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5.固位体、卡环组和间接固位体
                            Ting Ling Chang,
                            Takahiro Ogawa
                                   and
                            John Beumer III
Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials
               and Hospital Dentistry
  贾骏 译 第四军医大学口腔医学院修复
  科
 This program of instruction is protected by copyright ©. No portion of
 this program of instruction may be reproduced, recorded or transferred
 by any means electronic, digital, photographic, mechanical etc., or by
 any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission.
固位体、卡环组和间接固位体
固位体、卡环组和间接固位体

直接固位体
v  可摘局部义齿中用来保持和
 防止卡环或附着体脱位的结
 构
固位体、卡环组和间接固位体

卡环组
v  可摘局部义齿中的一部分,
 用作直接固位体(卡环)和
 或部分包绕基牙形成的修复
 体稳定装置(小连接体、邻
 面板)
固位体的类型(卡环)

凸点下卡环
 v  “I”-杆
       v  直接固位体的起点在外形
           高点以下
                         外形高点
凸点上卡环
 v  圆环形卡环
   v  直接固位体的起点是在外
     形高点以上




                            外形高点
“I”杆固位体:
l  相对于其他卡环形式固位
    力较小
v  这是因为卡环同牙齿接触
    面积较小,同时由于支持、
    稳定和控制牙齿位置已经
    通过正性的支托、小连接
    体和邻面板建立起来了,
    这一结果也是有意进行的
    设计。
“I”固位体:
v  固位的效力依赖于可摘局
    部义齿的稳定,而可摘局
    部义齿的稳定又依赖于正
    确设计的小连接体,导面
    板以及邻面板
v  需要强调的是,成功使用I
    杆固位体离不开正确外形
    的导平面板、邻面板
“I”杆 固位体:
             优点

v  最少的牙接触
 v  允许简单调整固位体
v  能够精确地放置固位接触
 v  对于游离端基托的可摘
  局部义齿非常重要
v  对天然牙齿外形的影响
 最小
“I”杆 固位体:
            优点
v  最大程度的保持自洁作用
v  游离端修复体的被动功能运动
 (当支托正确就位后)
更好的美学效果
    “I” 杆




大部分患者只有尖端能够被看到
“I”杆固位体
            设计原则
v    I 杆应当呈90度跨过牙齿-组织结合点,
      并与牙长轴平行

v    I杆的水平部分无论如何应当放置在附
      着组织区域


v    I杆同可摘局部义齿支架的连接体应当
      被放置于义齿人工牙的邻间隙区(箭头)
“I”杆固位体
          设计原则
v  I杆同粘膜之间产生的间隙
 (横跨区域)用来防止组织
 增生(箭头)
v  理想的I杆末端位于牙齿的龈
 1/3.
v  有效的I杆只需要0.25mm的
 倒凹.
“I”杆固位体
         设计原则             外形高点
v    正确设计的I杆进入倒凹区
      0.25mm,但咬合面-切缘的尖端
      终止于外形高点
                          ..25 mm
v    这样的设计能使可摘局部义齿以
      平稳的磨擦阻力滑入滑出倒凹
“I”杆固位体
           设计原则
v    正确设计的I杆进入倒凹区                     外形高点
      0.25mm,但咬合面-切缘的尖端
      终止于外形高点

v    When designed in this way the
      RPD will slide in out of place
      with a smooth frictional
      resistance
“I”杆固位体–设计原则




      尖端应当那个放置在基
      牙近远中外形最凸点处
“I”杆固位体-对抗	
有效的I杆固位体可以通过
 以下几种方式之一形成
 交互对抗:
v  对侧设置固位力为0的对
    抗卡环(I杆或c卡)
v  支托、小连接体和邻面板
    组合体
v  舌板或腭板
v  以上几种形式的组合



                  Courtesy Dr. A. Davodii
I杆固位体
                禁忌征
v  牙临床牙冠短
 v  导平面-邻面板会较短并且在这种情况下不能提
    供足够的固位力
v  系带附着高会妨碍水平部分的正确就位
v  基牙严重倾斜
 v  I
     杆将会在接触到颊部,这一问题多见于上颌
    第二磨牙
v  缺少附着牙龈
 v  下颌第二磨牙颊部
圆环形卡环
凸点上卡环
 v  可弯曲的固位臂起于小连接体或者邻面板,其末端1/3跃过
     外形高点进入倒凹(0.25mm或0.1英寸)
 v  刚性的对抗臂位于外形高点或在其上方



