More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/8d-the-8-disciplines-problem-solving-methodology-1127
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
Find Root Cause
Prevent Recurring Problems
Structure your problem solving methodology
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This book describes the 8 Disciplines process as it is used to solve problems where Root Cause is unknown. It is to be used in conjunction with the 8D Excel template (included as a secondary document). The methods in this book conform to the de facto 8D standard used throughout industry and expected by customers and from suppliers.
8D is not a magic bullet. Improper use will lead to erroneous results. Patience and many hours of practice are required to obtain a level of proficiency. However, for newcomers to 8D, this book and the accompanying template will guide you through the process. It is possible, even expected, that Root Cause will be found and preventive measures implemented the first time the process is followed.
D0 - Preliminary Data is a conventional form used to capture high level data relevant or potentially relevant to the defect.
D1 - Team Selection is premised on the belief that correct team formation is critical to finding Root Cause and that mistakes made here will permeate throughout the entire process.
D2 - Problem Definition uses the IS/ISNOT format to define the problem.
D3 - Containment is a process that involves multiple parties, varying commercial commitments and multidisciplinary collaboration. It is facilitated by a Risk Assessment, Communication Plan, Containment Recommendation & Containment Action Plan.
D4 - Root Cause is expanded well beyond the traditional 8D tool set of 5 Why's and Fishbone Diagram by introducing 18 Root Cause tools. This expansive set equips the practioner for every conceivable defect scenario.
D5 - Corrective Action. 35 different techniques for identifying the appropriate Corrective Action are covered.
D6 - Implementation also includes Root Cause verification. Learn the 9 methods for validating Root Cause.
D7 - Problem Prevention includes a look at the Control Continuum and 36 specific actions that can be taken to prevent problem recurrence.
D8 - Congratulating the team is often overlooked. Learn how to meaningfully reward the team for their efforts.
This book of nearly 60 pages is one of the most comprehensive reviews of 8D available. It is excellent for independent study or classroom training.
Fortune 500 companies and other leading organizations frequently seek the expertise of global consulting firms, such as McKinsey, BCG, Bain, Deloitte, and Accenture, as well as specialized boutique firms. These firms are valued for their ability to dissect complex business scenarios, offering strategic recommendations that are informed by a vast repository of consulting frameworks, subject matter expertise, benchmark data, best practices, and rich insights gleaned from a history of diverse client engagements.
The case studies presented in this book are a distillation of such professional wisdom and experience. Each case study delves into the specific challenges and competitive situations faced by a variety of organizations across different industries. The analyses are crafted from the viewpoint of consulting teams as they navigate the unique set of questions, uncertainties, strengths, weaknesses, and dynamic conditions particular to each organization.
What you can gain from this whitepaper:
Real-World Challenges, Practical Strategies: Each case study presents real-world business challenges and the strategic maneuvers used to navigate them successfully.
Expert Perspectives: Crafted from the viewpoint of top-tier consultants, you get an insider's look into professional methodologies and decision-making processes.
Diverse Industry Insights: Whether it's finance, tech, retail, manufacturing, or healthcare, gain insights into a variety of sectors and understand how top firms tackle critical issues.
Enhance Your Strategic Acumen: This collection is designed to sharpen your strategic thinking, providing you with tools and frameworks used by the best in the business.
Whether you're at the helm of a corporation or on your path to becoming a consulting expert, "100 Case Studies on Strategy & Transformation" is your essential guide to navigating the complex world of business strategy.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/marketplace/project-management-for-mba-in-french-5722
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
Project management adapted to the needs of participants in MBA programs
Course built on the basis of the project management process: Initiating - Planning - Executing - Controlling - Closing.
Course presenting in detail not only the Waterfall approach but also the Agile & Hybrid development approaches.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This course is a presentation of over 220 pages specially edited to cover the needs of participants in Master of Business Administration - MBA programs.
This course is based on the standard PMBOK edition 6 of the Project Management Institute, it also follows the project management methodology offered by Rita Mulcahy's PMP Exam Prep 10th Edition.
This course refers to case studies chosen among those existing in the book Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, Author: Harold Kerzner.
This course contains exercises as well as a practical case of an open space development project.
Below is the table of contents:
• Introduction to project management,
• Pre-Project,
• Project environment,
• Project Management Process,
• Initiating,
• Planning,
• Executing,
• Controlling,
• Closing.
• Introduction to Agility,
• Role of the Project Manager.
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/4-stages-of-disruption-5265
Organizations are constantly trying to innovate and, likewise, all industries will eventually be disrupted, as new products, businesses, and industries emerge.
No industry is safe from Disruption. In a 2017 PwC survey of 1,379 CEOs around the world, 60% said their market has already changed or completely reshaped in the past 5 years and over 75% anticipate they would by 2022.
This presentation discusses the 4 Stages of Disruption. Research has found Innovation that eventually leads to Disruption follows a 4-stage evolution:
1. Disruption of Incumbent
2. Rapid and Linear Evolution
3. Appealing Convergence
4. Complete Reimagination
Understanding this 4-stage model will help us understand what design choices to prioritize and when. At any given time, different products and organizations are likely to be at different stages relative to local “end point†of Innovation.
Additional topics discussed include Disruptive vs. Incumbent Dynamics, the Consumer Adoption Curve, Endgame Niche Strategies, among others.
This deck also includes slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
Got a question about the product? Email us at flevypro@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/customer-centric-culture-3831
The use of Internet and other online tools have turned consumers to be more empowered and are now shopping differently. Customers are becoming more demanding and accustomed to getting what they want. With greater access to reviews and online rating, customers are better equipped to switch to new products and services. Consumers now want to buy products and services when, where, and however they like. They expect companies to interact with them seamlessly, in an easy, integrated fashion with very little friction across channels.
As customer expectation continue to evolve – accelerated by the amplifying forces of interconnectivity and technology – markets are becoming increasingly fragmented with demand for greater product variety, more price points, and numerous purchasing and distribution channels.
Companies should be able to adapt to these increasingly disparate demands quickly and at scale. Staying close to the customer experience across an increasingly diverse customer base changing over time is no longer a matter of choice. It is a business imperative and a matter of corporate survival.
The Age of the Customer now calls for companies to be a customer-centric company. Successful ones have discovered that building a customer-centric company depends, first and foremost, on building a Customer-centric Culture.
This framework focuses on the building a Customer-centric Culture utilizing the Corporate Culture Framework. The Corporate Culture Framework is anchored on 4 Primary Cultural Attributes and 4 Secondary Cultural Attributes.
The 4 primary Cultural Attributes are critical in building a Customer-centric Culture.
1. Collective Focus
2. External Orientation
3. Change and Innovation
4. Shared Beliefs
Customer-centric organizations also project 4 secondary Cultural Attributes.
1. Risk and Governance
2. Courage
3. Commitment
4. Inclusion
Companies with a Customer-centric Culture can drive superior financial results and a rich source of competitive advantage.
This deck also includes slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
Got a question about the product? Email us at flevypro@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/business-transformation-success-factors-5561
Business Transformations have become a necessity in the fast-changing technological and competitive business environment. Transformation is characterized by significant and risk-laden restart of a company, with the objective of accomplishing a profound improvement in performance and changing its future course.
Undertaking such arduous effort requires approaching the task in a structured way. Research shows that quite a few of such undertakings are based on anecdotal beliefs instead of being based on empirical data.
This presentation provides a detailed overview of the 5 Factors Critical for achieving the desired results from Business Transformation, based on empirical evidence. These 5 factors are:
1. Cost Management
2. Revenue Growth
3. Long-term Strategy and R&D Investment
4. New, External Leadership
5. Holistic Transformation Programs
Other topics discussed in the presentation include the rationale for Business Transformation, its effects, phases, and the trends that trigger Business Transformation.
The slide deck also includes some slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/employee-engagement-measurement-and-improvement-5321
Employee Engagement has emerged as one of the significant pillars on which the Competitive Advantage, Productivity, and Growth of an organization rests. Measuring Employee Engagement is vital in shaping Employee Engagement Strategies that help propel the organization towards growth.
This presentation provides a detailed overview of the Employee Engagement Scorecard, a framework that is quite effective in measuring the existing levels of Employee Engagement and devising strategies based on the individuals’ requirements. The Employee Engagement Scorecard encompasses 5 dimensions or guiding principles:
1. Enhance Employee Satisfaction
2. Promote Employee Identification
3. Enhance Employee Commitment
4. Ensure Employee Loyalty
5. Manage Employee Performance
The slide deck also includes some slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/digital-transformation-workforce-digitization-3969
The approaching Age of Automation, together with the impending penetration of digital technology into the labor force, threatens to destabilize crucial aspects of how employees work by. It undermines the stability companies depend on to be agile.
Executives can re-solidify their companies even while making the most of the coming Transformation. There is just a need for executives to adjust their leadership behavior, embrace Digital Workforce Platforms, and deepen their engagement with digitally enabled workers.
This framework provides a good understanding of Workforce Digitization, the Workforce Platforms, and its 4 core benefits (listed below).
1. Collaboration
2. Retention
3. Succession Planning
4. Decision Making
The use of Workforce Platforms can provide companies greater chance to succeed in making markets for talented workers inside their organizations.
This deck also includes slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategic-human-resources-5310
Today's information-based, knowledge intensive, and service-driven economy has forced organizations to make substantial changes to the way they do business. With talented Human Capital now becoming the key strategic resource, the locus of the battle front has shifted. Managers not only have to fight for product markets and technical expertise but also for the hearts and minds of the most talented people in the market.
This presentation discusses the 3 core processes that Human Resources (HR) must adopt to evolve into the strategic HR function that has become the new realm in this age of disruption:
1. Building
2. Linking
3. Bonding
Other topics discussed in the slide deck include the changing perspective and responsibility of top management amidst rapid Business and Digital Transformation; and the shifting role of HR from being an auxiliary function to that of a driver.
The slide deck also includes some slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
Fortune 500 companies and other leading organizations frequently seek the expertise of global consulting firms, such as McKinsey, BCG, Bain, Deloitte, and Accenture, as well as specialized boutique firms. These firms are valued for their ability to dissect complex business scenarios, offering strategic recommendations that are informed by a vast repository of consulting frameworks, subject matter expertise, benchmark data, best practices, and rich insights gleaned from a history of diverse client engagements.
