules of glycerate 3- phosphate. In both i.e. Mitochindria as well as in Chloroplast ATP synthesis takes place via a proton gradient- Both have ATP synthatases Both have Electron Transport Chains Both have 70s ribosomes. The second law is a trend towards the randimization or increasing entropy. When the concentration of a substance on both sides of a membrane are equal, the distribution is more random than when they are unequal. Diffusion of a substance to a region, where it is initially less concentrated increases entropy, making it energetically favourable (SPONTANEOUS) process. -Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm during Glycolysis and Mitochondria during Krebs cycle. -2ATP/GTP are produced by conversion of ADP or GDP OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION -Occurs in Mitochondria Occurs during respiration pigment systems are not involved ATP is produced from ADP and iP Molecular O2 is required for terminal oxidation. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION Occurs during photosynthesis inside the chloroplasts. Pigment systemt I & II are involved Sunlight is the external source of energy Molecular Oxygen is not required.

What are rubisco and RuBP And what do they do Briefly list 4 simil.pdf

forecastfashions

Virtual Machines: Discuss what are the new innovation today in this area and what effect this area have on the computer field. Look up information on websites then post the links at the bottom of your answer. How will this area change in the future? Will this area change society? Solution A virtual machine (VM) is an operating system (OS) or application environment that is installed on software, which imitates dedicated hardware. The end user has the same experience on a virtual machine as they would have on dedicated hardware. Virtualization does, however, require more bandwidth, storage and processing capacity than a traditional server or desktop if the physical hardware is going to host multiple running virtual machines. VMs can easily move, be copied and reassigned between host servers to optimize hardware resource utilization. Several vendors offer virtual machine software, but two main vendors dominate in the marketplace: VMware and Microsoft. VMware has a mature product portfolio, with many years of use in the IT industry. While a bit of a late player to virtualization, Microsoft is showing considerable progress. A classical example of VM which we use is Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The goal of a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is to provide a runtime space for a set of Java code to run on any operating system staged on any hardware platform without needing to make code changes to accommodate the different operating systems or hardware. Another important application of VM is in Mainframes. Hypervisor, a variant of VM is used in providing many machines (called as Partitions in Mainframes) to outside world. Interesting application of VM is in Cloud Computing. A cloud is built up of numerous physical machines (the hardware). Each of these machines then run multiple virtual machines, which is what are presented to the end-users. Virtual machines are only limited in the way that their specifications cannot exceed that of their host (the underlying physical machine). There are exceptions to this as well, for example Amazon EC2 does the storage offline, so in that case it would be possible to request drive space that exceeds the host, but again not exceeding the physical size of the actual place where the storage is done. The security is the main issue in case of Virtual Machines and a lot of research is going on in this area. With newer technolgies like Internet Of Things(IOT), Machine Learning and huge amount of data to analyse VM role will further increase in the coming days. Concept of VM has destroyed the business of big companies like EMC, Dell, IBM, HP... in the sense like the small startups who had no option other than purchasing big boxes from these companies are now using the cloud service to store the data which inturn uses VM concept. ------------------- Sorry, I cannot give links here as it is againsr the Chegg Policy. May be you can google out more on the above points to find links and use them..

