Smart+er Grids: Challenges, Arequipa 05 October 2015

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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD | fglongatt@fglongatt.org | Copyright © 2015 1/118
ArequipaPerú–5deOctubrede2015
ProfFranciscoGonzalez-LongattPhD
XXII CONEIMERA

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Power Grid and What Can
Go Wrong
- Electrical Power Systems
- Power System Structure
- Interconnections

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What is a Electrical Power System?
• An electric power system is a network of electrical
components used to supply, transmit and use electric
power.

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Power System: Definition
Power system:
(1) (generating stations electric power system) The electric
power sources, conductors, and equipment required to
supply electric power. (PE/EDPG) IEEE 505-1977r [1]
(2) (electric) The generation resources and/or transmission
facilities operated as an entity to meet load and/or
interchange commitments. (PE/PSE) 94-1991w [2]
(3) The generation resources and/or transmission facilities
operated under common management or supervision to meet
load and interchange commitments. (PE/PSE) 858-1993w [3]
[1] IEEE Standard Nomenclature for Generating Station Electric Power Systems, ANSI/IEEE 505-1977
[2] IEEE Recommended Definitions of Terms for Automatic Generation Control on Electric Power Systems , ANSI/IEEE 94-1991
[3] ANSI/IEEE 858-1993, IEEE Standard Definitions in Power Operations Terminology
If you need more definitions, review: (2000). "IEEE 100 The
Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms Seventh
Edition." IEEE Std 100-2000.
Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/IEEESTD.2000.322230

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Power System Structure
• Modern Power Systems are complex and
interconnected structures.
• It can be subdivided into four major parts:
• Generation
• Transmission and Sub-transmission
• Distribution
• Loads

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Power System Structure
Hydro
Gas or CC
Nuclear
Coal
• Basics Generation & Transmission.
• Substations & transformers
• Control centres http://tcip.mste.illinois.edu/
Transmission lines
132kV, 275kV & 400kV
Generation Power Station
Generation Power Station

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European Interconnection
• Head Organization ENTSO-E
• 5 Regional Groups (RG) RG
Continental Europe (former
UCTE)
• Regulation Zone Germany
4 TSO
(European Network of Transmission
System Operators for Electricity)
• 41 TSO
• 34 European countries
• 532 million customers served
• 312,693 km of transmission lines
• 3,174.2 TWh electricity transported
• 423,586 GWh of electricity exchange between
member TSOs
• 1,023,721 MW net generation capacity
connected to the grid
532 Million Customers
1,023,721 MW

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Uk Interconnection
• National Grid
Transmission System
319 Substations
750 transformers
2743 circuit breakers
1200 Circuits
14000km OHL
635km of underground cable
Installed generation capacity:
≈ 100 GW bulk generation
embedded generation
Demand
≈ 60 GW Peak
20 GW minimum
132kV, 275kV & 400kV
50Hz
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/electricity/
26 Million
Customers
~60 GW
339 TWh in 2014.

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North American Interconnection…
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)
http://www.nerc.com/
Provides electricity to 334 million people;
Total electricity demand of 830 gigawatts
340,000 kilometers of high-voltage transmission lines
Represents more than US$1 trillion worth of assets.
334 Million Customers
830,000 MW

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Energy Control Centres

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Energy Control Centres
SCADA + EMS + Operation Personnel
“Heart” (eyes & hands, brains) of the power
system!
The National Grid control centre
is based at St Catherine's Lodge,
Sindlesham, Wokingham in
Berkshire in south east England
and sometimes described as
being a 'secret' location.
As of 2015 the system is under
consistent hacker attack via
computer systems.

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Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition
• Supervisory control: remote control of field
devices.
• Data acquisition: monitoring of field conditions.
• SCADA components:
• Master Station: System “Nerve Center” located in ECC.
• Remote terminal units: Gathers data at substations;
sends to Master Station.
• Communications: Links Master Station with Field
Devices.

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Energy management system (EMS)
• System of computer-aided tools used by operators of
electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize
the performance of the generation and/or
transmission system.
• Topology processor & network configurator.
• State estimator and power flow model development.
• Automatic generation control (AGC), Optimal power
flow (OPF).
• Security assessment and alarm processing.

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Energy Control Centres (3/4)
EMS alarm displayEMS 1-line diagram
Energy control centre with EMS
Substation
SCADA Master Station
Remote
terminal
unit

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Energy Control Centres (4/4)
More Energy Control Centres

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What can go Wrong?
Almost Anything!!!

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What can go Wrong
MURPHY’S LAW
Anything that can go wrong,
Will go wrong.

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Nature: Lightning
Lightning
Induced Shove!!!