The case studies presented in this book are a distillation of such professional wisdom and experience. Each case study delves into the specific challenges and competitive situations faced by a variety of organizations across different industries. The analyses are crafted from the viewpoint of consulting teams as they navigate the unique set of questions, uncertainties, strengths, weaknesses, and dynamic conditions particular to each organization.
What you can gain from this whitepaper:
Real-World Challenges, Practical Strategies: Each case study presents real-world business challenges and the strategic maneuvers used to navigate them successfully.
Expert Perspectives: Crafted from the viewpoint of top-tier consultants, you get an insider's look into professional methodologies and decision-making processes.
Diverse Industry Insights: Whether it's finance, tech, retail, manufacturing, or healthcare, gain insights into a variety of sectors and understand how top firms tackle critical issues.
Enhance Your Strategic Acumen: This collection is designed to sharpen your strategic thinking, providing you with tools and frameworks used by the best in the business.
Whether you're at the helm of a corporation or on your path to becoming a consulting expert, "100 Case Studies on Strategy & Transformation" is your essential guide to navigating the complex world of business strategy.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/marketplace/project-management-for-mba-in-french-5722
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
Project management adapted to the needs of participants in MBA programs
Course built on the basis of the project management process: Initiating - Planning - Executing - Controlling - Closing.
Course presenting in detail not only the Waterfall approach but also the Agile & Hybrid development approaches.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This course is a presentation of over 220 pages specially edited to cover the needs of participants in Master of Business Administration - MBA programs.
This course is based on the standard PMBOK edition 6 of the Project Management Institute, it also follows the project management methodology offered by Rita Mulcahy's PMP Exam Prep 10th Edition.
This course refers to case studies chosen among those existing in the book Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, Author: Harold Kerzner.
This course contains exercises as well as a practical case of an open space development project.
Below is the table of contents:
• Introduction to project management,
• Pre-Project,
• Project environment,
• Project Management Process,
• Initiating,
• Planning,
• Executing,
• Controlling,
• Closing.
• Introduction to Agility,
• Role of the Project Manager.
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/4-stages-of-disruption-5265
Organizations are constantly trying to innovate and, likewise, all industries will eventually be disrupted, as new products, businesses, and industries emerge.
No industry is safe from Disruption. In a 2017 PwC survey of 1,379 CEOs around the world, 60% said their market has already changed or completely reshaped in the past 5 years and over 75% anticipate they would by 2022.
This presentation discusses the 4 Stages of Disruption. Research has found Innovation that eventually leads to Disruption follows a 4-stage evolution:
1. Disruption of Incumbent
2. Rapid and Linear Evolution
3. Appealing Convergence
4. Complete Reimagination
Understanding this 4-stage model will help us understand what design choices to prioritize and when. At any given time, different products and organizations are likely to be at different stages relative to local “end point†of Innovation.
Additional topics discussed include Disruptive vs. Incumbent Dynamics, the Consumer Adoption Curve, Endgame Niche Strategies, among others.
This deck also includes slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
Got a question about the product? Email us at flevypro@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/customer-centric-culture-3831
The use of Internet and other online tools have turned consumers to be more empowered and are now shopping differently. Customers are becoming more demanding and accustomed to getting what they want. With greater access to reviews and online rating, customers are better equipped to switch to new products and services. Consumers now want to buy products and services when, where, and however they like. They expect companies to interact with them seamlessly, in an easy, integrated fashion with very little friction across channels.
As customer expectation continue to evolve – accelerated by the amplifying forces of interconnectivity and technology – markets are becoming increasingly fragmented with demand for greater product variety, more price points, and numerous purchasing and distribution channels.
Companies should be able to adapt to these increasingly disparate demands quickly and at scale. Staying close to the customer experience across an increasingly diverse customer base changing over time is no longer a matter of choice. It is a business imperative and a matter of corporate survival.
The Age of the Customer now calls for companies to be a customer-centric company. Successful ones have discovered that building a customer-centric company depends, first and foremost, on building a Customer-centric Culture.
This framework focuses on the building a Customer-centric Culture utilizing the Corporate Culture Framework. The Corporate Culture Framework is anchored on 4 Primary Cultural Attributes and 4 Secondary Cultural Attributes.
The 4 primary Cultural Attributes are critical in building a Customer-centric Culture.
1. Collective Focus
2. External Orientation
3. Change and Innovation
4. Shared Beliefs
Customer-centric organizations also project 4 secondary Cultural Attributes.
1. Risk and Governance
2. Courage
3. Commitment
4. Inclusion
Companies with a Customer-centric Culture can drive superior financial results and a rich source of competitive advantage.
This deck also includes slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
Got a question about the product? Email us at flevypro@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/business-transformation-success-factors-5561
Business Transformations have become a necessity in the fast-changing technological and competitive business environment. Transformation is characterized by significant and risk-laden restart of a company, with the objective of accomplishing a profound improvement in performance and changing its future course.
Undertaking such arduous effort requires approaching the task in a structured way. Research shows that quite a few of such undertakings are based on anecdotal beliefs instead of being based on empirical data.
This presentation provides a detailed overview of the 5 Factors Critical for achieving the desired results from Business Transformation, based on empirical evidence. These 5 factors are:
1. Cost Management
2. Revenue Growth
3. Long-term Strategy and R&D Investment
4. New, External Leadership
5. Holistic Transformation Programs
Other topics discussed in the presentation include the rationale for Business Transformation, its effects, phases, and the trends that trigger Business Transformation.
The slide deck also includes some slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/employee-engagement-measurement-and-improvement-5321
Employee Engagement has emerged as one of the significant pillars on which the Competitive Advantage, Productivity, and Growth of an organization rests. Measuring Employee Engagement is vital in shaping Employee Engagement Strategies that help propel the organization towards growth.
This presentation provides a detailed overview of the Employee Engagement Scorecard, a framework that is quite effective in measuring the existing levels of Employee Engagement and devising strategies based on the individuals’ requirements. The Employee Engagement Scorecard encompasses 5 dimensions or guiding principles:
1. Enhance Employee Satisfaction
2. Promote Employee Identification
3. Enhance Employee Commitment
4. Ensure Employee Loyalty
5. Manage Employee Performance
The slide deck also includes some slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/digital-transformation-workforce-digitization-3969
The approaching Age of Automation, together with the impending penetration of digital technology into the labor force, threatens to destabilize crucial aspects of how employees work by. It undermines the stability companies depend on to be agile.
Executives can re-solidify their companies even while making the most of the coming Transformation. There is just a need for executives to adjust their leadership behavior, embrace Digital Workforce Platforms, and deepen their engagement with digitally enabled workers.
This framework provides a good understanding of Workforce Digitization, the Workforce Platforms, and its 4 core benefits (listed below).
1. Collaboration
2. Retention
3. Succession Planning
4. Decision Making
The use of Workforce Platforms can provide companies greater chance to succeed in making markets for talented workers inside their organizations.
This deck also includes slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategic-human-resources-5310
Today's information-based, knowledge intensive, and service-driven economy has forced organizations to make substantial changes to the way they do business. With talented Human Capital now becoming the key strategic resource, the locus of the battle front has shifted. Managers not only have to fight for product markets and technical expertise but also for the hearts and minds of the most talented people in the market.
This presentation discusses the 3 core processes that Human Resources (HR) must adopt to evolve into the strategic HR function that has become the new realm in this age of disruption:
1. Building
2. Linking
3. Bonding
Other topics discussed in the slide deck include the changing perspective and responsibility of top management amidst rapid Business and Digital Transformation; and the shifting role of HR from being an auxiliary function to that of a driver.
The slide deck also includes some slide templates for you to use in your own business presentations.
[Whitepaper] 8 Key Steps of Data Integration: Restructuring Redeployment Asse...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/restructuring-redeployment-assessment-management-5439
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/restructuring-redeployment-assessment-management-5439
Restructuring becomes essential at some stage in the lifecycle of any organization. In order to emerge triumphant through this tumultuous challenge, it is necessary that the focus remains on the challenges impeding the organization, Strategy Development to tackle the challenges, and prioritizing Strategic Initiatives to deliver radical results that lead the organization to Operational Excellence.
Redeployment is the most significant phase in the Restructuring process. Within Redeployment, the Assessment phase is critical as the revitalization of the whole organization is dependent on correct Assessments and right placement of employees based on those Assessments.
Proper Redeployment Assessment Management is of utmost importance in Restructuring, and it should follow a structured approach, which means managing 5 core areas:
Manage Assessment Team
Manage Anxiety Level of Candidates
Manage Amount of “Deviant Behavior” in the Assessments
Manage Level of Duplicity, Wild Guessing, and Other Forms of Distortion
Manage Amount of Feedback and Its Timing after the Event
Managing 5 core areas ensures smooth implementation of the Redeployment Assessment process, which is a major milestone of the Restructuring project.
The Redeployment Assessment process has to be detailed, accurate, and prompt. Due Diligence in documenting the process, verifying particulars, and balance between Rapidity and Accurateness is essential because:
Organizational requirement to concentrate on post-restructuring environment is intense.
Employees’ urge to swiftly find out about their future is deep-seated.
Objections by employee stakeholders, as a consequence of large-scale retrenchment is high.
Probability of legal recourse by employees is also distinct.
Future Employee Engagement is dependent on fair Assessment and correct placements.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategy-classics-value-disciplines-model-5138
According to Treacy and Wiersema, organizations need to make tough strategic choices in order to become market leaders. Market leaders choose to excel in delivering extraordinarily levels of one particular value to their customers. This way they can remain focused and become the absolute best in a certain value proposition.
Gaining market and Operational Excellence requires that the company's entire Operating Model be adapted in a way this it is aligned with the chosen Value Discipline. A Value Discipline is a unique value that organizations can deliver to a chosen market. The Value Discipline Principle is in line with Porter's Generic Strategies, where Michael Porter describes how companies gain Competitive Advantage by either focusing on low cost, differentiation, or a niche market.
This presentation discusses the Value Disciplines Model and the 3 Value Disciplines organizations must choose from.
1. Operational Excellence
2. Product Leadership
3. Customer Intimacy
If your company has not reached yet any of the Value Disciplines, don't wait longer.
[Whitepaper] The Definitive Guide to Strategic Planning: Here’s What You Need...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/best-practices-in-strategic-planning-2738
For many organizations, this is the time of the year is when Leadership will conduct the annual Strategic Planning process and plan the near-, mid- and long-term strategies.