Virtual Machines Discuss what are the new innovation today in this .pdf

forecastfashions

Using Java, please write the program for the following prompt in the first picture. The second and third picture show a sample execution of the program. Collections and generics are acceptable to use. You just cannot use java methods to iterate through an array list, it must be iterated through using a for loop. Thank you! A. Objectives l Use at least one array of Strings. (10 points) 2. Use at least one 2-dimensional array. (10 points) 3. Use sorting to arrange data. (10 points) 1. Use methods to do separate and rcpetitive work. The main method should not have more than 20 lines of code (10 points) 5. Implement the project correctly. (50 points) 10 points will be awarded for use of meaningful identificrs, consistent indentation, cxplanatory comments in your code and properly formatted output. B. Description Each spring brings hope for National Football League (NFL) teams, especially for those that had poor win-loss records in the previous season. The NFL draft is held in April and is the opportunity for teams to improve their roster by adding those college players considered to be the most talented in the world NFL teams develop their player rosters through three methods: free-agent signings, trading their players for players from other teams, and drafting college players who have doclared themselves oligiblc for the NFL draft. The NFL draft is a two-day event in which all 32 teams take their turns selecting these players. In this project we are going to simulate a limited version of the draft process. This simulated draft would involve 8 teams and 32 players. Pick any 8 teams from the actual NFL and 32 players of your choice. Be creative! l. Assign a random winning percentage to each of the teams for the previous season. 2. Based on the winning percentage, rank the teams in order starting with the one that had the worst performance 3. Each team can now select players in the order they were ranked 4, Assign numbers l to 4 to the players randomly indicating the round in which they can be picked. 5. In each round, the teams in order of their numbers will choose randomly from the players eligible for that round and select them. 6. At thc end of 4 rounds, cach of the 8 teams will have 4 players they picked. Solution import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.awt.geom.*; import java.awt.image.*; import java.util.*; //Primary class for the game public class Asteroids extends Applet implements Runnable, KeyListener{ /** * */ private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; //the main thread becomes the game loop Thread gameloop; //use this as a double buffer BufferedImage backbuffer; //the main drawing object for the back buffer Graphics2D g2d; //toggle for drawing bounding boxes boolean showBounds = false; //create the asteroid array int ASTEROIDS = 20; Asteroid[] ast = new Asteroid[ASTEROIDS]; //create the bullet array int BULLETS = 10; Bullet[] bullet = new Bullet[BULLETS]; int currentBullet = 0; //the player\'.

Using Java, please write the program for the following prompt in the.pdf

forecastfashions

True or FalseBecause IPsec is located in the IP layer, when it is.pdf

forecastfashions

TIA-569 lists six different areas or spaces where cabling is run. List these and briefly define each one. Solution Structured cabling falls into six subsystems: TIA-569 The purpose of this Standard is to standardize specific pathway and space design and construction practices in support of telecommunications media and equipment within buildings.Its scope is limited to telecommunications aspect of building design but influences design of other building services also (i.e. HVAC, electrical power, etc). Define requirements for key spaces : Building Spaces: Access & Service Provider Spaces: Building Pathways: Multitenant Building Spaces: For more detailed but brief information refer this link: https://www.bicsi.org/uploadedFiles/BICSI_Website/Global_Community/Presentations/Caribbea n/TIA-569UpdateOverview.pdf.

TIA-569 lists six different areas or spaces where cabling is run. Li.pdf

forecastfashions

The minimum amount of detail permitted by GAAP for governmental fund expenditure classifications in the basic financial statements is by A. fund B. function (or program) C. Fund and function (or program) D. fund, function (or program), organizational unit, and activity. Solution Option D is correct Explanation : generally governmental fund account for everything else. We spent for many activities like functions, programs ,social services ,police fire, sanitation and so on..

The minimum amount of detail permitted by GAAP for governmental fund.pdf

forecastfashions

Hello! I\'m trying to build a command line interpreter simulator using C programming language, working in the linux environment. I don\'t want to get in to designing the whole thing, I just want a little help with a particular problem. This particular problem is how do I write a line or lines in C that will run a command as if I had typed it in the terminal? More specifically, the command I\'m trying to run is \"help.\" The command that shows all available commands. So for example, I want to simulate the \"ls\" command, the command that lists the content of the current directory. I would go into my editor and type this: #include #include int main() { system(\"ls\"); return 0; } Now if I go into the terminal, compile that program and run it, it\'ll display the content of the current directory as would simply typing in \"ls\" in the terminal. The problem is, I can\'t manage to do the same for the \"help\" command. After researching a bit, I\'ve found that the sh shell is looking in /bin and /usr/bin to execute \"help.\" However, that command is in neither directory and will ultimately let me know that the command is \"not found.\" If it\'s not in the earlier mentioned directories, then where could it be? Is it even possible to run \"help\" within a C program? Sorry if it\'s a little long, I just wanted to be as clear as I can be. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Solution you need to us , system (\"/bin/ls\"); Below is the update ******************************************************* Also , you can use the below program to list the directories,.