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Lightning Wind and Snow
Hurry up, I can’t hold it much longer.
For six days in January 1998, freezing rain coated Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick with 7-11
cm (3-4 in) of ice. Trees and hydro wires fell and utility poles and transmission towers came down
causing massive power outages, some for as long as a month. It was the most expensive natural
disaster in Canada. According to Environment Canada, the ice storm of 1998 directly affected
more people than any other previous weather event in Canadian history.

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Wind!!!

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Deterioration (Insulation Failure)

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WARNING
The following slides contains
graphic Images that some
viewers may find disturbing

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What Can Go Wrong: Animals
• Animals (mainly squirrels & snakes, but
sometimes…).

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What Can Go Wrong: Animals
A squirrel chewed into a power line in Trumbull, Connecticut, where the Nasdaq’s
computer center is located, shutting down trading for 34 minutes. It was the second time
it had happened (photo credit: cantechletter.com)

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What Can Go Wrong? A Snake
Nonvenomous snakes similar to this one, discovered
hanging from an electrical substation in Statesville, N.C.,
have caused three power outages in the past month near
Blackwell, Okla. (Photo By: AP Photo/City of Statesville)

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What Can Go Wrong? A Snake
This three meter long cobra is the culprit that caused a major power failure in Modimolle.
The incinerated breaker can be seen in the background (photo credit: diepos.co.za)
http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060615/snake.shtml

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Protecting Wildlife
• Protecting Wildlife and Minimizing Outages
Breaker bushing covers prevent animal-caused flashovers from phase to phase and from
phase to ground.
http://tdworld.com/features/protecting-wildlife-and-minimizing-outages

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What Can Go Wrong: Trees

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Accidents
Planes and helicopters making an effort to control a big bushfire close to the village of Cáñar (Granada/Spain) on the 2th of August 2013. A large firefighter plane nearly misses a power line after dropping its
load, but it does get hit by a bright spark of high voltage.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rhyj36gOwF0

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Accidents
15 Aug 2014: A matric dance Robinson R44 flew into electric power lines as it dropped off a couple for their Matric Dance.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-zI_VpTFp8

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Summary
• Lightning.
• Wind and snow.
• Deterioration (insulation failure).
• Animals (mainly squirrels & snakes, but
sometimes….)
• Trees.
• Accidents.
• Man made error (mistakes).
• All of the previous situations cause faults.
• Faults are dangerous situations that can hurt
people and destroy equipment.

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Protection Systems
Protection equipment removes faults
• Fuses detect faults and melt a wire (it must be
replaced)
• Relays detect faults and signal circuit breaker to trip.
• Circuit breakers open lines (it can be re-used).

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WARNING
The following slides contains
graphic Images that some
viewers may find disturbing

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Accidents happens!!!

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Power Blackouts

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Power Blackouts: Summary
Location Date
Scale in term of MW or
Population
Collapse
time
US-NE 10-11/9/65 20,000 MW, 30MM
people
13 mins
New York 13/7/1977 6,000 MW, 9MM people 1 hour
France 1978 29,000 MW 26 mins
Japan 1987 8,200 MW 20 mins
USA-West 17/1/1994 7,500 MW 1 min
USA-West 14/12/1994 9,300 MW
USA-West 2/7/1996 11,700 MW 36 seconds
USA-West 3/7/1996 1,200 MW > 1 min
Brazil 3/11/1999 25,000 MW 30 Seconds
USA-NE 8/14/2003 62,000 MW, 50 M
people
> 1 hour
London, UK 28/08/2003 724 MW, 476 K people 8 seconds
Denmark & Sweden 23/9/2003 4.85 MM people 7 mins
Italy 28/9/2003 27,700 MW, 57 MM
people
27 mins
India 30/07/2012 48,000 MW, 300 MM
people
> Few hour

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Power industry made major improvements after events in ‘65, ‘77, ‘96
Does the industry take appropriate
actions today?
Customers Affected
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
1965,N
E
US1967,N
E
US
1977,N
ew
York
Dec.1994,W
estUS
July
1996,W
estU
S
Aug.1996,W
estern
US
2003,U
S-Canada
2003,Italy
2003,Sweden2003,C
hile2004
G
reece
Power Blackouts: Examples

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London 28th August 2003
• The 2003 London blackout was a serious power
outage that occurred in parts of southern London
and north-west Kent on 28 August 2003.
• It was the largest blackout in South East England
since the Great Storm of 1987, affecting an
estimated 500,000 people
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3199594.stm
http://www.channel4.com/news/the-great-storm-of-1987-25-years-on

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How Blackout Happens

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How Blackout Happens
• The thing that is so amazing about the power grid is
that it cannot store any power anywhere in the
system in bulk.
• Something causes a power plant to suddenly trip
off line.
• The “something” might be anything from a serious
lightning strike to a geomagnetic storm to a bearing
failure and subsequent fire in a generator.
• When the generator disconnects from the grid, the
other plants have to spin fast to meet the demand.
• Once they hit maximum capacity, they
disconnects from the grid.
• Leaves thousands of people out of power.