This article breaks the full Strategic Planning and Execution processes into 3 sections:
Strategic Planning
Strategy Development
Strategy Execution
For each section, we will highlight important concepts core to the topic, as well as direct you to important resources for further understanding.
1. Strategic Planning
Per Wikipedia, we can define Strategic Planning as:
Strategic Planning is an organization’s process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy. Strategic Planning became prominent in corporations during the 1960s and remains an important aspect of strategic management. It is executed by strategic planners or strategists, who involve many parties and research sources in their analysis of the organization and its relationship to the environment in which it competes.
Strategic Planning is a crucial process, but often poorly executed, leading to poor translation from Strategy to Execution.
In most organizations, executives complain that their Strategic Planning is overly bureaucratic, insufficiently insightful, and doesn’t accommodate today’s rapidly changing, digital markets. To combat these issues, there are a few best practices we should follow:
Explore Strategy across 3 time horizons.
Encourage productive and stimulating Strategic Dialogue.
Engage a broad, decentralized group of stakeholders.
Let’s dive a little deeper into each of these best practices.
Explore
The 3 time horizons we want to explore can be defined as short term (1-year timeframe), medium term (3–5 years timeframe), and long term (5+ years). Each horizon is uniquely considered and has different objectives.
[Whitepaper] The Definitive Introduction to Strategy Development and Strategy...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategy-classics-porters-five-forces-4051
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategy-classics-porters-five-forces-4051
[Whitepaper] The “Theory of Constraints:” What’s Limiting Your Organization?Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/theory-of-constraints-1883
The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a methodology for identifying the most important limiting factor — i.e. constraint — and systematically improving it. It was developed by Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt, introduced in 1984 book, The Goal.
TOC differs from traditional management views, in that traditional methods seek to make improvements throughout the organization. They divide the organization into smaller, more manageable pieces. The objective, thus, is to maximize the performance of each part, resulting in global improvement.
On the other hand, TOC takes a more focused approach. Instead of improving everywhere, the TOC approach seeks only to improve the few variables (or constraints) that have the largest impact on the organization’s performance. By trying to improve everything everywhere, the risk is that nothing will be improved that really counts. TOC follows the adage “a chain is no stronger than its weakest link.” An interesting phenomenon about chains is that strengthening any link except the weakest one does not improve the strength of the whole chain. Strengthening the weakest link produces an immediate increase in the strength of the whole chain, but only up to the level of the next weakest link.
There are 3 types of constraints that exist in an organization:
Capacity Constraint. This constraint occurs when a resource which cannot provide timely capacity as demanded by the system.
Market Constraint. This is when the amount of customers orders is not sufficient to sustain the required growth of the system.
Time Constraint. This occurs when the response time of the system to the requirement of the market is too long to the extent that it jeopardizes the system’s ability to meet its current commitment to its customers as well as the ability of winning new business.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/supply-chain-cost-reduction-transportation-5482
Companies looking to improve efficiency and reduce costs can gain significant ground in the Supply Chain Management function by incorporating Lean Management and Six Sigma techniques.
Reason this area has gone under the radar is that companies do not consider Supply Chain to be their core competency.
Not only Warehousing but Transportation also has almost the same potential in terms of opportunities for Cost Reduction and Process Improvement. The approach to Transportation Costs Reduction, though, is different to that of Supply Chain Cost Reduction in Warehousing. This is in part due to the complexity in Transportation Costs, as the costs come from numerous widely distributed individual operations every year.
The approach to Supply Chain Cost Reduction in Transportation encompasses 2 phases:
Understand the Baseline
Identify and Implement Opportunities
[Whitepaper] A Great Leadership Experience: Dr. Rachid Yazami, Inventor of th...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/leadership-competency-model-3661
Leadership has become a usual term often misunderstood by many people even those holding the status of a leader. There is no doubt that everyone can be a leader, but not everyone can be a genius leader. Leadership is far limited to prestige, a high status, or to financial abundance; it is neither about authority nor power. Leadership starts when you go beyond the self to serve and empower others.
This article is not for a purpose to redefine leadership with its different aspects, but it is simply about a great example of leadership that mirrors outstanding performance and remarkable human qualities. Dr. Rachid Yazami is an eminent scientist and best known for his research on lithium ion batteries. This technology is used by billions of people worldwide for their cell phones, cameras, tablets, laptops, power tools, and many other devices. Dr. Yazami started his career from scratch to build an empire based on the battery technology. My main interest is not to make a compilation of his achievements and honors, but to tap into his personality traits and characteristics; to discuss the main qualities that enabled him to succeed as a scientist, a researcher, and a leader of his field. My purpose is to understand also the sources of his inspirations and the secret behind his motivations and limitless resilience. His unique path is a textbook of insightful lessons that I aim to summarize and share with you based on a set of interviews with him.
[Whitepaper] Finding It Hard to Manage Conflict at the Workplace? Use the Tho...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/thomas-kilmann-conflict-mode-instrument-tki-3722
A major reason for employees leaving their workplaces is conflict with their bosses. To succeed in today’s fiercely competitive market, organizations need to invest in developing their leadership, such that they further develop their teams by training them on the desired competencies and create a sense of engagement in them.
A big challenge for leaders is getting their employees to believe in the organizational vision. No two personalities have the same viewpoints and aspirations, thus conflict is bound to occur between team members while they interact.
The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI), developed by Dr. Ralph H. Kilmann and Dr. Kenneth W. Thomas, is an easy-to-use, online assessment tool to Conflict Management. Human Resources (HR) and Organizational Design (OD) consultants utilize the TKI tool as a mechanism to initiate discussions on differing topics and facilitate in mediation by learning how conflict-handling modes affect personal, group, and organizational dynamics.
Each of us has a predominant conflict style that we use in a particular situation. The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument provides a basis to measure a person’s behavior in conflict situations, where individuals appear to be unable to get along. The individuals’ behavior in conflict situations encompasses 2 broad dimensions:
Assertiveness
Cooperativeness
These behavior dimensions define 5 predominant conflict handling styles (or modes) that we use while responding to conflict situations:
Competing
Accommodating
Avoiding
Collaborating
Compromising
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
[Whitepaper] Key Account Management: Handling Large Global Accounts the Right...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/key-account-management-kam-large-global-accounts-3765
Large accounts make up a significant portion of business for most B2B companies. Therefore, losing an important customer can have detrimental effects on the organization. The significance of key accounts is urging top B2B companies to revisit their key account management approaches. Additionally, the increasing level of sophistication of the purchase process being adopted — such as, centralized procurement, competitive bidding and auctions, and laborious negotiations — by large buyers is a crucial element for B2B companies to consider to win large accounts.
Studies have shown that large buyers suggest price, product features, and reliability as the most important factors in their purchasing decisions, even more so than sales and service experience. However, detailed analysis of data into the actual purchasing decisions by buyers reveal that suppliers’ service and support capabilities mean a lot to large purchasers — in fact, almost as equal in importance as price. Large buyers often involve senior team members in procurement, which necessitates the need for inclusion of people possessing high-quality management and sales skills while serving key accounts.
With more intensifying sophistication of the procurement process at large businesses in future, the buyers will keep trying to cut costs and gain significant advantage while negotiating with procurement. The suppliers, in turn, can create a win-win situation by providing first-rate key account support and service.
Leading suppliers utilize the 4 drivers of growth to develop best-in-class key account management practices and increase their large contract win ratios. These drivers are actually the 4 imperatives that forerunners undertake to fuel their growth:
Quantified Value Proposition (QVP)
Value-based Selling
Coordinated Account Management
Negotiation Preparation
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
[Whitepaper] Nudge Theory: An Effective Way to Transform Negative BehaviorsFlevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/nudge-theory-key-challenges-3895
Changing the behaviors of people is the foremost issue with every transformation initiative.
Nudge theory is a novel Change Management model that underscores the importance of understanding the way people think, act, and decide. The model assists in encouraging human imagination and decision making, and transforming negative behaviors and influences on people. The approach helps understand and change human behavior, by analyzing, improving, designing, and offering free choices for people, so that their decisions are more likely to produce helpful outcomes for the others and society in general.
Nudge theory helps reform existing (often extremely unhealthy) choices and influences on people. The theory is quite effective in curtailing resistance and conflict resulting from using autocratic ways to change human behavior. The model promotes indirect encouragement and enablement — by designing choices which encourage positive helpful decisions — and avoids direct enforcement. For instance, playing a ‘room-tidying’ game with a child rather than instructing her/him to tidy the room; improving the availability and visibility of litter bins rather than erecting signs with a warning of fines.
Organizations are increasingly using behavioral economics to optimize their employee and client behavior and well-being. Nudge units or behavioral science teams are being set up in the public and corporate sectors to influence people to address pressing issues. For instance, to increase customer retention by changing the language of support center staff to motivate customers to consider long-term benefits of a product; or to make employees to follow safety procedures by placing posters of watching eyes to remind them of the criticality of the measure.
An effective Nudge initiative necessitates much more than deploying a few experts in heuristics and statistics. The senior leadership should lay out a conducive environment for successful behavioral transformation. This entails assisting the Nudge unit to focus, place it appropriately, create awareness, train and de-bias people, implement effective rewards, and follow high ethical standards.
The leadership needs to think about and prepare to tackle 6 key challenges Nudge units face when implementing effective behavioral transformation initiatives:
What should be the focus of the Nudge unit?
Should the Nudge unit be placed at the headquarters or at the business unit level?
Which resources be made part of the Nudge unit?
What are the critical success factors to consider for the unit?
How to communicate the results and early wins?
What should be done to tackle skepticism and resistance to change?
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
[Whitepaper] Business Model Innovation: Creation of Scalable Business Models ...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/business-model-innovation-bmi-scalable-business-models-5182
Scalability is described as possible meaningful changes in magnitude or capacity. In business terms, it’s the capability of a system to enhance productivity upon resource augmentation. Scalability provides an organization the capabilities to develop compelling value propositions — that are hard to imitate by the rivals — and achieve profitable growth even in the wake of external threats, cut-throat competition, stringent laws, or financial downturns.
Today’s challenging business ecosystems and economic outlook demand from the enterprises to develop novel and Scalable Business Models that are able to leverage positive returns on investments. To accomplish this, leaders need to identify and eradicate any capacity issues, enhance collaboration with existing partners, build new partnerships, or develop platforms to work with their opponents.
Executives should invest in scaling options only when they are sure to boost returns. They have to be quick to exit a business when returns on investment to scale backfire.