Hello!Im trying to build a command line interpreter simulator us.pdf

forecastfashions

Part T:Hyarates Hydrates are crystalline compounds in which one or more molecules of water are combined with each formula unit of a salt. The water is not bound tightly and can usually be driven off by subjecting the crystals to the hottest flame of a Bunsen burner for 5 to 10 minutes. If the hydrate is colored, a color change usually results upon heating as the anhydrous salt forms. For example the following change occurs upon heating: CuSO4·5H2O (s) bright blue CuSO4 (s)+5 HO (g) white A generalized form of this reaction is: CuS 04.xH2O(s) CuSO4 (s) + x H2O(g) Recall that the percentage of a component in a compound is calculated by: (Part/whole) x 100=% Preliminary Questions (5 p Describe how you could find the % by mass of water in the hydrate CuSO4·5H20 assuming that yo did not already know the formula. Be specific and list the laboratory procedural steps you would t in the order that you would perform them. Solution.

Part THyarates Hydrates are crystalline compounds in which one or mo.pdf

forecastfashions

On several occasions I mentioned the term standing genetic variation.pdf

forecastfashions

PLEASE HELP! Modify the source code to implement the following: Change LED color to Red when pushing left button. Change LED color to Green when pushing right button. Change LED color to Blue when pushing both buttons together. Here is the code: #include // Variable definitions for the C99 standard. #include // Boolean definitions for the C99 standard. #include \"inc/tm4c123gh6pm.h\" // Definitions for the interrupt and register assignments. #include \"inc/hw_memmap.h\" // Memory map definitions of the Tiva C Series device. #include \"inc/hw_types.h\" // Definitions of common types and macros. #include \"inc/hw_gpio.h\" // Defines and Macros for GPIO hardware. #include \"driverlib/sysctl.h\" // Definitions and macros for System Control API of DriverLib. #include \"driverlib/interrupt.h\" // Definitions and macros for NVIC Controller API of DriverLib. #include \"driverlib/gpio.h\" // Definitions and macros for GPIO API of DriverLib. #include \"driverlib/timer.h\" // Definitions and macros for Timer API of DriverLib. #include \"driverlib/pin_map.h\" //Mapping of peripherals to pins for all parts. #include \"driverlib/uart.h\" // Definitions and macros for UART API of DriverLib. #include \"utils/uartstdio.h\" // Prototypes for the UART console functions. // Needs to add \"utils/uartstdio.c\" through a relative link. #define RED_LED GPIO_PIN_1 #define BLUE_LED GPIO_PIN_2 #define GREEN_LED GPIO_PIN_3 #define NUM_BUTTONS 2 #define LEFT_BUTTON GPIO_PIN_4 #define RIGHT_BUTTON GPIO_PIN_0 #define NUM_DEBOUNCE_CHECKS 10 // For 50 msec debounce time. #define TIMER0_FREQ 2 // Freqency in Hz, for blinking LED. #define TIMER1_FREQ 200 // Frequency in Hz, for pushbutton debouncing. #define UART0_BAUDRATE 115200 // UART baudrate in bps. #define NUM_DISP_TEXT_LINES 4 // function prototypes void init_LEDs(void); void init_timer(void); void init_UART(void); void init_buttons(void); void set_button_states(void); void Timer0_ISR(void); void Timer1_ISR(void); extern void UARTStdioIntHandler(void); // global variables uint32_t sys_clock; uint8_t cur_LED = RED_LED; const char *disp_text[NUM_DISP_TEXT_LINES] = { \"\ \", \"UART and LED Demo\ \", \"H: help, R: red, G: green, B: blue.\ \", \"> \" }; volatile uint8_t raw_button_states[NUM_DEBOUNCE_CHECKS]; // Raw button states in circular buffer. volatile uint32_t raw_button_states_index=0; volatile uint8_t button_states=0; int main(void) { uint32_t i; unsigned char user_cmd; uint8_t saved_button_states=0, cur_button_states; // Configure system clock at 40 MHz. SysCtlClockSet(SYSCTL_SYSDIV_5|SYSCTL_USE_PLL|SYSCTL_XTAL_16MHZ|SYSCTL _OSC_MAIN); sys_clock = SysCtlClockGet(); init_LEDs(); init_buttons(); init_UART(); init_timer(); // Enable interrupt. IntMasterEnable(); // Enable timers. TimerEnable(TIMER0_BASE, TIMER_A); TimerEnable(TIMER1_BASE, TIMER_A); // Initial display on terminal. for(i=0; i UARTprintf(disp_text[i]); while(1) { // Read user inputs from UART if available. if(UARTRxBytesAvail()) user_cmd = UARTgetc(); el.