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Blackout: 14th August 2003
• One of the largest blackout in history.
• The blackout shut down 263 power plants (531
units) in the USA and Canada.
• Over 50 million people were out of power.
• Affected 8 states, 2 provinces, 3 regions, 61800
MW load affected 4.

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14th August 2003 (1/5)
HAPPENED ON 14 AUGUST 2003???
1 12:05 Conesville Unit 5 (rating 375 MW)
2 1:14 Greenwood Unit 1 (rating 785 MW)
3 1:31 Eastlake Unit 5 (rating: 597 MW)
4 2:02 Stuart – Atlanta 345 kV
5 3:05 Harding – Chamberlain 345 kV
6 3:32 Hanna – Juniper 345 kV
7 3:41 Star – South Canton 345 kV
8 3:45 Canton Central – Tidd 345 kV
9 4:05 Sammis – Star 345 kV
12:05
1:14
1:31
InitiatingEventSlowProgression
3:32
3:41
3:05
2:05
4:05
3:45

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14th August 2003 (2/5)
10 4:08:58 Galion-Ohio Central-Muskingum 345 kV
11 4:09:06 East Lima-Fostoria Central 345 kV
12 4:09:23-
4:10:27
Kinder Morgan (rating: 500 MW; loaded to 200 MW)
13 4:10 Harding-Fox 345 kV
14 4:10:04-
4:10:45
20 generators along Lake Erie in north Ohio, 2174 MW
15 4:10:37 West-East Michigan 345 kV
16 4:10:38 Midland Cogeneration venture, 1265 MW
17 4:10:38 Transmission system separates northwest of De
18 4:10:38 Perry-Ashtabula-Erie West 345 kV
19 4:10:40 -
4:10:44
4 lines disconnect between Pennsylvania & New York
20 4:10:41 2 lines disconnect and 2 gens trip in north Ohio, 1868 MW
21 4:10:42 -
4:10:45
3 lines disconnect in north Ontario, New Jersey, isolates
NE part of Eastern Interconnection, 1 unit trips, 820 MW
22 4:10:46 -
4:10:55
New York splits east-to-west. New England and Maritimes
separate from New York and remain intact.
23 4:10:50 -
4:11:57
Ontario separates from NY w of Niagara Falls & w. of St.
Law. SW Connecticut separates from New York, Blacks out.
1 12:05 Conesville Unit 5 (rating 375 MW)
2 1:14
Greenwood Unit 1 (rating 785
MW)
3 1:31 Eastlake Unit 5 (rating: 597 MW)
4 2:02 Stuart – Atlanta 345 kV
5 3:05 Harding – Chamberlain 345 kV
6 3:32 Hanna – Juniper 345 kV
7 3:41 Star – South Canton 345 kV
8 3:45 Canton Central – Tidd 345 kV
9 4:05 Sammis – Star 345 kV
FastProgression(CASCADE)
~3:00 Minutes
~4 hours

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14th August 2003 (3/5)
Immediate Causes of the 14 August 2003
Blackout:
• 1:30 Loss of East Lake generator (over-excitation).
• 2:02 Loss of Stuart-Atlanta (tree contact).
• 2:02 MISO system model becomes inaccurate.
• 2:14 - 3:08 Loss of software in FE control centre.
• 3:05 Loss of Harding-Chamberlain (tree contact).
• 3:32 Loss of Hanna-Juniper (tree contact).
• 3:41 Loss of Star-S.Canton (tree contact).
• 4:06 Loss of Sammis-Star (high overload looked like
fault to “zone 3” of the protection system).

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14th August 2003 (4/5)
Why did the cascade happen (events 10-23):
• Oscillations in voltages and currents, and/or very
high currents caused many transmission line zone
2,3 protection systems to see what appeared to be
faults & trip the line.
60
50
10
0
TotalLostofGeneration(GW)
40
30
20
NumberofLines,Transformeror
UnitsTripped
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
16:05 16:06 16:07 16:08 16:09 16:10 16:11 16:12
Time

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14th August 2003 (5/5)
Why did the cascade happen (events 10-23)
• As a few generators tripped, load > gen imbalance
caused under-frequency and lower voltages.
• Generators tripped for one of the following reasons:
• Under-frequency.
• Under-voltage.
• Over-excitation.
• Out-of-step.
• Over-voltage.

