1 Probation and Parole Proposal Similarities and Differences of parole and probation in the United States and Saudi Arabia Osamah Oudah Research Methods Michael Montgomery, PhD 11/27/2017 ABSTRACT The United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are completely different from one another in terms of the culture, ethnic diversity and the overall development of cultural and social values.Saudi Arabian criminal justice procedures that are taken again the issue of corruption within the public sectors are different when compared with the United States of America. Saudi Arabia takes onto account the political will to fight corruption based on Islamic law. This study examines the research about parole and probation system found in Saudi Arabia and the United States in order to find similarities and differences within the two systems of completely different countries. The research design includes both qualitative and quantitative method approach. This is based on merged mixed methods. The hypothesis is about the fact that there are more differences in parole and probation of two countries as compared to similarities. The study includes 20 participants; 10 from each country in order to take part in the research survey design. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Statement of Problem The United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are completely different from one another in terms of the culture, ethnic diversity and the overall development of cultural and social values. The Saudi judicial system seems to be different as compared to other western countries. Saudi judicial system is unlike Western countries’ judicial system. There are different kinds of law punishments like stoning, amputation, beheading and lashing etc. in Saudi Arabia (Consular Section, 2015). There is also no jury trails found in the Saudi Arabia judicial system. On the other hand, in Texas, defendants who are convicted of capital murder are then eligible for the death penalty. In Saudi Arabia, the death penalty procedures are governed with the Islamic law basis (Hoover, 2012). There is a need to learn about the differences and similarities between these two countries which are currently not considered by previous judicial and legal studies. Definitions 1. Probation: In criminal law, it is the period of supervision over any offender which is ordered by the court. 2. Parole: Release of a prisoner on temporary basis before the sentence reaches expiry on the respective promise of good behavior. 3. Criminal System: It is a system which includes many practices and other institutions of governments that are directed at the upholding of social control for deterring and mitigation of crime. 4. Saudi Arabia: It is a sovereign Arab state found in the Western Asia. 5. United States: It is a federal republic which includes 50 states. 6. Sharia Law: It is a religious law based on Islamic principles and is part of the Islamic traditions. Topic Significa ...

1. 1
Probation and Parole
Proposal
Similarities and Differences of parole and probation in the
United States and Saudi Arabia
Osamah Oudah
Research Methods
Michael Montgomery, PhD
11/27/2017
ABSTRACT
The United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
are completely different from one another in terms of the
culture, ethnic diversity and the overall development of cultural
and social values.Saudi Arabian criminal justice procedures that

2. are taken again the issue of corruption within the public sectors
are different when compared with the United States of America.
Saudi Arabia takes onto account the political will to fight
corruption based on Islamic law. This study examines the
research about parole and probation system found in Saudi
Arabia and the United States in order to find similarities and
differences within the two systems of completely different
countries. The research design includes both qualitative and
quantitative method approach. This is based on merged mixed
methods. The hypothesis is about the fact that there are more
differences in parole and probation of two countries as
compared to similarities. The study includes 20 participants; 10
from each country in order to take part in the research survey
design.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Statement of Problem
The United States of America and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
are completely different from one another in terms of the
culture, ethnic diversity and the overall development of cultural
and social values. The Saudi judicial system seems to be
different as compared to other western countries. Saudi judicial
system is unlike Western countries’ judicial system. There are
different kinds of law punishments like stoning, amputation,
beheading and lashing etc. in Saudi Arabia (Consular Section,
2015). There is also no jury trails found in the Saudi Arabia
judicial system. On the other hand, in Texas, defendants who

3. are convicted of capital murder are then eligible for the death
penalty. In Saudi Arabia, the death penalty procedures are
governed with the Islamic law basis (Hoover, 2012). There is a
need to learn about the differences and similarities between
these two countries which are currently not considered by
previous judicial and legal studies.
Definitions
1. Probation: In criminal law, it is the period of supervision
over any offender which is ordered by the court.
2. Parole: Release of a prisoner on temporary basis before the
sentence reaches expiry on the respective promise of good
behavior.
3. Criminal System: It is a system which includes many
practices and other institutions of governments that are directed
at the upholding of social control for deterring and mitigation of
crime.
4. Saudi Arabia: It is a sovereign Arab state found in the
Western Asia.
5. United States: It is a federal republic which includes 50
states.
6. Sharia Law: It is a religious law based on Islamic principles
and is part of the Islamic traditions.
Topic Significance
It is an important topic to study in the field of judiciary and
legal criminal system because currently there is no study carried
on to learn about the differences and similarities found in two
completely opposite countries; Saudi Arabia and U.S in terms of
parole and probation ideas. In the United States, there is no
incorporation of religion within the judicial system but Saudi
Arabia is majorly based on the religious working within the
judicial system. Within the United States, the religious laws do
not have the legal binding effect on the U.S citizens because of
the fact that the religious laws cannot be adopted completely by
the federal state or the local government under the First
Amendment.

4. CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Hypothesis:
There are more differences in parole and probation of two
countries Saudi Arabia and the United States of America as
compared to similarities.
Null Hypothesis:
There are more no similarities or differences in parole and
probation of two countries Saudi Arabia and the United States
of America.
Research
The research shows that “The goal of the penal style is
retribution and the solution of the problematic situation is
through punishment. The compensatory style of social control
characterizes the harm as material, considers the offender liable
and aims at a settlement that will be achieved through
payment.” (Tkachuk, 2002) This however gives a clearer idea
about what judicial system of the United States work and how it
has been based on the overall working which is secular in
system and how this has caused the major transition in the
overall judicial working of the United States. This is also
reported that:
· “A total of 18 States reported a decrease in their adult parole
population during 2002. Washington State’s decrease of 39%
for the year ending December 31, was followed by three other
States with a decrease of 10% or more: South Carolina (down

5. 14%), Florida (down 13%), and Vermont (down 11%)…”
(Glaze, 2003)
This gives a clearer idea of the information that the overall
parole and probation has decreased in some of the states while
others have observed to have the given increase with respect to
the overall working within the various states of the United
States.
Saudi Arabian criminal justice procedures that are taken again
the issue of corruption within the public sectors are different
when compared with the United States of America. Saudi Arabia
takes onto account the political will to fight corruption based on
Islamic law. The Shia citizens then make use of their personal
legal traditions to make the decisions. The facts reveal that:
· There has been increase by 150,700 in the incarceration in the
year 2002.
· 1 in every 32 adults is being incarcerated at the year end of
2002.
· There has also been increase in the New Mexico by 13%
(Glaze, 2003).
· The trends of parole and probation in the U.S are increasing
based on the current trends found in the U.S (Burrell, 2010).
The environment factors have also influenced the working of
parole and probation in the U.S. The Restorative Justice is also
defined in the adversarial system of justice within the Western
countries. The research also shows that “The Annual Probation
and Parole Surveys provide a count of the total number of
persons supervised in the community on January 1 and
December 31, 2002, and a count of the number entering and
leaving supervision during the year.” (Glaze, 2003)
On the other hand, the individuals however also can also be
associated with any of the particular religious community on the
voluntarily basis by making themselves associated with the
community. The First Amendment’s protection for the given
religious exercise are also not however limited to the major
traditional notions of worship but also can be extended to other
behaviors which are motivated by the religious beliefs. This

6. also does not mean that there is no incorporation of religious
laws within the U.S courts.
There are several areas within the U.S judicial laws which
concern the given considerations of Sharia or other religious
laws within the U.S court. There are also applications of the
religious principles as being part of the provided U.S legal law
which are also found to be inconsistent with the First
Amendment as there are certain of the legal scenarios which
may invoke the valid consideration of various religious
principles. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on the other hand, has
complete incorporation for the regulations and laws based on
the Islamic law which is Sharia that also forbids on anything
which could lead to the issue of corruption and can also result
in the destruction of the society or the individual. The political
will of the leadership is found in Saudi Arabia in order to find
corruption in Saudi Arabia and also present on the anti-
corruption measures.
The given 2007, the Law of Judiciary provides the given
idea that judges are independent and is also subjected to no kind
of authority other than the provisions of Sharia and other laws
in force. The judiciary was also not found to be independent as
it allows the requirement to have the cooperation with the other
legislative and the executive authorities with the kind as arbiter.
The Sharia system is also complete interpreted in the country on
the basis of the penal system. The Council of Senior Religious
Scholars are known as the given autonomous advisor body
which gives the authority to determine that how the judges
should have the complete interpretation of Sharia. For this
purpose, in the year 2008, the government also has made the
establishment of Specialized Criminal Court within the provided
existing court system to handle major issues of terrorism.
Within the Saudi Arabia, it is also being observed that the
Basic Law of Governance is also issued for the time of march
1st, 1992 which is seen to be the first written legal document
that has accounted for the constitution in the legal case and it
includes the 9 chapters on the basis of which the legal laws of