PLEASE HELP!Modify the source code to implement the followingCh.pdf

forecastfashions

Macrophages are characterized byA. surface CD3 expressionB. lar.pdf

forecastfashions

I/O redirection in C shell Please implement input / output redirection in the code posted below. Here are the specs: Your shell will need to support file redirection. Use the same syntax as defined in the Bash shell: a single \'>\' implies that one needs to redirect the standard output of the program being started to the referenced file while a single \'<\' implies the same with standard input. The double \'>>\' implies that standard output will append to an existing file rather than create a new file (similar behavior is required for the \'<<\' operator and standard input). You do not need to implement support for the Bash pipeline operator \'|\'. Before calling exec to begin execution, the child process may have to close stdin (file desriptor 0) and/or stdout (file descriptor 0), open the corresponding file and use the dup2 system call to make it the appropriate file descriptor. Don\'t forget to use the close system call to close the old file descriptor. #include #include #include #include #include #include using namespace std; int change_dir(char* args[]) { if (args[1] == NULL) { chdir(getenv(\"HOME\")); return 1; } else { if (chdir(args[1]) == -1) { cout << \"No such directory\" << args[1]; return -1; } } return 0; } int helper_func(char* args[]) { cout << \"Builtin commands so far are; cd, and help.\ \"; return 0; } int main() { while(true) { cout << \"$ \"; char cmd[128]; cin.getline(cmd,128); vector args; char *line = strtok(cmd, \" \"); char *tmp = line; while (tmp != NULL) { args.push_back(tmp); tmp = strtok(NULL, \" \"); } char** argv = new char*[args.size() + 1]; for (int i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) argv[i] = args[i]; argv[args.size()] = NULL; if (strcmp(cmd, \"exit\") == 0) { { exit(0); } } //else if (strcmp(args[0], \"cd\") == 0) change_dir(args); if (strcmp(cmd, \"cd\") == 0) { change_dir(argv); } if (strcmp(cmd, \"help\") == 0) { helper_func(argv); } else { pid_t pid; pid_t wpid; int status; pid = fork(); if (pid == 0) { if (execvp(args[0], argv) == -1) { perror(\"cmd\"); } exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } else if (pid < 0) { perror(\"cmd\"); } { do { wpid = waitpid(pid, &status, WUNTRACED); } while (!WIFEXITED(status) && !WIFSIGNALED(status)); } } } signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN); signal(SIGTERM, SIG_DFL); return 0; } Solution #include #include #include #include #include #include using namespace std; int change_dir(char* args[]) { if (args[1] == NULL) { chdir(getenv(\"HOME\")); return 1; } else { if (chdir(args[1]) == -1) { cout << \"No such directory\" << args[1]; return -1; } } return 0; } int helper_func(char* args[]) { cout << \"Builtin commands so far are; cd, and help.\ \"; return 0; } int main() { while(true) { cout << \"$ \"; char cmd[128]; cin.getline(cmd,128); vector args; char *line = strtok(cmd, \" \"); char *tmp = line; while (tmp != NULL) { args.push_back(tmp); tmp = strtok(NULL, \" \"); } char** argv = new char*[args.size() + 1]; for (int i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) argv[i] = args[i]; argv[args.size()] = NULL; if (strcmp(cmd, \.

IO redirection in C shellPlease implement input output redirect.pdf

forecastfashions

More from forecastfashions (20)