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Similar Chain of Events
• Learn From the Past
Western US, 1996: 7.5M people
• An hour before the
disturbance, three 500 kV lines
disconnect
• Heavy power flow in region
• Two lines disconnect due to a
fault and a protection trip
• Heavy load through 230kV and
115kV lines
• 230kV/115 kV lines disconnect
due to overload
• Voltage declines and power
units trip
• Power oscillations and voltage
instability cause cascading
separations
• Blackout occurred in 3 min.
System restored in ~ 6 - 9 h
NE US-Canada, 2003: 50M people
• Two hours before the
disturbance, 500kV line
disconnect
• Heavy power flow in region
• One 500 kV line sags into a
tree and disconnects
• Heavy load through 230kV
and 115kV lines
• 230kV/115 kV lines
disconnect due to overload
• More 345kV lines trip
• Voltage declines and
power units trip
• Power oscillations and
voltage instability cause
cascading separations
• Blackout occurred in 3 min.
System restored in ~1-2 days
Italy, 2003: 57 M people
• Heavy import to Italy
• One 380 kV line sags into a
tree and disconnects
• Heavy load through parallel
line that sags into a tree
• 220kV/110kV trip due to
overload resulting in
isolating Italy
• Voltage declines and power
units trip
• Power oscillations and
voltage instability cause
cascading separations
• Blackout occurred in 2.5
min.
System was restored in ~5 h

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Future Electric Power Grid:
Smart-er Grid
The Concept

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Global Smart
• A concept
Water
Transport
Gas ICT
Electricity ?

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The Big Picture: SMART LIVING
Intelligent / Sustainable
Cities
Buildings, Houses,
Transportation,
Electric Grid
Distributed
(Renewable) Energy
Sources
Regionally Optimized
Portfolio /Mix of
Renewable Energy
Integration with
Macro and Micro
Grids
Normative Practices
Economics, Market,
BusinessPolitical Will
For Caring and Just
Communities
Smart Living
Attractively /
Aesthetically /
Ecologically Friend /
Stable
Environment

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What is a Smart Grid, Really?
Nobody Really Knows!

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What it is?
WAN
People
Smart
Meters
Smart
Appliances
Data
concentrator
Applications
server
PMU PMU

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Reference to the Concept
• The term smart grid has
been in use since at least
2005, when it appeared
in the article "Toward A
Smart Grid" by Amin and
Wollenberg.
Smart Grids European
Technology Platform
http://www.smartgrids.eu/
http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid
"Smart Grid / Department
of Energy"
https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--
2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks
Department of Energy & Climate
Change and Ofgem

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Smart-er Grids:
Smart-er Grids: when energy meets information…
Our New Hybrid Reality
• “A permanently evolving electrical network, with a real-time, two-way flow
of energy and information, between power generation, grid operator, and
end users. It is capable of integrating all traditional and new players:
renewable generation units (wind, solar, etc.), electrical vehicles, electrical
storage, or even entire smart cities”.
Past Present Future
Smarter electricity systems (Source: IEA Smart Grid roadmap 2010)

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Definitions
IEEE:
• A next generation electrical power system that is
typified by the increased use of communications
and information technology in the generation,
delivery and consumption of electrical energy.
DOE:
• “Smart grid” generally refers to a class of
technology people are using to bring utility
electricity delivery systems into the 21st century,
using computer based remote control and
automation.
• These systems are made possible by two-way
communication technology and computer
processing that has been used for decades in other
industries.

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Definitions
National Electrical Manufacturers Associations
• The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add
monitoring, analysis, control and communication
capabilities to the national electric grid in order to
improve reliability, maximize throughput,
increase energy efficiency, provide consumer
participation and allow diverse generation and
storage options.

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Definitions
IEC
• The Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the
electric grid.
• The Smart Grid comprises everything related to
the electric system in between any point of
Generation and any point of Consumption.
• It also includes the coupling effects with other forms
of energy (thermal storage, etc…)
http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/background/explained.htm

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What is a Smart Grid, Really?
• Smart Grids is basically the concept of making
the power grid “SMART-ER”

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Smart-er Grid
Information Flow
Power Flow
Power Flow
Information Flow
Demand Response
AMI
DG-PV
Thermal
Storage
PEVUtility
grade PVWind
farm
Solar
farm
Smart Grid
Traditional
Environment
Merging Two Smart Infrastructures

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E.ON Smart: Video in Youtube
E.ON Smart Grids
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36e33i8wzKE

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Smart-er Grid:
Features and More…

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Driver Forces behind Smart Grids
Renewable
Resources
Conservation &
Demand response
Greenhouse
Gases
Operational
Efficiency
Consumer
satisfaction
Supply
Economics
Capacity
Limitations
Distributed
Resources
Variable
Generation

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Characteristics
• Smart Grid is a commodity delivery system where
the commodity (energy) has to be generated,
delivered, and consumed all at the same time in
secure and reliable way.
• Like development of intestate highway, like internet,
emails, social networking, like smart phone.
• Smart Grid is not a single technology.
• It’s an evolving concept with set of technologies.
http://www.ieee-pes.org/outreach/202-pes-informational-and-promotional-videos