5 Patterns of Business Model Scalability
Benchmarking a number of successful organizations reveals that their Business Models were flexible enough to sustain internal and external pressures. Business Model Scalability hinges on aligning the strategic partners and Value Propositions to serve the customers.
To drive Business Model Innovation (BMI), leading organizations consistently display 5 critical patterns of Business Model Scalability:
Operate with multiple distribution channels
Eliminate typical capacity limitations
Outsource capital investments to partners
Allow customers and partners assume multiple roles in the business
Create platform models
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[Whitepaper] Shareholder Value Traps: How to Evade Them and Focus on Value Cr...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/shareholder-value-traps-5239
Changing industry ecosystems and competition today demand from the organizations to undergo strategic shifts. The purpose of a company is undergoing Business Transformation from serving the interest of shareholders to serving all stakeholders that influence the organization.
Shareholders are often considered the only stakeholders that invest in a business. Senior management needs to be cognizant of the importance of shareholders as well other stakeholders who create value for the organization. They should work on building a collaborative Organizational Culture and paying heed to the welfare of all those groups that play a role in organizational growth.
This warrants a thorough evaluation of all stakeholders, their long-term interests, and Value Creation — or Value Destruction — potential for the organization. But first, this calls for finding answers to the following key questions:
Who creates the most value for the organization?
Who among the stakeholders typically secure the best deals from the organization?
Who is the victim of having the worst deals from the organization?
Who among the stakeholders is potentially untrustworthy?
Are there any intermediaries or stakeholders fulfilling their personal agendas?
Answering these questions is critical for the executives, otherwise they may risk falling into Shareholder Value Traps. Recognizing and understanding stakeholder value traps while the managing stakeholders’ various interests helps executives achieve shared and individual long-term goals. These 5 common traps prevent stakeholders’ interests to get integrated with the interests of the organization and destroy the value of a company if overlooked:
Ignoring cash-flow driving stakeholders while distributing cash
Miscalculating reaction from stakeholders
Supporting under-performing units
Conceding to willful vulture capitalists
Misjudging intermediaries role in transactions
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More Information:
https://mark-bridges.medium.com/the-top-101-consulting-frameworks-of-2020-3b9be58ce18e
At the end of each year, we publish a list of the top 101 consulting frameworks from the FlevyPro Library. We add new frameworks to FlevyPro each week based on market trends (e.g. Digital Transformation, Customer-centric Design) and customer demand. (See the top 101 consulting frameworks of 2019.)
Business frameworks are powerful tools consultants leverage to address their clients’ business issues in an organized, thorough, and efficient fashion. Each of our framework guides is a detailed PowerPoint presentation that provides a structured approach to analyzing and solving a common business problem, from issues in Strategy Development to Digital Transformation to Leadership Development.
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/six-sigma--statistical-process-control-spc-604
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
The Six Sigma - Statistical Process Control (SPC) Training Module includes:
1. MS PowerPoint Presentation including 136 slides covering
- Introduction to Statistical Process Thinking,
- Basic Statistics,
- Introduction to Statistical Process Control,
- Statistical Process Control Charts,
- Sample Size & Frequency,
- Out-of-Control Action Plan, and
- Process Control Plan.
2. MS Excel Confidence Interval Analysis Calculator making it really easy to calculate confidence intervals (mean value, standard deviation, capability indices, proportion, count) and perform a Comparison of two statistics (mean values, standard deviations, proportions, counts).
"After you have downloaded the training material, you can change any part of the training material and remove all logos and references to Operational Excellence Consulting. You can share the material with your colleagues and clients, and re-use it as you need. The only restriction is that you cannot publicly re-distribute, sell, rent or license the material as though it is your own. Thank you."
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/lean-six-sigma--process-risk-analysis-fmea-600
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
the systematic analysis of a manufacturing, service or administrative process,
the identification of critical and/or significant process characteristics, and
the identification of process deficiencies and development of an effective corrective action plan.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
The Lean Six Sigma - Process Risk Analysis & Mistake-Proofing Training Module provides you with a step-by-step approach, as well as examples, exercises, and templates, to analyze and eliminate risks in your manufacturing, service or business processes. This training module includes:
1. 132 PowerPoint slides covering
- Introduction to Process Risk Analysis & Mistake-Proofing,
- Process Variables Map,
- Cause & Effect Matrix,
- Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis,
- Sixteen Human Error Modes,
- Six Mistake-Proofing Principles,
- Seven Types of Poka-Yoke Devices and Examples,
- Process Control Plan,
- and 6 Workshop Exercises.
2. MS Excel Process Variables Map Template & Example
3. MS Excel Cause & Effect Matrix Template & Example
4. MS Excel Process FMEA Template & Example
5. MS Excel Process Control Plan Template & Example
"After you have downloaded the training material, you can change any part of the training material and remove all logos and references to Operational Excellence Consulting. You can share the material with your colleagues and clients, and re-use it as you need. The only restriction is that you cannot publicly re-distribute, sell, rent or license the material as though it is your own. Thank you."
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/lean-manufacturing-160
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
Learn how to eliminate waste to save time and make more money.
Learn how to apply simple Lean methods and tools in the workplace to improve productivity and quality.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Lean is a management philosophy based on the Toyota Production System (TPS). With Lean Manufacturing, you will be able to enhance value for your customers by improving and smoothing the process flow and eliminating waste. Simply put, with Lean, you will be able to increase productivity and create greater customer value with less resources.
By teaching this presentation, managers and employees will have a better understanding of the Lean principles and approach to eliminating waste, and will be more forthcoming to lead and participate in the Lean implementation process.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the key concepts and principles of Lean
2. Acquire knowledge on the common Lean methods and tools and their applications to eliminate waste and create more value for customers
3. Identify ways to develop "Kaizen eyes" to look for improvement opportunities
4. Describe the various Lean roles
5. Define the critical success factors for sustaining a Lean culture
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Lean Thinking
- The case for Lean Manufacturing
- Where did Lean originate?
- Toyota's philosophy
- Lean adoption in various environments
- Impact of Lean principles in industry
- Lean applications in manufacturing, process and service industries
- What is Lean?
- What Lean is not
- Traditional thinking versus Lean thinking
- Traditional culture vs. Lean culture
- Lean management framework
- Lean and six sigma
- Benefits of Lean manufacturing
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More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/effective-staff-suggestion-system-kaizen-teian-157
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
Implement a strategy and mechanism to generate a constant flow of ideas.
Simplify the evaluation system to speed up the suggestions feedback process.
Learn effective approaches to develop creativity and improve participation rates.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Effective Staff Suggestion System is based on Kaizen Teian -- the Japanese-style proposal system for continuous improvement -- is the most direct and effective method for channeling employees' creative energies and hands-on insight.
This presentation focuses on the management, guidance, and development of an effective suggestion system. It explains the key aspects of running a suggestion system or proposal program on a day-to-day basis. This concise reference outlines the policies that support a "bottom-up" system of innovation and defines the three main objectives of a successful suggestion system: to build participation, develop individuals' skills, and achieve higher profits.
This comprehensive guide teaches the methods to plan, implement and sustain the program. It teaches strategy, mechanism, roles, process, and how employees should write good ideas.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the key elements of a suggestion system
2. Define how to plan and launch an effective suggestion system
3. Describe how to set up a strategy and mechanism to generate ideas, capture quality ideas, evaluate ideas and sustain a constant flow of ideas
4. Explain how to develop employees to identify opportunities for improvement and write good quality ideas
5. Define success factors for sustaining a suggestion system
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Kaizen
2. Introduction & Basic Concepts of a Suggestion System
3. Scope of Suggestions
4. Goals of a Suggestion System
5. Planning & Launching a Suggestion System
6. Roles & Responsibilities
7. The Suggestions Process
8. Evaluation & Award Systems
9. Examples of Effective Procedures
10. Techniques for Developing Creativity
11. Examples of Ideas for Improvement
12. Points for Improvement
13. Ways to Develop "Kaizen Eyes"
14. How to Sustain a Suggestion System
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/sales-excellence--diagnostic-tool-2877
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This is a comprehensive sales excellence diagnostic tool. The capability levers are classified into the following four levels:
- Champion - Few, if any, companies consistently deliver at this level for all customer segments
- Play offs - Broadly recognised as market best practice
- Survival - Below best practice, but meets minimum standard required to compete effectively
- Relegation - Below minimum standard required to compete effectively
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
The document discusses variance analysis and provides examples of how it can be used. Variance analysis breaks down changes in financial metrics like revenue, costs, and profits into their contributing factors. This helps identify drivers of performance and areas for improvement. Examples show how variances can be calculated for changes in revenue due to shifts in volume versus price. The analysis can also be extended to multiple variables and customer segments.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/change-management-models-1214
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
These models/frameworks can be used to enhance your project management and process improvement projects.
A wide range of models/frameworks for you to choose from to suit your specific needs and situation.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This presentation is a collection of PowerPoint diagrams and templates used to convey 25 different Change Management models and frameworks.
INCLUDED MODELS/FRAMEWORKS:
1. The Change Curve Model
2. Bridges' Transition Model
3. Lewin's Three Stage Change Model
4. Impact Analysis
5. Leavitt's Diamond
6. The Burke-Litwin Change Model
7. The McKinsey 7S Framework
8. The ADKAR Change Model
9. Kotter's Eight Phases of Change
10. The Training Needs Analysis Framework
11. The Power/Interest Grid for Stakeholder Prioritization
12. Osgood-Schramm's Model of Communication
13. Szpekman's Communication Framework
14. The Johari Window
15. The ADDIE Model
16. The Conscious Competence Learning Model
17. Kirkpatrick's Four-Level Training Evaluation Model
18. The PDCA Cycle
19. Six Sigma Quality Improvement (DMAIC)
20. Business Process Redesign (BPR)
21. Xerox Benchmarking Model
22. Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK)
23. PRINCE2 Project Management
24. Managing Successful Programmes (MSP)
25. Management of Risks (M_o_R)
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
To implement a CRM for real estate, set clear goals, choose a CRM with key real estate features, and customize it to your needs. Migrate your data, train your team, and use automation to save time. Monitor performance, ensure data security, and use the CRM to enhance marketing. Regularly check its effectiveness to improve your business.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
[Whitepaper] 8 Key Steps of Data Integration: Restructuring Redeployment Asse...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/restructuring-redeployment-assessment-management-5439
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/restructuring-redeployment-assessment-management-5439
Restructuring becomes essential at some stage in the lifecycle of any organization. In order to emerge triumphant through this tumultuous challenge, it is necessary that the focus remains on the challenges impeding the organization, Strategy Development to tackle the challenges, and prioritizing Strategic Initiatives to deliver radical results that lead the organization to Operational Excellence.