             外形高点




                 固位臂          对抗臂
圆环形卡环
                应用
v  后牙
                 注意:固位臂在外形高点以上
v  倾斜基牙
    v  上颌磨牙
                 的部分要通过氯仿和红铁粉混
                 合物进行调试缓冲
v  更好的稳定
    v  单侧缺损
应用           圆环形卡环
 v  患者的缺牙区跨度大,且临床牙冠短,需要额外的固位力
 v  倾斜牙齿(上颌磨牙)
 v  系带附着高
 v  附着龈不足(下颌第二磨牙)
圆环形卡环
v  上颌第二磨牙经常倾
 斜向颊侧

v  如果使用I杆啮合牙齿
 颊面将会接触颊粘膜
 形成刺激               Courtesy Dr. E. King




v  在这种情况下适用C卡




                   Courtesy Dr. E. King
圆环形卡环
v  上颌第二磨牙经常倾斜
    向颊侧
v  如果使用I杆啮合牙齿颊
    面将会接触颊粘膜形成
    刺激
v  在这种情况下适用C卡
 v  除尖端固位部分,卡环固
  位臂的其他部分均需缓冲
圆环形卡环

v  上颌第二磨牙经常倾
 斜向颊侧

v  如果使用I杆啮合牙齿
 颊面将会接触颊粘膜
 形成刺激

v  在这种情况下适用C卡
圆环形卡环
v  一些患者的下颌第二磨牙
 颊侧面区域的附着粘膜非
 常少。

v  这种情况下,如果在倒凹
 面使用I卡,将会时卡环                             Courtesy Dr. E. King


 接触颊部。当咬肌收缩时
 会造成粘膜刺激。

v  在这种情况下适用C卡。
                                         Courtesy Dr. E. King
                  Courtesy Dr. E. King
圆环形卡环
v  一些患者的下颌第二磨
 牙颊侧面区域的附着粘
 膜非常少。

v  这种情况下,如果在倒
 凹面使用I卡,将会时
 卡环接触颊部。当咬肌
 收缩时会造成粘膜刺激。

v  在这种情况下适用C卡。
间隙卡环
用于单侧游离端缺牙患者的修复
v  从生物力学角度,这种设计是不佳的,然
    而当牙齿健康并且存在固位区时,利用这
    种方式的固位能够发挥有效作用
v  通常应用于铸造修复
v  根据龋患指数、口腔卫生、对颌咬合以及
    牙齿外形情况,应用于无保护的基牙




  缺点:
  由于空间不足容易导致折断
间隙卡环




优点
 v  容易利用上颌磨牙区颊侧的倒凹

风险
 v  折断--整个卡环组要获得没有气孔铸件很困难
间隙卡环




v  应用于无病患的天然牙时的不利因素:
    v  通常情况下,在邻面区域会造成很小的牙齿缩小
    v  由于缺少金属体积和不易获得无孔的卡环组铸造支架,
        这种卡环容易折断
间隙卡环




应用于无病患的天然牙时的不利因素:
通过在基牙上制作全冠可以避免出现上述问题
间接固位体-子虚乌有还是现实存在
定义:
 可摘局部义齿的组成结构之一,当义齿基托纯粹绕支点线旋转脱离
 组织接触时,在支点线的对侧通过杠杆作用来辅助直接固位体,
 防止远中游离端义齿基托移位。
间接固位体-子虚乌有还是现实存在
 Frank RP & Nicholls JI. An investigation of the
  effectiveness of indirect retainers. JPD 1976;38:494-506.
v  方法:测试了以下组合设计1) D rest 2nd PM/canine rest, 2) D
  rest 2nd PM/M rest 1st PM, 3) D rest 2nd PM/no indirect
  retainer, 4) M rest 2nd PM/no indirect retainer, 5) M rest 2nd
  PM/M rest 1st PM, 6) M rest 2nd PM/canine rest..在Instron万能
  试验机上,施加单侧、双侧、前牙和后牙方向的脱位力。弯制卡
  环被用于在上侧第二前磨牙替代杆式卡环。同样设计有导面或者
  无导面的支托,使用自凝丙烯酸树脂将其固定于支架。
v  Conclusions:
    v  卡环的类型较是否存在间接固位体或者间接固位体的放置位置对义齿基托
        的位移量影响更为显著
    v  间接固位体在防止义齿基托合向脱位方面的作用有限。它可能在传递咬合
        力到非直接基牙方面的作用较防止义齿基托翘起更为显著。
    v  导面对于防止基托翘起的作用更为显著
    v  近中支托的放置减少了从支点线到直接固位体的距离,但这并不会增加基
        托的位移
间接固位体-子虚乌有还是现实存在
v  本例中,右侧前磨牙
    上的近中支托就用作
    间接固位体
v  重力会使修复体的阻
    塞器部分移位,向下
    脱离缺损区。间接固
    位体抵抗这种位移。
间接固位体-子虚乌有还是现实存在
v    唇部的肌肉在前牙区使修复体上移离开组织支持面,间接固位体
      抵抗了这种旋转.
v    间接固位作用由以下提供:
      v    第二磨牙上的支托作为间接固位体
            v    支托越长间接固位作用越好




      转动轴
      (支点线)
   卡环组、对抗、包绕




      Courtesy A. Davodi
对抗
v  通过有效固位部件,对抗施加于牙齿上的水
平方向的力

v  由固位臂对侧刚性的对抗卡环臂、小连接体、
邻面板、舌板等提供.