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Enabling Technologies

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Characteristics: USA Approach
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
2009
Characteristics of a Smart Grid as described by Title XIII of the
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007:
increased use of
digital information,
communication and
control
dynamic
optimization of grid
operations and
resources
cyber-security,
interoperability,
sustainable
deployment and
integration of
Distributed resources and
generation
development and
incorporation of
demand response
self-healing, energy
efficiency and
environment
deployment of “smart”
real-time, automated,
Interactive technologies
deployment and
integration of
advanced electricity
storage
peak-shaving echnologies,
including plug-in
electric and hybrid
electric vehicles

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Features of a Smart Grid
• Self-Healing to correct problems early
• Interactive with consumers and
markets
• Optimized to make best use of
resources
• Predictive to prevent emergencies
• Distributed assets and information
• Integrated to merge all critical
information
• More Secure from threats from all
hazards
Ref: DOE document at http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid

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Power Systems and Smart Grid
Server
Satellite
Phone
Wireless
Modem
Concentrator
Devices
Satellite
Dish
WAN
Internet
VP
Generation Transmission Substation Distribution Costumer
Integracion de renovables Wide-Area Monitoring
and Control
Substation
Automation
AMI EV/PHEV
Integration
Automation
Smart grid integrates ITC and Power
Systems
DER
Integration
Condition
Monitoring
Asset
Optimization
Workforce
Effectiveness

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Scope of Smart Grid
System Coordination
Situation Assessment
Transmission
Automation
Renewable
integration
Demand
Participation
Signals & Options
Smart Appliances,
PHEVs & Storage
Distributed
Generation &
Storage
Energy
Efficiency
System Operation
Distribution
Automation

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Smart Grid Advantages
Smart
Grid
Operational Efficiency
Environmental
Impact
Customer
Satisfaction
Energy Efficiency
Reduced Onsite Premise Presence /
Field Work Required
Shorter Outage Durations
Optimized Transformer Operation
Standards & Construction
Improved Network Operations
Reduce Integration & IT maintenance
cost
Condition-based Asset Maintenance /
Inspections
Reduced Energy Losses
Active/Passive Demand-side
Management
Enable Customer Self-Service / Reduce
Call Center Inquiries
Improved Revenue Collection

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Aplicaciones Smart Grid
Demand Response
DG-PV
PEVUtility
grade PVWind
farm
Solar
farm
Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis
Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources
Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding
Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring
Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing
Participation in Energy Markets
Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing
Intelligent Responses!

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Smart grid interactive tool
http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grid-interactive-tool

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Smart Metering
This section presents a general overview of
Smart Metering

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Smart Metering
• Combines three (03) Elements:
a. Smart Sensors
b. Two-way communication
c. Master Controller

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Real Example: British Gas
•
http://www.britishgas.co.uk/smarter-living/control-energy/smart-meters/what-are-smart-meters.html

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure
www.elp.com

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• Comunicación de dos vías empleando las
redes móviles, por satélite y las redes de radio
frecuencia.
• IAM revoluciona la detección de apagón eléctrico
y la restauración, proporcionando información a la
empresa sobre el evento.

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• El controlador maestro (smart meter) utiliza la
información de precios por hora para ofrecer a los
consumidores la oferta perfecta con los datos de
tiempo real.

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Smart Grid in Europe

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World energy demand is on the rise
EU energy consumption is expected to level out in future but world
energy consumption will continue to grow due to global population growth
and economic catching up.
Overall, world energy demand may grow by 45 % between 2006 and
2030.
In China and India, demand will nearly double. Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Mtoe
Rest of world
China
Rest of OECD
European Union

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Massive modernisation investment is needed
Total investment needs in the electricity and gas sector
between 2010-20: over € 1 trillion
Power generation: ~ € 500 bn Transmission and distribution: ~ € 600 bn
Distribution: ~ € 400 bn
Transmission: ~ € 200 bn
Source: Commission calculations
Renewables: ~ € 310-370 bn
Investments of over € 1 trillion will be needed by
2020 to replace obsolete power plants, to
modernise and adapt infrastructure to the latest
technologies and to cater for demand for low
carbon energy.

www.fglongatt.org
Dependence on imports is likely to grow
Today, Europe imports more than half of the energy it
uses.
If nothing changes, our dependence on fossil fuel imports
will rise by 2030. Source: European Commission
« Business as usual » scenario based on 2009 figures
GASOIL
2005 2008 2020 2030 2005 2008 2020 2030in %
82 %
84 %
93 %
94 %
58 %
62 %
76 %
83 %
100
80
60
40
20

www.fglongatt.org
EU energy goals
Energy policy has been a cornerstone of European
integration since its very beginning through the European
Coal and Steel Community.
In its daily activities, the EU contributes to delivering
competitive, secure and sustainable energy for Europe.
For detailed information, see:
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htm
Market
Rising political attention on Smart Grids as a means to
achieve EU energy policy objectives.