7. Saudi Arabia work. The very first chapter also clearly defines
the idea that the Saudi Arabia is the most important Islamic and
Arab state which confirms that the Sunnah and Holy Quran
should be the basis for all the constitutional working within the
state. The second section gives clear understanding that
Monarchy is the given system of rule within the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia that derives all of the given working only on the
basis of Quran and Sunnah. There is also clear identification of
the idea that all the laws of the State must be working on the
basis of the laws present in the State.
On the other hand, the concept of parole and probation is
seen to be importantly implemented within the entire United
States. The total Federal, local and State laws have revealed
that the incarceration rate has improved in the entire United
States as:
· It grew overall to a new number of 6.7 million which makes
around 3.1% of the United States adult population:
· 1 in every 32 adults are seen to be incarcerated on the
probation and parole at the year 2002.
· On the other hand, there are also a total of 3,995,165 adults’
men and also women who were on the probation at the time of
year 2002 which required the growth of 1.6% during the year.
· The paroles of the adults have also increased by 2.8% which
also gave an increase in the total number by 753,141 by the time
of 31st December, 2002.
· Since the time of 1995, the parole population has also been the
seen to be completely slowest growing correctional population
which has also increased by the amount of 1.5% on the annual
basis when compared to the jails.
By the time of the year 2002, the number adult men and
women also observed to have the supervised within the
community to reach on the high record of 4,748,306 up from the
amount3, 757,282 on the 31st of December, 1995. There were
also more than 1 million of the persons who were being made on
the parole. There was also closer monitoring of the partitioning
information into the given United States of America. The

8. probation and parole are also seen to be integral into the
juvenile and criminal justice within the states of United States.
This however has helped to provide the major variety of
services that are critical in the efficient and effective operation
of almost every aspect of the justice system which ranging from
the law enforcement to the major sentencing to the release of
the offenders from the confinement into the community.
The United States of America has also provided the major
information that how there is a substantial increase in the
number of probationers and other parolees within the Texas and
in California. The Texas also has led the Nation with the
provision of 537,561 persons. Washington on the other hand
also has led to Nation with the given largest percentage of its
adult population under the given community supervision which
included the rate of 3.8% in the year 2002 which is further
followed by Delaware and Texas which includes each to have
3.4%. The community of California also has provided the
supervision rate of 1.8% which is only half of the Texas. There
are also 10 of the States which have reported to have less than
1% of the overall population of adults found on the probation
and parole. The West Virginia also has reported to have the
lowest form of the supervision in the entire community which
makes around 450 offenders per of the given 100,000 adults.
To fight with the needed corruption in the Saudi Arabia,
the government also words with the participation in the
measures and activities against the corruption. The arrest
authority also works to have the overall provision of the given
research, investigation and arrest. However, the Saudi Arabia is
also reported to be given information on the basis of which the
Islamic doctrine to work with the adverbial agency. On the
other hand, it has also been observed that there are 10 states
which have reported to be lower in the rate of probation. There
are also 2 of the states which have reported to have the overall
increase in 10% of more in the overall probation population.
During the time of 2002, there were around 63,434
probationers who were added in the overall practitioners and

9. also grew to the amount of over 63,434 which makes around an
increase of 1.6%. There were also more than half of the overall
increase being observed in the number of probationers in the
year 2001 which were 105,522 and also second smallest
increase since the time of 1995. There are also other
environmental trends found in the probation and parole which
include workload, resources, organization structure and
legislative and other support. There is also given information
about how in the time of 1999, the annual number of probation
however was fluctuating but then it increased in the time of
2000 and then dropped again in 2001.
The women also have represented to have the slight larger
percentage of the probation population in the time of 2002
within the United States as compared to the year 1995. The
women were also seen to be making around 23% of the overall
probation of the United States in the year 2002 which makes a
percentage of 906,600 which was up with the percentage of 21%
in the year 1995. By the time of 2002, the overall half of the
given probationers were white in the population which made
2,212,700 while third were however black which made
1,228,300 and eight were seen to be Hispanic origin which made
485,600 and the population which comprised about 2% of the
practitioners making 68,700. The probationers of the population
are the criminal offenders who have been sentenced to the
period of conditional supervision within the given community as
by the time of year 2002, 50% have also been convicted of a
felony offense.
On the other hand, the Saudi Legal system has seen to be
completely working on the overall religious working. On the
religious basis, the system is based on the holy book Quran. The
research also shows that the Quran and Sunnah have been the
source of guidance to carry out the given working based on the
Islamic laws. Quran is taken as the primary source of
information while Sunnah is taken as the second source of
information to carry out the given laws on the basis of Quran
and Sunnah. Muslims also have made the overall sources on the