Redeployment is the most significant phase in the Restructuring process. Within Redeployment, the Assessment phase is critical as the revitalization of the whole organization is dependent on correct Assessments and right placement of employees based on those Assessments.
Proper Redeployment Assessment Management is of utmost importance in Restructuring, and it should follow a structured approach, which means managing 5 core areas:
Manage Assessment Team
Manage Anxiety Level of Candidates
Manage Amount of “Deviant Behavior” in the Assessments
Manage Level of Duplicity, Wild Guessing, and Other Forms of Distortion
Manage Amount of Feedback and Its Timing after the Event
Managing 5 core areas ensures smooth implementation of the Redeployment Assessment process, which is a major milestone of the Restructuring project.
The Redeployment Assessment process has to be detailed, accurate, and prompt. Due Diligence in documenting the process, verifying particulars, and balance between Rapidity and Accurateness is essential because:
Organizational requirement to concentrate on post-restructuring environment is intense.
Employees’ urge to swiftly find out about their future is deep-seated.
Objections by employee stakeholders, as a consequence of large-scale retrenchment is high.
Probability of legal recourse by employees is also distinct.
Future Employee Engagement is dependent on fair Assessment and correct placements.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategy-classics-value-disciplines-model-5138
According to Treacy and Wiersema, organizations need to make tough strategic choices in order to become market leaders. Market leaders choose to excel in delivering extraordinarily levels of one particular value to their customers. This way they can remain focused and become the absolute best in a certain value proposition.
Gaining market and Operational Excellence requires that the company's entire Operating Model be adapted in a way this it is aligned with the chosen Value Discipline. A Value Discipline is a unique value that organizations can deliver to a chosen market. The Value Discipline Principle is in line with Porter's Generic Strategies, where Michael Porter describes how companies gain Competitive Advantage by either focusing on low cost, differentiation, or a niche market.
This presentation discusses the Value Disciplines Model and the 3 Value Disciplines organizations must choose from.
1. Operational Excellence
2. Product Leadership
3. Customer Intimacy
If your company has not reached yet any of the Value Disciplines, don't wait longer.
[Whitepaper] The Definitive Guide to Strategic Planning: Here’s What You Need...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/best-practices-in-strategic-planning-2738
For many organizations, this is the time of the year is when Leadership will conduct the annual Strategic Planning process and plan the near-, mid- and long-term strategies.
This article breaks the full Strategic Planning and Execution processes into 3 sections:
Strategic Planning
Strategy Development
Strategy Execution
For each section, we will highlight important concepts core to the topic, as well as direct you to important resources for further understanding.
1. Strategic Planning
Per Wikipedia, we can define Strategic Planning as:
Strategic Planning is an organization’s process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. It may also extend to control mechanisms for guiding the implementation of the strategy. Strategic Planning became prominent in corporations during the 1960s and remains an important aspect of strategic management. It is executed by strategic planners or strategists, who involve many parties and research sources in their analysis of the organization and its relationship to the environment in which it competes.
Strategic Planning is a crucial process, but often poorly executed, leading to poor translation from Strategy to Execution.
In most organizations, executives complain that their Strategic Planning is overly bureaucratic, insufficiently insightful, and doesn’t accommodate today’s rapidly changing, digital markets. To combat these issues, there are a few best practices we should follow:
Explore Strategy across 3 time horizons.
Encourage productive and stimulating Strategic Dialogue.
Engage a broad, decentralized group of stakeholders.
Let’s dive a little deeper into each of these best practices.
Explore
The 3 time horizons we want to explore can be defined as short term (1-year timeframe), medium term (3–5 years timeframe), and long term (5+ years). Each horizon is uniquely considered and has different objectives.
[Whitepaper] The Definitive Introduction to Strategy Development and Strategy...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategy-classics-porters-five-forces-4051
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/strategy-classics-porters-five-forces-4051
[Whitepaper] The “Theory of Constraints:” What’s Limiting Your Organization?Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/theory-of-constraints-1883
The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a methodology for identifying the most important limiting factor — i.e. constraint — and systematically improving it. It was developed by Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt, introduced in 1984 book, The Goal.
TOC differs from traditional management views, in that traditional methods seek to make improvements throughout the organization. They divide the organization into smaller, more manageable pieces. The objective, thus, is to maximize the performance of each part, resulting in global improvement.
On the other hand, TOC takes a more focused approach. Instead of improving everywhere, the TOC approach seeks only to improve the few variables (or constraints) that have the largest impact on the organization’s performance. By trying to improve everything everywhere, the risk is that nothing will be improved that really counts. TOC follows the adage “a chain is no stronger than its weakest link.” An interesting phenomenon about chains is that strengthening any link except the weakest one does not improve the strength of the whole chain. Strengthening the weakest link produces an immediate increase in the strength of the whole chain, but only up to the level of the next weakest link.
There are 3 types of constraints that exist in an organization:
Capacity Constraint. This constraint occurs when a resource which cannot provide timely capacity as demanded by the system.
Market Constraint. This is when the amount of customers orders is not sufficient to sustain the required growth of the system.
Time Constraint. This occurs when the response time of the system to the requirement of the market is too long to the extent that it jeopardizes the system’s ability to meet its current commitment to its customers as well as the ability of winning new business.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/supply-chain-cost-reduction-transportation-5482
Companies looking to improve efficiency and reduce costs can gain significant ground in the Supply Chain Management function by incorporating Lean Management and Six Sigma techniques.
Reason this area has gone under the radar is that companies do not consider Supply Chain to be their core competency.
Not only Warehousing but Transportation also has almost the same potential in terms of opportunities for Cost Reduction and Process Improvement. The approach to Transportation Costs Reduction, though, is different to that of Supply Chain Cost Reduction in Warehousing. This is in part due to the complexity in Transportation Costs, as the costs come from numerous widely distributed individual operations every year.
The approach to Supply Chain Cost Reduction in Transportation encompasses 2 phases:
Understand the Baseline
Identify and Implement Opportunities
[Whitepaper] A Great Leadership Experience: Dr. Rachid Yazami, Inventor of th...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/leadership-competency-model-3661
Leadership has become a usual term often misunderstood by many people even those holding the status of a leader. There is no doubt that everyone can be a leader, but not everyone can be a genius leader. Leadership is far limited to prestige, a high status, or to financial abundance; it is neither about authority nor power. Leadership starts when you go beyond the self to serve and empower others.
This article is not for a purpose to redefine leadership with its different aspects, but it is simply about a great example of leadership that mirrors outstanding performance and remarkable human qualities. Dr. Rachid Yazami is an eminent scientist and best known for his research on lithium ion batteries. This technology is used by billions of people worldwide for their cell phones, cameras, tablets, laptops, power tools, and many other devices. Dr. Yazami started his career from scratch to build an empire based on the battery technology. My main interest is not to make a compilation of his achievements and honors, but to tap into his personality traits and characteristics; to discuss the main qualities that enabled him to succeed as a scientist, a researcher, and a leader of his field. My purpose is to understand also the sources of his inspirations and the secret behind his motivations and limitless resilience. His unique path is a textbook of insightful lessons that I aim to summarize and share with you based on a set of interviews with him.
[Whitepaper] Finding It Hard to Manage Conflict at the Workplace? Use the Tho...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/thomas-kilmann-conflict-mode-instrument-tki-3722
A major reason for employees leaving their workplaces is conflict with their bosses. To succeed in today’s fiercely competitive market, organizations need to invest in developing their leadership, such that they further develop their teams by training them on the desired competencies and create a sense of engagement in them.
A big challenge for leaders is getting their employees to believe in the organizational vision. No two personalities have the same viewpoints and aspirations, thus conflict is bound to occur between team members while they interact.
The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI), developed by Dr. Ralph H. Kilmann and Dr. Kenneth W. Thomas, is an easy-to-use, online assessment tool to Conflict Management. Human Resources (HR) and Organizational Design (OD) consultants utilize the TKI tool as a mechanism to initiate discussions on differing topics and facilitate in mediation by learning how conflict-handling modes affect personal, group, and organizational dynamics.
Each of us has a predominant conflict style that we use in a particular situation. The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument provides a basis to measure a person’s behavior in conflict situations, where individuals appear to be unable to get along. The individuals’ behavior in conflict situations encompasses 2 broad dimensions:
Assertiveness
Cooperativeness
These behavior dimensions define 5 predominant conflict handling styles (or modes) that we use while responding to conflict situations:
Competing
Accommodating
Avoiding
Collaborating
Compromising
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
[Whitepaper] Key Account Management: Handling Large Global Accounts the Right...Flevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/key-account-management-kam-large-global-accounts-3765
Large accounts make up a significant portion of business for most B2B companies. Therefore, losing an important customer can have detrimental effects on the organization. The significance of key accounts is urging top B2B companies to revisit their key account management approaches. Additionally, the increasing level of sophistication of the purchase process being adopted — such as, centralized procurement, competitive bidding and auctions, and laborious negotiations — by large buyers is a crucial element for B2B companies to consider to win large accounts.
Studies have shown that large buyers suggest price, product features, and reliability as the most important factors in their purchasing decisions, even more so than sales and service experience. However, detailed analysis of data into the actual purchasing decisions by buyers reveal that suppliers’ service and support capabilities mean a lot to large purchasers — in fact, almost as equal in importance as price. Large buyers often involve senior team members in procurement, which necessitates the need for inclusion of people possessing high-quality management and sales skills while serving key accounts.
With more intensifying sophistication of the procurement process at large businesses in future, the buyers will keep trying to cut costs and gain significant advantage while negotiating with procurement. The suppliers, in turn, can create a win-win situation by providing first-rate key account support and service.
Leading suppliers utilize the 4 drivers of growth to develop best-in-class key account management practices and increase their large contract win ratios. These drivers are actually the 4 imperatives that forerunners undertake to fuel their growth:
Quantified Value Proposition (QVP)
Value-based Selling
Coordinated Account Management
Negotiation Preparation
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
[Whitepaper] Nudge Theory: An Effective Way to Transform Negative BehaviorsFlevy.com Best Practices
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/flevypro/nudge-theory-key-challenges-3895
Changing the behaviors of people is the foremost issue with every transformation initiative.