www.fglongatt.org
Meeting our “20-20-20 by 2020” goals
Reduce greenhouse
gas levels by 20%
Increase share of
renewables to 20%
100%
Reduce energy
consumption by 20%
-10%
Current
trend to
2020
-20%
20%
Current
trend to
2020
Current
trend to
2020

www.fglongatt.org
The Commission has identified priority infrastructures of European interest to be
delivered by 2020. See: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/strategy/2020_en.htm
Baltic
Energy Market
Interconnection
Plan
Electricity &
Gas
North-South Gas Corridor
in Western Europe North-South Gas
Interconnections
& Oil Supply
South Western
Electricity Interconnections
Central / South Eastern
Electricity Connections
Southern
Gas Corridor
North Seas
Offshore Grid
Gas
Electricity
Electricity and Gas
Oil and Gas
Smart Grids for Electricity
in the EU
Infrastructure priorities by 2020

www.fglongatt.org
Background
• Smart Grids projects:
• Growing number: deployment, demonstration/pilots, R&D
• Participants: Grid operators, service providers, R&D
actors.
• Wide scope: smart meters, super grid, integrated
systems.
• JRC Smart Grid
Projects Outlook 2014
Joint Research Centre (JRC)

www.fglongatt.org
Smart Grid investments in Europe and beyond
Country/
Region
ForecastSmartGrid
investments(€/$)
FundingforSmartGrid
development (€/$)
Number of smart
meters deployed
and/or planned
European
Union
€56 billion by2020
(estimated Smart
Grid investments)
€184 million (FP6 and FP7Europeanfunding for
projects intheJRC catalogue)
About €200 million from European
Recovery Fund, ERDF, EERA.
National funding: n/a
45 million already installed (JRC
catalogue,2011)
240millionby2020
USA
$338(€238) to 476(€334)
billion by 2030 (estimated
investments forimplementation
of fully functional SmartGrid)
$7 (€4.9) billionin 2009 [49]
8 million in 2011 60millionby
2020]
China
$101 (€71) billion
(Smart Grid technology
development)
$7.3 billion in 2009 (€5.1)
360 millionby2030
South Korea
$24 (€16.8) billion by2030
(estimated Smart
Grid investments)
$824 (€580) million in2009
500,000 in 2010, 750,000 in2011
and 24 millionby2020
Australia
n/a
$360 (€253) million in 2.4 million by 2013 in State of
Victoria

www.fglongatt.org
• The current edition of the survey includes a total of
459 smart grid projects, launched from 2002 up until
today (2014), which amount to €3.15 billion in
investments.
http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/files/u24/2014/report/ld-na-26609-en-n_smart_grid_projects_outlook_2014_-_online.pdf

www.fglongatt.org
• Geographically more than half of the smart grid
budget can be found inside the circle

www.fglongatt.org
• Number of projects per stage of development and
country

www.fglongatt.org
By far the largest average budgets per
project can be found in the two countries
which also have the largest budgets:
France and United Kingdom

www.fglongatt.org
Smart Grid Projects Outlook 2014
http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grids-observatory

www.fglongatt.org
Demonstration projects - Grid
• ECOGRID EU : Large scale Smart Grids demonstration of real time market-based
integration of DER and DR (2010)
• GRID4EU : Large-Scale Demonstration of Advanced Smart GRID Solutions with wide
Replication and Scalability Potential for EUROPE (2010)
• TWENTIES : Transmission system operation with large penetration of Wind and other
renewable Electricity sources in Networks by means of innovative Tools and Integrated
Energy Solutions (2009)
• OPTIMATE : An Open Platform to Test Integration in new MArkeT DEsigns of massive
intermittent energy sources dispersed in several regional power markets (2008)
• IRENE-40 : Infrastructure Roadmap for Energy Networks in Europe (2007)
• REALISEGRID : REseArch, methodoLogIes and technologieS for the effective development
of pan-European key GRID infrastructures to support the achievement of a reliable,
competitive and sustainable electricity supply (2007)
• SUSPLAN : Development of regional and Pan-European guidelines for more efficient
integration of renewable energy into future infrastructures (2007)
• ADINE : Active Distribution Network (2006)
• ANEMOS.PLUS : Advanced Tools for the Management of Electricity Grids with Large-Scale
Wind Generation (2006)
• CRISTAL : CONTROL OF RENEWABLE INTEGRATED SYSTEMS TARGETING
ADVANCED LANDMARKS (2006)

www.fglongatt.org
Smart-er Grid in United
Kingdom

www.fglongatt.org
Context: Why Decarbonise?
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2000 YEARS
2050
Today’s
Temperature
Projected
Temperature
in 2050 under
Business as
Usual (BaU)
scenario
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html
July 2015: 398.17 ppm
July 2014: 395.90 ppm
Last updated: September 7, 2015
Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe
Without Drastic Reductions in Global CO2 emissions, the
earth Temperature could rise as much as 6C by end of
the century
2015
@fglongatt
fglongatt 2013