10. basis of what Quran has said and also Ijmah is seen to be the
third source of working within Islamic working.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Participants
Saudi Arabia and United States prisoners have been selected for
the research study which will be of age older than 18 years
because this study does not includes juvenile criminals. The
participants also need to be the subjected to either one of the
laws; parole or probation. The participants will also be given
full form of confidentiality that there will be no risk involved in
the research study and their personal information will be held
confidential before and after the study. To respect the level of
participants’ confidentiality, IDs will be allocated to the
participants so that their names are not disclosed within the
study. The participation from the participants will also be
completely based on voluntary basis. No participant will be
forced to take part in the study without their own consent. The
results will also be kept completely confidential and will not be
disclosed to the third party. There will be total of 20
participants; 10 from each country.

11. Sampling
The sampling of participants is carried out on random
basis. The study is only based on the male criminals so all the
prisoners need to be only male gender. The sample size will
include total of 20 participants. All of these participants will be
male and will be from both the countries; 10 from Saudi Arabia
and 10 from U.S. The instrumentations for the research have
been used from the respective previous research. The
determination of reliability and scale also needs to be done as
this research is based on the pilot study where the sample
includes 20 participants. All of these participants are prisoners
above age 18 years. The same researcher will also investigate
the consistency of items by the respective computation of
correlation that is formed between each of the item and also the
total score of the scale will be calculated. The validity of the
scale includes the computation of correlation between each item
and the respective total score of the scale.
Instrumentation
The participants will be asked to fill out the written survey
which will contain questions about the parole and probation
methods they have undergone. The individuals will also be
asked about their demographic information which includes
information about educational level, age, and marital status and
also the crime which they have committed. Before the actual
questionnaire, they will also be asked about the time of
sentencing and the duration of prison they are subjected to. The
survey includes two of the major areas which include parole and
probation laws in the two countries.
Procedure
The permission has also been obtained from the respective jail
from which the prisoners will be selected for study. The
researcher will also explain the subjects to the participants and
also the respective purpose of the research and what they would
be doing. The participants will be asked to answer 10-question
survey about the respective idea of parole and probation. There
have been basic descriptive statistics which were applied to the

12. demographic information of the participants, dependent and
independent variables. All of the research questions will be
investigated through the use of series of repeated measures and
the analysis of variance each with the use of independent
variables which include use of parole and probation. With the
use of the post hoc tests, the repeated measures will then be
used in the ANOVAs that can help in the assessment of
differences and similarities between groups, the changes which
have taken place in the parole and probation laws over the
period of time, the interactions which take place between
different groups and also the repeated measures.
Variables
The independent variables which include parole and
probation laws and dependent variable include similarities and
differences in two countries.
CHAPTER FOUR

13. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, no doubt, the working of legal system
within the United States and Saudi Arabia have been completely
different with respect to the legal laws, overall working of the
legislation has been based on what Islam has based the given
teachings while United States is more based on the secular
system of teachings within the legal system which does not
include much of the intrusion of the overall judicial which only
includes the legal system.
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q8N/Paper_17.pdf
Provide a specific answer to each of these questions, single-
spaced, bullet-points, with brief explanation and justification of
your answers. No essays.

15. 1. Analyze Tesla’s external environment (identify both
favorable and unfavorable factors).
2.Analyze Tesla’s internal environment.
a. What resources and capabilities appear to be unique to Tesla?
b. What is Tesla’s core competence (if any)?
3.Evaluate Tesla’s business-level strategy:
c. Who are Tesla’s target customers?
d. How does Tesla satisfy their needs?
e. What type of business strategy is this?
4.Identify the major innovations that Tesla has introduced to the
market.
f. For each of them, determine if they were incremental or
radical.
g. Overall, do you consider Tesla a “first mover” or a
“follower”? Explain.
5.Has Tesla diversified and/or vertically integrated (forward or
backward)? Explain and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of
these diversification/vertical integrations.
6.Elon Musk is debating between (a) focusing on the low-end
market and trying to mass-produce more and more “affordable”
models OR (b) focusing on the upper-end of the market with
new models of luxury sports cars. Evaluate the pros and cons of
each option. Which one would you recommend and why?
7. Tesla’s management came up with the idea to diversify into
motorcycles and electric bicycles. Would you support these
diversifications? Why or why not?
GOOD LUCK!