Nudge theory is a novel Change Management model that underscores the importance of understanding the way people think, act, and decide. The model assists in encouraging human imagination and decision making, and transforming negative behaviors and influences on people. The approach helps understand and change human behavior, by analyzing, improving, designing, and offering free choices for people, so that their decisions are more likely to produce helpful outcomes for the others and society in general.
Nudge theory helps reform existing (often extremely unhealthy) choices and influences on people. The theory is quite effective in curtailing resistance and conflict resulting from using autocratic ways to change human behavior. The model promotes indirect encouragement and enablement — by designing choices which encourage positive helpful decisions — and avoids direct enforcement. For instance, playing a ‘room-tidying’ game with a child rather than instructing her/him to tidy the room; improving the availability and visibility of litter bins rather than erecting signs with a warning of fines.
Organizations are increasingly using behavioral economics to optimize their employee and client behavior and well-being. Nudge units or behavioral science teams are being set up in the public and corporate sectors to influence people to address pressing issues. For instance, to increase customer retention by changing the language of support center staff to motivate customers to consider long-term benefits of a product; or to make employees to follow safety procedures by placing posters of watching eyes to remind them of the criticality of the measure.
An effective Nudge initiative necessitates much more than deploying a few experts in heuristics and statistics. The senior leadership should lay out a conducive environment for successful behavioral transformation. This entails assisting the Nudge unit to focus, place it appropriately, create awareness, train and de-bias people, implement effective rewards, and follow high ethical standards.
The leadership needs to think about and prepare to tackle 6 key challenges Nudge units face when implementing effective behavioral transformation initiatives:
What should be the focus of the Nudge unit?
Should the Nudge unit be placed at the headquarters or at the business unit level?
Which resources be made part of the Nudge unit?
What are the critical success factors to consider for the unit?
How to communicate the results and early wins?
What should be done to tackle skepticism and resistance to change?
Got a question about this presentation? Email us at support@flevy.com.
[Whitepaper] Business Model Innovation: Creation of Scalable Business Models ...Flevy.com Best Practices
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Scalability is described as possible meaningful changes in magnitude or capacity. In business terms, it’s the capability of a system to enhance productivity upon resource augmentation. Scalability provides an organization the capabilities to develop compelling value propositions — that are hard to imitate by the rivals — and achieve profitable growth even in the wake of external threats, cut-throat competition, stringent laws, or financial downturns.
Today’s challenging business ecosystems and economic outlook demand from the enterprises to develop novel and Scalable Business Models that are able to leverage positive returns on investments. To accomplish this, leaders need to identify and eradicate any capacity issues, enhance collaboration with existing partners, build new partnerships, or develop platforms to work with their opponents.
Executives should invest in scaling options only when they are sure to boost returns. They have to be quick to exit a business when returns on investment to scale backfire.
5 Patterns of Business Model Scalability
Benchmarking a number of successful organizations reveals that their Business Models were flexible enough to sustain internal and external pressures. Business Model Scalability hinges on aligning the strategic partners and Value Propositions to serve the customers.
To drive Business Model Innovation (BMI), leading organizations consistently display 5 critical patterns of Business Model Scalability:
Operate with multiple distribution channels
Eliminate typical capacity limitations
Outsource capital investments to partners
Allow customers and partners assume multiple roles in the business
Create platform models
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[Whitepaper] Shareholder Value Traps: How to Evade Them and Focus on Value Cr...Flevy.com Best Practices
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Changing industry ecosystems and competition today demand from the organizations to undergo strategic shifts. The purpose of a company is undergoing Business Transformation from serving the interest of shareholders to serving all stakeholders that influence the organization.
Shareholders are often considered the only stakeholders that invest in a business. Senior management needs to be cognizant of the importance of shareholders as well other stakeholders who create value for the organization. They should work on building a collaborative Organizational Culture and paying heed to the welfare of all those groups that play a role in organizational growth.
This warrants a thorough evaluation of all stakeholders, their long-term interests, and Value Creation — or Value Destruction — potential for the organization. But first, this calls for finding answers to the following key questions:
Who creates the most value for the organization?
Who among the stakeholders typically secure the best deals from the organization?
Who is the victim of having the worst deals from the organization?
Who among the stakeholders is potentially untrustworthy?
Are there any intermediaries or stakeholders fulfilling their personal agendas?
Answering these questions is critical for the executives, otherwise they may risk falling into Shareholder Value Traps. Recognizing and understanding stakeholder value traps while the managing stakeholders’ various interests helps executives achieve shared and individual long-term goals. These 5 common traps prevent stakeholders’ interests to get integrated with the interests of the organization and destroy the value of a company if overlooked:
Ignoring cash-flow driving stakeholders while distributing cash
Miscalculating reaction from stakeholders
Supporting under-performing units
Conceding to willful vulture capitalists
Misjudging intermediaries role in transactions
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More Information:
https://mark-bridges.medium.com/the-top-101-consulting-frameworks-of-2020-3b9be58ce18e
At the end of each year, we publish a list of the top 101 consulting frameworks from the FlevyPro Library. We add new frameworks to FlevyPro each week based on market trends (e.g. Digital Transformation, Customer-centric Design) and customer demand. (See the top 101 consulting frameworks of 2019.)
Business frameworks are powerful tools consultants leverage to address their clients’ business issues in an organized, thorough, and efficient fashion. Each of our framework guides is a detailed PowerPoint presentation that provides a structured approach to analyzing and solving a common business problem, from issues in Strategy Development to Digital Transformation to Leadership Development.
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https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/six-sigma--statistical-process-control-spc-604
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
The Six Sigma - Statistical Process Control (SPC) Training Module includes:
1. MS PowerPoint Presentation including 136 slides covering
- Introduction to Statistical Process Thinking,
- Basic Statistics,
- Introduction to Statistical Process Control,
- Statistical Process Control Charts,
- Sample Size & Frequency,
- Out-of-Control Action Plan, and
- Process Control Plan.
2. MS Excel Confidence Interval Analysis Calculator making it really easy to calculate confidence intervals (mean value, standard deviation, capability indices, proportion, count) and perform a Comparison of two statistics (mean values, standard deviations, proportions, counts).
"After you have downloaded the training material, you can change any part of the training material and remove all logos and references to Operational Excellence Consulting. You can share the material with your colleagues and clients, and re-use it as you need. The only restriction is that you cannot publicly re-distribute, sell, rent or license the material as though it is your own. Thank you."
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BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
the systematic analysis of a manufacturing, service or administrative process,
the identification of critical and/or significant process characteristics, and
the identification of process deficiencies and development of an effective corrective action plan.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
The Lean Six Sigma - Process Risk Analysis & Mistake-Proofing Training Module provides you with a step-by-step approach, as well as examples, exercises, and templates, to analyze and eliminate risks in your manufacturing, service or business processes. This training module includes:
1. 132 PowerPoint slides covering
- Introduction to Process Risk Analysis & Mistake-Proofing,
- Process Variables Map,
- Cause & Effect Matrix,
- Process Failure Mode and Effects Analysis,
- Sixteen Human Error Modes,
- Six Mistake-Proofing Principles,
- Seven Types of Poka-Yoke Devices and Examples,
- Process Control Plan,
- and 6 Workshop Exercises.
2. MS Excel Process Variables Map Template & Example
3. MS Excel Cause & Effect Matrix Template & Example
4. MS Excel Process FMEA Template & Example
5. MS Excel Process Control Plan Template & Example
"After you have downloaded the training material, you can change any part of the training material and remove all logos and references to Operational Excellence Consulting. You can share the material with your colleagues and clients, and re-use it as you need. The only restriction is that you cannot publicly re-distribute, sell, rent or license the material as though it is your own. Thank you."
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More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/lean-manufacturing-160
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
Learn how to eliminate waste to save time and make more money.
Learn how to apply simple Lean methods and tools in the workplace to improve productivity and quality.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Lean is a management philosophy based on the Toyota Production System (TPS). With Lean Manufacturing, you will be able to enhance value for your customers by improving and smoothing the process flow and eliminating waste. Simply put, with Lean, you will be able to increase productivity and create greater customer value with less resources.
By teaching this presentation, managers and employees will have a better understanding of the Lean principles and approach to eliminating waste, and will be more forthcoming to lead and participate in the Lean implementation process.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the key concepts and principles of Lean
2. Acquire knowledge on the common Lean methods and tools and their applications to eliminate waste and create more value for customers
3. Identify ways to develop "Kaizen eyes" to look for improvement opportunities
4. Describe the various Lean roles
5. Define the critical success factors for sustaining a Lean culture
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Lean Thinking
- The case for Lean Manufacturing
- Where did Lean originate?
- Toyota's philosophy
- Lean adoption in various environments
- Impact of Lean principles in industry
- Lean applications in manufacturing, process and service industries
- What is Lean?
- What Lean is not
- Traditional thinking versus Lean thinking
- Traditional culture vs. Lean culture
- Lean management framework
- Lean and six sigma
- Benefits of Lean manufacturing
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More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/effective-staff-suggestion-system-kaizen-teian-157
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
Implement a strategy and mechanism to generate a constant flow of ideas.
Simplify the evaluation system to speed up the suggestions feedback process.
Learn effective approaches to develop creativity and improve participation rates.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
Effective Staff Suggestion System is based on Kaizen Teian -- the Japanese-style proposal system for continuous improvement -- is the most direct and effective method for channeling employees' creative energies and hands-on insight.
This presentation focuses on the management, guidance, and development of an effective suggestion system. It explains the key aspects of running a suggestion system or proposal program on a day-to-day basis. This concise reference outlines the policies that support a "bottom-up" system of innovation and defines the three main objectives of a successful suggestion system: to build participation, develop individuals' skills, and achieve higher profits.