www.fglongatt.org
Context: Where Decarbonise?
Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe
1990 2010 2050 2050 Total
Power
Buildings
Air and Sea Transport
Industry
Road Transport
Waste
Agriculture
95% +
95%
50%
40%
95%
100%
20%
Within Sector >95%
80%CO2EMISSIONREDCUTION
95%
5.9GtCO2/yr
5.2GtCO2/yr
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050
Oil
Gas
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
CCS
BillionBarrelsofOilEquivalentperyear
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
The 80% CO2
reduction overall
implies 95%
reduction
in Power
Roadmap 2050: A
practical Guide to a
Prosperous, Low-
Carbon Europe
Energy Supply in 2050
(High Res Pathway)
Historical
Roadmap 2050
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
All RES
Wind
EU Energy Policy to 2050, EWEA
@fglongatt
fglongatt 2013

www.fglongatt.org
Uk Interconnection
• National Grid
Transmission System
319 Substations
750 transformers
2743 circuit breakers
1200 Circuits
14000km OHL
635km of underground cable
Installed generation capacity:
≈ 100 GW bulk generation
embedded generation
Demand
≈ 60 GW Peak
20 GW minimum
132kV, 275kV & 400kV
50Hz
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/electricity/
26 Million
Customers
~60 GW
339 TWh in 2014.

www.fglongatt.org
Context: Where do we need to Change?
15% of energy from renewable
34% reduction in CO2
emission versus 1990
2020
No renewable target
80% reduction in CO2
emission versus 1990
2050
% of end use energy ~20%
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~200
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~5Electricity
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050
Oil
Gas
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
CCS
BillionBarrelsofOilEquivalentperyear
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184Gas
Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247Oil
Data source: National Grid Gone Green scenario
fglongatt 2013

www.fglongatt.org
Context: Changing the Generation Mix
Gas Coal CCS Wind Other
RES
Nuclear Inter.
2020:
• 28GW of wind plus some hydro, tidal, biomass
• 7GW nuclear available post 7GW of closures and
3GW new build
• Demand remains flat - growth is offset by energy
efficiency and smart metering
• 15 GW of embedded generation
2050:
• 30GW of nuclear now provides majority of
baseload generation
• Increased demand with electrification of
• Transport (mainly during 2030s)
• Heat (mainly during 2040s)
fglongatt 2013

www.fglongatt.org
North Sea National Targets 2030
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
www.fglongatt.org.ve
Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
June 2012
Coventry, UK
@fglongatt
Data source: EWEA
fglongatt 2013

www.fglongatt.org
UK Wind Farms: East Anglia
Docking Shoal
540 MW
East Anglia Five
1200 MW
East Anglia Four
1200 MW
East Anglia Three
1200 MW
East Anglia Six
1200 MW
East Anglia Two
1200 MW
East Anglia Five
1200 MW
East Anglia Six
1200 MW
East Anglia
Three
1200 MW
East
Anglia
Four
1200 MW
East Anglia
Two
1200 MW
East Anglia One
1200 MW
Galloper Wind Farm
Greater Gabbard
London Array
Phase 1
London Array
Phase 2
Kentish Flats
90 MW
Thanet
Thanet 2
147 MW
Dudgeon
560 MW
Race Bank
Scroby
sands
Gunfleet Sands I +II
173 MW
Gunfleet Sads 3 –
Demonstration Project
Sheringhan
Shoal
Kentish Flats
Extension 51 MW
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
Francisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD
June 2012
Coventry, UK
@fglongatt
fglongatt 2013