v  阻止由于过度调整固位卡环臂(例如制作I杆,
或固位臂过紧)所造成的牙齿移动
卡环组
              部件
v  支托
v  卡环
  v  直接固位体
  v  对抗卡环

v  小连接体
  v  邻面板

v  大连接体
固位体(卡环)组
            Minor connectors             Proximal plates




                  Direct retainer
Rests             Circumferential type
                                                Direct retainer,”I”-Bar
卡环组(固位体)是可摘局部义齿的一些组成结构的组合,在冠外
 同基牙接触发挥支持、固位、稳定局部义齿的作用


        • 直接固位体
        • 支托
        • 小连接体-邻面板
        • 对抗部分
环抱
卡环组必须包绕超过牙齿周长的180度
 v  环抱作用通过固位体、邻面板、小连接体以及延伸支
  托的组合来获得
否则基牙将脱离开卡环组
下图中是实现这一作用的例子
对抗与环抱
v  卡环组必须接触并包绕基牙超过其周长的180度
l    否则在行使功能时基牙会从卡环组下脱出
对抗和环抱
v  卡环组必须接触并包绕基牙超过其周长的180度




                环抱作用不足的例子
对抗
v  在典型的RPI体系
 (UCLA-Kratochvil)中,
 对抗作用通过邻面板和
 小连接体来实现
对抗
v  I杆在磨牙颊侧的对抗作用由邻面板来实现




                       Dr. T. Berg




    Dr. T. Berg
对抗
v    “C”形卡环在磨牙舌侧的对抗作用由邻面板和颊侧的圆周环形卡
      环(”c“)来实现




               要求使用红铁粉缓冲从而使设计
               正确发挥作用
对抗
v    I杆在两个前磨牙上的对抗作用由邻面板和舌板来实现
对抗
v  本例中,颊侧的I杆(本
 例中舌侧的I杆是固位臂)
 和邻面板提供对抗
对抗

v  在单侧病例中尖牙和磨牙固位体的对抗由
邻面板和舌板来实现
稳定




     Courtesy Dr. A. Davodi
稳定

定义:
v  抵抗水平侧方向上或在下颌咀嚼或反常运动时产
 生的扭转分力

v  主要由卡环组的刚性部分提供,如刚性的对抗臂、
 小连接体、邻面板以及延伸牙合支托等.
稳定
l    与邻面板接触的导面,
      包括伏壁支撑,在某些
      区域发挥了减少应力的
      作用(a)
                        a
稳定




l  对于双侧游离端的病例,稳定作用通过邻
面板、小连接体以及I杆固位体发挥
稳定的类型
v  本例中,主要的支撑稳定作用由远中邻面
板来提供,但舌板提供了明显地辅助稳定
作用。
支撑
l  在咀嚼运动中会产生明显的侧向力。如下例中,
    单侧游离端缺牙的患者需要额外的支撑稳定从
    而保证力能够合理的传递于余留牙。
l  本例中,除外第二磨牙及第一前磨牙邻面板的
    支撑稳定作用,余留牙列舌板也提供了支撑稳
    定作用。
稳定(抵抗侧向力)
l    下例中患者单侧和大面积牙列缺损,需要额外的稳定支
      撑。本例中,除外第一、第三磨牙上邻面板的稳定作用,
      余留牙列舌板也提供了辅助的稳定支撑。
稳定(抵抗侧向力)
由于存在大的游离端缺牙区以及长的杠杆臂,上颌切除术造成
的缺损需要更多的支撑稳定。 这种类型的缺损通常使用舌板。
稳定

l    当缺损很大且余留牙
      的排列呈线性时,稳
      定作用就显得更有意
      义。本例中的舌板环
      抱接触了所有余留牙。
稳定的类型
v  在本例旋转就位道可摘局部义齿病例中,对抗和
 环抱作用由邻面板和一直延伸到磨牙颊侧斜坡的
 支托来提供
被动作用
l    当支架戴入就位和固位体同基牙形成固位接触后,
      基牙上不应当受到作用力。义齿的固位体只有在
      受到脱位力时才发挥作用。
v  登陆www.ffofr.org获取数以百计更多的关于
    全口义齿、种植体、可摘局部义齿、牙科美
    容修复以及颌面赝复体的课程
v  所有课程均免费提供
v  我们的目的是创建口腔修复学领域最好、最
    广泛地在线课程指导
关于中文翻译
v 我在UCLA短期学习的期间,萌生了将www.ffofr.org的资源翻
译介绍给国内同仁、尤其是需要通过继续教育提高自身技术水
平的广大基层口腔工作者的想法。因为就我个人而言,这是我在
口腔修复领域接触到的最好的教学资源,而且它免费提供给每个
口腔工作者。

v 由于能力和时间所限,一定会有不少理解和翻译上的错误              ,
敬请各位老师、同行们指正,我会将其完善(Email:
jiajunmail@gmail.com) 。当然如果精力允许,请尽量学习原版,
因为那才是原汁原味的。

v 衷心感谢Dr.   John Beumer III 等UCLA老师们无私的馈赠。

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