This comprehensive guide teaches the methods to plan, implement and sustain the program. It teaches strategy, mechanism, roles, process, and how employees should write good ideas.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the key elements of a suggestion system
2. Define how to plan and launch an effective suggestion system
3. Describe how to set up a strategy and mechanism to generate ideas, capture quality ideas, evaluate ideas and sustain a constant flow of ideas
4. Explain how to develop employees to identify opportunities for improvement and write good quality ideas
5. Define success factors for sustaining a suggestion system
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Kaizen
2. Introduction & Basic Concepts of a Suggestion System
3. Scope of Suggestions
4. Goals of a Suggestion System
5. Planning & Launching a Suggestion System
6. Roles & Responsibilities
7. The Suggestions Process
8. Evaluation & Award Systems
9. Examples of Effective Procedures
10. Techniques for Developing Creativity
11. Examples of Ideas for Improvement
12. Points for Improvement
13. Ways to Develop "Kaizen Eyes"
14. How to Sustain a Suggestion System
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More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/sales-excellence--diagnostic-tool-2877
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This is a comprehensive sales excellence diagnostic tool. The capability levers are classified into the following four levels:
- Champion - Few, if any, companies consistently deliver at this level for all customer segments
- Play offs - Broadly recognised as market best practice
- Survival - Below best practice, but meets minimum standard required to compete effectively
- Relegation - Below minimum standard required to compete effectively
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The document discusses variance analysis and provides examples of how it can be used. Variance analysis breaks down changes in financial metrics like revenue, costs, and profits into their contributing factors. This helps identify drivers of performance and areas for improvement. Examples show how variances can be calculated for changes in revenue due to shifts in volume versus price. The analysis can also be extended to multiple variables and customer segments.
More Information:
https://flevy.com/browse/business-document/change-management-models-1214
BENEFITS OF DOCUMENT
These models/frameworks can be used to enhance your project management and process improvement projects.
A wide range of models/frameworks for you to choose from to suit your specific needs and situation.
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION
This presentation is a collection of PowerPoint diagrams and templates used to convey 25 different Change Management models and frameworks.
INCLUDED MODELS/FRAMEWORKS:
1. The Change Curve Model
2. Bridges' Transition Model
3. Lewin's Three Stage Change Model
4. Impact Analysis
5. Leavitt's Diamond
6. The Burke-Litwin Change Model
7. The McKinsey 7S Framework
8. The ADKAR Change Model
9. Kotter's Eight Phases of Change
10. The Training Needs Analysis Framework
11. The Power/Interest Grid for Stakeholder Prioritization
12. Osgood-Schramm's Model of Communication
13. Szpekman's Communication Framework
14. The Johari Window
15. The ADDIE Model
16. The Conscious Competence Learning Model
17. Kirkpatrick's Four-Level Training Evaluation Model
18. The PDCA Cycle
19. Six Sigma Quality Improvement (DMAIC)
20. Business Process Redesign (BPR)
21. Xerox Benchmarking Model
22. Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK)
23. PRINCE2 Project Management
24. Managing Successful Programmes (MSP)
25. Management of Risks (M_o_R)
How to Implement a Real Estate CRM SoftwareSalesTown
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Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
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The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
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Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
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2. Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................... 1
Problem Solving Methods...................................................................................... 6
8D Overview .......................................................................................................... 8
D0 – Gather Preliminary Data .............................................................................. 10
D1 – Team Selection ............................................................................................ 13
D2 – Problem Definition....................................................................................... 16
D3 – Containment................................................................................................ 23
D4 – Identify Root Cause...................................................................................... 27
D5 – Identify Corrective Action ............................................................................ 42
D6 – Implement (and verify) ................................................................................ 44
D7 – Prevent Recurrence ..................................................................................... 48
D8 – Congratulate Team ...................................................................................... 53
Summary Report.................................................................................................. 54
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3. 3
Before we begin, let’s look at all of the reasons why a structured methodology
should not be used in problem solving.
Here are a few:
“I don’t know any structured methods”
“they aren’t any better than ad hoc processes”
“that method was not invented here”
“they are too slow”
“I’m paid to solve problems . . . as I see fit”
“I had a bad experience using a structured approach”
“ad hoc allows for flexibility and creativity”
“experience is the only teacher”
“every problem is unique – no 2 alike”
“what we manufacture is unlike anything else and so those methods
don’t apply here”
Do these sound familiar? I’m convinced of the following . . .
Brains will consistently win over Brawn
Someone has suggested that it takes about 10,000 hours or 7 years to master a
given field. For some, that may seem like an eternity, for others, a challenge.
And part of the challenge is where to start on this journey? I advocate starting
with a structured problem solving methodology. Why? There are several
reasons.
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4. 6
Problem Solving Methods
There are numerous structured methods in use today. 8 Disciplines, GROW
(Goal, Reality, Obstacles/Opinions, Way Forward), How to Solve It, Kepner –
Tregoe, PDCA, Rapid Problem Resolution, DMAIC, DMADV, TRIZ (Theory of
Inventive Problem Solving), Lean and more.
GROW: Goal – the desired future state. Reality – this is the gap between
current state and future state. Obstacles – the challenges that must be
overcome to achieve the future state. Options – the activities that must be
accomplished to remove the obstacles. Way Forward - the actions that will be
required to implement the options.
How to Solve It: developed for solving math problems. The steps are:
understand the problem by reframing it in your own words, select a method
for solving it from a list of possibilities, execute the plan, reflect on the results.
Kepner-Tregoe: a well known and respected problem solving methodology
that consists of 4 steps: Appraisal - used to understand the situation, outline
challenges and select a path forward. Analysis – used to define the problem
and find its Root Cause. Decision – alternative solutions are identified and a
risk analysis is undertaken. Opportunity analysis - the best alternatives are
reviewed for negative consequences and then actions are proposed to
minimize.
PDCA: Plan – identify the problem and plan a solution. Do – test the solution.
Check – the effectiveness of the solution. Act – correct as necessary and
repeat the cycle.
Rapid Problem Resolution: primarily used in IT. Discover – gather
information about the problem. Investigate – create a diagnostic plan. Fix –
implement the fix.
DMAIC: Define - the problem. Measure - the magnitude of the problem.
Analyze – find the Root Cause. Improve – identify corrective action. Control –
control the process.
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5. 9
The steps of 8D:
D0 – Gather preliminary data
D1 – Select the problem solving team
D2 – Define the problem
D3 - Containment
D4 - Identifying Root Cause
D5 - Identify Corrective Action
D6 – Implement Corrective Action
D7 - Prevent Recurrence of the problem
D8 - Congratulate team
The detailed discussions to follow about each of the 8 Disciplines will refer to
the 6ixSigma.org 8D template located at 6ixsigma.org , called ‘8D.xlsx’.
A few notes about the 8D.xlsx template:
1. All fields in the 8D Report (the last tab in the Excel file) will be
automatically populated as you complete each discipline. The only item
that will need to be added manually to the report is a picture of the
failure.
2. There are several tabs in the workbook, with at least 1 tab dedicated to
each discipline.
3. The tab for Discipline 1 is D1, Discipline 2 is D2, etc.
4. When more than 1 tab is used for a given discipline, a D4-1, D4-2 . . .
format is used.
5. Each tab contains the instructions, templates and decision tools
appropriate for that discipline.
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6. 12
Product or Process Manager: usually the production manager or supervisor
responsible for the production of the part.
Value stream Manager: the person in the organization who is responsible for
the end to end delivery of the part to the customer. It could be a Director of
Operations.
Cost or Lost Sales: an estimate is fine and also important. This will be used in
the risk assessment.
The D0 Discipline is straight forward but often expedited. There will be
pressure from management and/or the customer to ‘fix the problem’;
intelligently resist the temptation to speed through this step. Once D0 is
complete, the information will be used to preliminarily assess who, what,
where . . . etc. and to make the decision to use 8D or not.
A leader is one who knows the way, goes the way,
and shows the way.
John C. Maxwell
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7. 15
QA: a representative from the quality organization who is familiar with Root
Cause Analysis and can ensure that the tools are used correctly and Root
Cause is verified.
Other: any other individual who the team may need. IT, HR, Customer or
Technical Service are common.
Be sure to identify the department each member represents.
Once the team has been formed, the team lead should put together a Team
Charter and complete a GRPI Assessment.
Team Charter:
The Team Charter is a simple but powerful tool to help get the team oriented
and in agreement on:
1. Project objective
2. The expected deliverables
3. Key milestones and estimated completion dates
4. The scope of the project. What is in scope and what is out of scope
5. The roles and responsibilities of each member
6. Meeting frequency
GRPI
The GRPI assesses each team members understanding of the team Goals,
individuals Roles & Responsibilities, the Process that will be used & the
Interpersonal relationships expected. It is usually done as a survey, where
each team member is asked to rank their knowledge of, or agreement with, a
series of statements. Based on the responses, the team lead is better equipped
to manage the team and address individual concerns about the task at hand.
Templates for both of these are located in 6ixSigma.org’s ‘Change
Management Tools.xlsx’
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8. 18
What: is the product that is affected. What products are not affected but
should be? This could be similar parts in the family, produced on similar
machines, use similar raw materials, are made with similar processes, etc.
What: is the defect? Describe it. For example, chipped heads were found on a
portion of a production lot of ¾ inch screws. What is not the defect, but by
association, should be the defect? Describe that as well. The balance of the
lot was not chipped – for example.
“What” identifies the event, condition or state of the problem
Where: does the problem occur? This could be “where in the factory does the
problem occur?” or “where in the field does the problem occur?”, or “where in
the heat treat furnace does the problem occur?”, or . . .
Similarly, where is it not occurring but could? “Bent components are coming
out of the heat treat furnace on Tuesdays and Fridays but not Mondays,
Wednesdays, Thursdays or Saturdays”, or . . .
Where: was the problem first observed? This could be “where in the factory
was the problem first observed?” or “where in the field”, or . . .
Where: else might the problem have occurred but didn’t? Are there like
products with equal probability of having the problem occur?
“Where” answers the question of location
When: was the problem first reported? Time is an important consideration of
Root Cause analysis so be diligent in finding the time of failure. Time can
point to a specific production shift, Lot number, machine, etc.
When: was the problem not reported? After Tuesday? After first shift? Etc.
When: was the problem last reported? This question helps isolate the time
frame within which the failure was occurring.
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9. 21
Other: information that may be relevant to isolating Root Cause should be
recorded here. What else is known that might be relevant? Can the problem
be isolated to a lot, batch, work order number, control number, product line or
family of parts?
Can the problem be replicated at will or on demand? It is not important that
this be possible now but it is important in D6.
Have trends been observed. Don’t over analyze at this point, simply answer
the question based on observations.
Scope: a key to defining a problem is to define the scope of the problem. What
is the start of the process or product [pro(cess/duct)] under investigation?
Define where the problem process starts. Everything preceding this will be
outside the scope of this 8D investigation. Define where the problem process
stops. Everything after this will be outside the scope of this 8D investigation.