www.fglongatt.org
Firth of Forth
Phase 1
1075 MW
Firth of
Forth
Phase 3
790 MW
Firth of Forth
Phase 2
1820 MW
Forth Array
Neart na
Gaoith
Inch Cape
Bell Rock
UK Wind Farms: Dogger Bank, HornSea, Firth of Forth
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
Francisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD
June 2012
Coventry, UK
Dogger
Bank
6000 MW
Hornsea
2800 MW
Njord
(Hornsea)
600 MW
Hornsea
2800 MW
Heron Wind
(Hornsea)
600 MW
Triton Knoll
1200 MW
Westermost
Rough
Race
Bank
Dudgeon
560 MW
Dogger Bank Project One
Dogger Bank Tranche A
1600 MW
"They could see gross value added to the UK economy of £7 billion and a
cumulative cost-reduction impact of £45 billion for the whole offshore wind
sector in UK waters by 2050,"
Wind farm 'may save £45bn' in costs
Offshore wind could boost GDP by “huge” 0.6%
The figures build on 2010 research from the Offshore Valuation Group
which found that by harnessing less than a third of the UK’s offshore wind
resource, the UK could generate the equivalent of
one billion barrels of oil a year by 2050
@fglongatt
fglongatt 2013
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Context: Where do we need to Change?
EV
IM
Storage
PV
MTDC
AC
System
Wind Farm
The other half of the challenge lies in
building the transport and
distribution networks
As the low-emission economy evolves,
building new generation technologies
is just half the challenge
@fglongatt
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Context: A Super – Infrastucture: SuperGrid:
Baltic and North Sea Countries: bring offshore wind farm power to onshore.
SKAGERRAK
IRISH SEA
ENGLISH CHANNEL
KATTEGAT
DENMARK
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND
Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD
June 2012
Coventry, UK
Supergrid is defined as "a pan-European transmission network
facilitating the integration of large-scale renewable energy and the
balancing and transportation of electricity, with the aim of improving
the European market"
North Africa under Mediterranean Sea to
Continental Europe: bring renewable energy
of Photovoltaic, solar and wind.
AC Network
DC Network
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Challenges on Future Electricity System
• The GB electricity system faces very
considerable challenges.
AC Network
DC Network
Offshore
Onshore
Humber SmartZone Pilot project
Anticipatory Investment in
electricity transmission
£6.7bn of proposed
reinforcements
•Intelligent operational intertrip scheme (incl
demand side management
•OHL dynamic rating
•Congestion management
•Oscillation monitoring
•Alarm and protection setting optimisation
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Changing patterns of generation
Coal
Nuclear
Oil
Hydro
Interconnector
Gas
France
France
Netherlands
Belgium
Norway
Ireland
future potential investment to
connect Scottish renewables
existing network
potential wind farm sites
potential nuclear sites
existing interconnector
interconnector under construction
possible future interconnector
Generation and
transmission were planned
together (1960s)
Transmission evolution to
new generation sources

www.fglongatt.org
What scenario do you cater for?
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
TWh
Interconnector
CHP TWh
Nuclear
Wind
Renewable
Coal
Oil
Gas CCGT
CCS

www.fglongatt.org
Challenge: Balancing the System
• Mismatches are symmetrical – causes
• Potential responses are also symmetrical
• Balance can be restored:
• By increasing supply/reducing demand
• By reducing supply/increasing demand
• By fixing the balancing mechanism (markets, delivery
infrastructure etc)
Too
little
supply
Too
much
demand
Too
much
supply
Too
little
demand
Supply
Demand
Supply
Demand
Balancing
Mechanism
Failure
@fglongatt

www.fglongatt.org
Supply
GENERATION DEMAND
Demand
Security

www.fglongatt.org
Supply
GENERATION DEMAND
Demand
Security
non-dispatchable
and capital intensive
low carbon plant;
gas imports
smart grids,
smart meters
etc
uncertain trend of demand; new demands – EVs and dg;
policy driven demands; gas/power interactions
greater incentives for demand side – Value of
lost load VOLL relatively lower

www.fglongatt.org
Balancing supply and demand?
115
Generation
Demand
Variable generation
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
01-Jan
05-Jan
10-Jan
15-Jan
20-Jan
25-Jan
30-Jan
01-Jan
05-Jan
10-Jan
15-Jan
20-Jan
25-Jan
30-Jan
MW
Large generation
Inflexible generation
Active distribution networks
Smart(er)
grids &
meters, energy
storage
Active demand
Time of use tariffs
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
Time of Day
ElectricityDemand(GW)
2020 Demand ~ 15
GWh (daily) - 1.5
million vehicles
Typical winter daily
demand
PeakCommutingTime
12,000 miles p.a.
PeakCommutingTime
Optimal Charging
Period
Distributed generation
Smarter transmission
Smart zones
HVDC
Series
compensation
WAM

www.fglongatt.org
Smart Asset Management
Condition monitoring
Remote asset
management and
monitoring (RAMM)
Voltage Control
Circuit Rating
Enhancement
Operational Tripping
Schemes (OTS)
Auto-switching schemes
Power Flow Control
Remote Substation
Control
Network Output
Measures
Risk management

www.fglongatt.org
Closing…
or
Opening?

www.fglongatt.org
Vision de Sistema de Potencia
• “El sistema de potencia perfecto garantizara
la disponibilidad absoluta y universal de la
energía en la cantidad y calidad necesaria
para satisfacer las necesidades de cada
consumidor.
• Es un sistema que nunca falla al
consumidor”
http://en.sevenload.com/videos/trVIHJp-Bob-Galvin-on-Perfect-Power
Copyright Notice
The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or copied in any form or
by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these
documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The
documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the documents by you.
Bob Galvin
(October 9, 1922 – October 11, 2011)

www.fglongatt.org
ArequipaPerú–5deOctubrede2015
ProfFranciscoGonzalez-LongattPhD
XXII CONEIMERA

Smart+er Grids: Challenges, Arequipa 05 October 2015

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Smart+er Grids: Challenges, Arequipa 05 October 2015