All other information for ‘Scope’ is taken from the ‘Preliminary Data’.
Misc: here, record other relevant information, unanswered questions, facts to
verify, or anything else that may be pertinent to the 8D.
Problem Description: now, based on the above analysis, define the problem or
describe the opportunity to improve. Use the verb-noun format. Make sure it
is free of opinions (speculative interpretation of the facts), judgments
(assigning the problem to a person, department, etc.), assumptions (things
taken for granted), presumed causes (causes not supported by facts,
engineering judgment), solutions (leave that until later), blame or compound
problems.
Example:
Bad: customer is experiencing installation problems with the 1ER-509B3
ratchet which seems to be improperly forged and case hardened resulting in
material toughness and premature notch failure. Heat treat line 2 needs to be
audited again.
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10. 24
Occ: a value between 1 and 10. 1: low frequency, 10: high frequency
Det: a value between 1 and 10. 1: high detectability, 10: low detectability
Based on the problem definition, describe the failure. Using a measure of
subjectivity and available data, assess Sev, Occ & Det and enter these in the
template. Note the resultant RPN. Although it is not directly interpreted, the
higher the RPN, the higher the risk and the more “aggressive” or
“conservative” the containment.
In order to recommend the containment action, you have to:
1. Know where to look for defective product
2. Know how to find the defective product
3. Know how to stop the defective product
To accomplish this, the containment should be coordinated with Quality,
Production & the Customer. This will require a communication plan.
In a 2008 Survey of 1000+ organizations, the #1 response to the question
“What is the most important skill of a team leader?” the answer was
“Communication”
The Communication Plan should consider “Who you need to communicate
with?”, “What the message to be communicated will be?”, “What is needed
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11. 27
D4 – Identify Root Cause
All 8 Disciplines of the 8D are important. However, there are two Disciplines
that require special attention, D2 – Problem Definition and D4 – Identify Root
Cause.
Identifying Root Cause is the least understood and most difficult part of 8D.
The 8D practioner needs many Root Cause tools at their disposal. But to get
good at finding Root Cause, practioners need to practice . . . . . . . . . . a lot.
One challenge with finding Root Cause is knowing what it looks like. There
are 4 levels of a problem and each can be mistaken for the Root Cause:
Observations ⇒ Symptoms ⇒ Possible Causes ⇒ Root Causes
Observations: can be direct, indirect, conscious or unconscious experiences or
events. It is the ‘noise’ of daily life that largely goes unnoticed or is considered
so trivial that more than a fraction of time thinking about it, is too much.
Examples:
v My watch seems to be running slow
v The steering in my car feels different
v The microwave doesn’t heat water as quickly
Symptoms: directly observed departures from normal operation. These are
the events that have us consider that something is awry. Examples:
v I’m late for a meeting but my watch says I’m on time
v I’m clearly having trouble navigating corners
v The microwave is seemingly putting out less power
Possible Causes: also know as potential Root Causes. These are plausible
reasons for the unconformity. Unverified Root Causes. Examples:
v Bad battery, failing clock mechanism
v Low tire pressure, low power steering fluid
v Failing microwave magnetrons
Root Causes: see definition below. Examples:
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12. 30
tool can process. Notice each is assigned H(high), M(medium) or L(low). For
example, the Pareto Chart is low on the complexity scale, requires a low time
requirement, has a low ability to find root cause, has a low level of
subjectivity, is highly intuitive, doesn’t require a cross functional team for it to
be effective (therefore low), and can handle a high number of factors.
No one tool is a panacea and not all of the tools will be reviewed. The
IS/ISNOT, 5 Why’s, Fishbone and Inter-Relationship Diagram will be
discussed in detail next. Proficiency in these four tools will permit the
practioner to solve many Root Cause problems. However, every serious
problem solver should be proficient with all of these.
IS/ISNOT
The IS/ISNOT leverages the D2 - Problem Definition. Using the completed D2,
a series of questions follow. The purpose of the questions is to get the
practioner to consider the undesirable behavior from a number of
perspectives.
Take a moment to describe what you see here . . .
Ask, “what perspective does this represent?” Is it a view from the top?
Bottom? From the inside looking out?
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Step 3. Evaluate Possible Causes
For each possible Root Cause, use “+” when IS and ISNOT is explained and use
“-“when only the IS or the ISNOT is explained. This is done for each “possible
Root Cause” and “Difference” pair.
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Each set of statements logically connect to each other using the ‘therefore’
technique and so it is reasonable to assume that the potential Root Cause has
been discovered.
Occasionally there will be more than one answer to ‘why’. In these cases,
simply create a branch for each answer and continue with the process.
Frequently, the answers given to successive ‘why’s’ will converge to the same
potential Root Cause. When they don’t, and each passes the ‘therefore’ test,
treat both as a potential Root Cause.
Notice it is the potential Root Cause that has been found. Until the Root Cause
is verified in D6 – Implement and verify, it is only a potential Root Cause.
Cautions using the 5 Why’s methodology:
1. Teams may stop at symptoms believing Root Cause has been found.
2. Effectiveness is limited to the collective team knowledge, and is
therefore very subjective.
3. 5 Why’s doesn’t guide the team to ask the right "why" questions.
4. Different people using 5 Whys may come up with different causes for
the same problem – the results are not repeatable.
Fishbone Diagram
The Fishbone Diagram, more formally known as the Ishikawa Diagram, is an
easy to understand Root Cause tool. Its other name is the Cause & Effect
Diagram. Primarily used as a structured brainstorming tool, the Fishbone
Diagram helps identify the possible inputs (X’s – Root Causes) that are causing
the problem (Big Y). The Big Y is the process defect that is the focus of the
improvement effort.
The basic layout of the Fishbone Diagram is below:
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Items labeled ‘X’ are now studied for their impact on the Big Y.
STEP 6: If further "screening" is necessary, assess the likely Root Causes using
the "Impact" and "Implement" matrix. Ask, “how difficult would it be to
eliminate “X” and what impact would this have on eliminating the defect.
Score each based on the matrix below. Then . . .
select items marked 1, then 2 . . . 4 as priorities.
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D5 – Identify Corrective Action
Based on what is learned from one or more Root Cause tools, decide on the
top 3 most likely Root Cause(s). For each Root Cause, identify the corrective
action . . .
Corrective Action: an action to eliminate the cause of a detected
nonconformity or other undesirable situation.
Don’t confuse Corrective Action with Preventive Action.
Corrective Action is an action taken to eliminate the cause of the defect
(undesirable situation). According to ISO 9000:2000 the definition of
corrective action is: "Action to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformity
or other undesirable situation."
Preventive Action is an action taken to prevent the defect (undesirable
situation). According to ISO 9000:2000 the definition of preventive action is:
"Action to eliminate the cause of a potential nonconformity or other
undesirable potential situation".
There are a number of creativity tools available to help formulate corrective
actions. They include:
1. Quality Function Deployment
(QFD)
2. Developing Design Concepts
3. TRIZ (Ideal Final Result)
4. Technology Roadmaps
5. Patent searches
6. Competitive benchmarking
7. Nature – How has nature
solved the problem?
8. Existing systems
9. Reverse engineering
10. Old designs
11. Similar systems
12. Modeling
13. Experimentation
14. Intuition / inspiration
15. Brainstorming
16. Creative Sketching
17. Analogies
18. Design catalogues
19. Lessons learned
20. Weak link analysis
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Tukey Quick Test
1. Once a problem has been detected, collect 8 consecutive samples from
the process, and using the parameter of interest, record whether the
samples are “bad” or “good”. These are samples 1 – 8.
2. After the corrective action is implemented, collect an additional 8
samples from the process again and using the parameter of interest,
record whether the samples are “bad” or “good”. These are samples 9 –
16.
3. Beginning at sample 1, and ending with sample 8, count the number of
consecutive “bad” samples and record this. This is the first end count.
4. Beginning at sample 16 and moving to 15 then 14, etc., and ending at
sample 9, count the number of consecutive “good” samples and record
this. This is the second end count.
5. Add the two end counts together.
6. Interpret results.
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D7 – Prevent Recurrence
The key to preventing a recurring event is to understand two things:
1. The Control Continuum
2. 3 P’s
The Control Continuum:
At one end of the continuum is low effort, low control. When little effort is put
into a control mechanism, it should be expected to provide little control. For
example, verbal instructions . . . they are easy to prepare and deliver. As such,
limited effectiveness should be expected. Do they serve a purpose?
Absolutely! However, in some cases, verbal instructions should be combined
with other control mechanisms.
At the other end of the continuum, is high effort, high control. This might
include, Mistake Proofing or even redesigning the process . . . high effort with
the resulting high control (usually).
The 3 P’s:
1. People
2. Process
3. Product (or technology)
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Product Errors:
Product launches and releases to market are happening at an unprecedented
rate. Each year in the USA there is approximately 112,000 new products
launched. The commercial pressure to get to market is so intense that many
products are released with defects. It is the job of the improvement
professional to uncover the defect Root Cause and prevent their recurrence.
The list below are common product problems and preventive actions.
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Summary Report
The 8D report is a summary of the work done between D0 and D8. Many of
the details are not contained in the report – likely, the report reader is not that
interested. They are however, interested in a summary of what was done at
each phase, and the report is designed to capture these.
From each phase, the essential and relevant information is captured that will
memorialize the problem, its origin, affected customer, affected product, the
scope of the problem, containment action taken, root cause, corrective and
preventive actions, etc.
In addition to these, include pictures or a sketch of the problem. Pictures
generally are a better communication tool than words, so be sure and include
them when available. Additionally, don’t assume the report reader is familiar
with the problem; annotate the pictures where appropriate.
As time passes, the Final Report will likely be the only record of the problem
and corrective action. Be sure it is written so that it is self explaining –
containing the relevant elements necessary to reconstruct the problem
experienced by the customer and the actions taken to correct and prevent it
from recurring. Remember, the report writer is responsible for ensuring the
reader can understand it.
And finally, the Summary Report must be signed. Surprisingly, this too gets
overlooked. Letting the report reader know that it was reviewed and
approved by the Quality Manager, Production Manager, VP, etc. lends it
credibility. It tells the reader that at a minimum, someone in a senior position
is aware of the issue and acknowledges, and takes responsibility for, the work
the team did to correct the problem and that the organization is committed to
(some level of) process improvement.
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