1 9 Coskun Efe Basak HIS451-S 6/16/2017 Professor Edwards Turkey’s History Since 1945 Introduction Turkey, which is also referred to as the Republic of Turkey is a transcontinental nation in Eurasia, majorly in Western Asia, Anatolia with a minor section being in Southeast Europe, Balkan Peninsula. The country is a secular, democratic, parliamentary republic, unitary with a cultural heritage that is very diverse. Turkey was founded in 1923 after it conquered Ottoman Empire remnants. After it was founded, the country formed secular laws that replaced the conventional religious fiats. The country joined the United Nations I 1945 and became a member of NATO in 1952. Currently, the country is famous for being a good tourist destination with so many destination varieties for tourists (Roxburgh, 2005). International Relations Until 1960s, the foreign policy of Turkey was majorly based on close link with the Western countries especially the US. The country was more aligned with the United States since it wanted to benefit from its economic aid as well as its military and also Turkey wanted to be accepted by the US as a democratic, secular and Western nation. It was until 1960 that Turkey began to question its foreign policy due to the augmentation of political and economical corporation with Western Europe and the economic growth that began to be visible in the Middle Eastern nations. After the Cyprus events, Turkey even more doubted its association with the United States. Turkey saw the need to protect its citizens that were then in Cyprus. In 1974, after the president of Cyprus was overthrown, a union began between Greece and Cyprus. It is these events that led Turkey to broaden its relations even though it continued to be an alley of the US. In 1964, Turkey improved its Soviet Union’s relations which led to an agreement of friendship in 1978. The country also developed good relations with Central Asia and Transcaucasian States especially those that had majorities of citizens speaking Turkish. In 1971, the country improved its relations with Islamic and Arabic worlds, China as well as Balkan nations. Despite Turkey’s numerous relations with different countries, the country has been accused of having fluctuations when it comes to international issues. The country has been seen portraying policy reversals when it comes to global and regional issue. For instance in 2010 Turkey began to befriend Syria through eliminating entry visas between the two nations and conducting many top-dignitary visits. This move was said to be in an effort to obtain social and economic changes in Damascus. Unfortunately, the plan did not go as planned (Roxburgh, 2005). Turkish Ideologies The Turkish nationalism has two ideologies that are associated with it namely Turanism or Pan – Turkism and Neo-ottomans. The Turanism also known as Pan-Turkism or Pan- Turanism is a nationisist political and cultural movement that was founded in the 19th centur ...

1. 1
9
Coskun Efe Basak
HIS451-S
6/16/2017
Professor Edwards
Turkey’s History Since 1945
Introduction
Turkey, which is also referred to as the Republic of Turkey is a
transcontinental nation in Eurasia, majorly in Western Asia,
Anatolia with a minor section being in Southeast Europe,
Balkan Peninsula. The country is a secular, democratic,
parliamentary republic, unitary with a cultural heritage that is
very diverse. Turkey was founded in 1923 after it conquered
Ottoman Empire remnants. After it was founded, the country
formed secular laws that replaced the conventional religious
fiats. The country joined the United Nations I 1945 and became
a member of NATO in 1952. Currently, the country is famous
for being a good tourist destination with so many destination
varieties for tourists (Roxburgh, 2005).
International Relations
Until 1960s, the foreign policy of Turkey was majorly based on
close link with the Western countries especially the US. The
country was more aligned with the United States since it wanted
to benefit from its economic aid as well as its military and also
Turkey wanted to be accepted by the US as a democratic,
secular and Western nation. It was until 1960 that Turkey
began to question its foreign policy due to the augmentation of
political and economical corporation with Western Europe and
the economic growth that began to be visible in the Middle

2. Eastern nations. After the Cyprus events, Turkey even more
doubted its association with the United States. Turkey saw the
need to protect its citizens that were then in Cyprus. In 1974,
after the president of Cyprus was overthrown, a union began
between Greece and Cyprus. It is these events that led Turkey to
broaden its relations even though it continued to be an alley of
the US.
In 1964, Turkey improved its Soviet Union’s relations which led
to an agreement of friendship in 1978. The country also
developed good relations with Central Asia and Transcaucasian
States especially those that had majorities of citizens speaking
Turkish. In 1971, the country improved its relations with
Islamic and Arabic worlds, China as well as Balkan nations.
Despite Turkey’s numerous relations with different countries,
the country has been accused of having fluctuations when it
comes to international issues. The country has been seen
portraying policy reversals when it comes to global and regional
issue. For instance in 2010 Turkey began to befriend Syria
through eliminating entry visas between the two nations and
conducting many top-dignitary visits. This move was said to be
in an effort to obtain social and economic changes in Damascus.
Unfortunately, the plan did not go as planned (Roxburgh, 2005).
Turkish Ideologies
The Turkish nationalism has two ideologies that are associated
with it namely Turanism or Pan – Turkism and Neo-ottomans.
The Turanism also known as Pan-Turkism or Pan- Turanism is a
nationisist political and cultural movement that was founded in
the 19th century with an aim of countering the Pan-Nationalist’s
ideologies effects. Turanism proclaimed the necessity of close
relations or coalition among ethnically, culturally or
linguistically linked people of Asian origin from Turkey. This
ideology was formulated by Mathias Alexander Castren, who
was a linguist and Finnish nationalist. According to Alexander,
there was need for racial unity among Ural-Altaic people if they

3. were to celebrate future greatness. Turkey adopted Pan-Turkism
ideology in 1908. The second ideology adopted by Turkey is
Anatolianism which indicates that the culture of Turkish people
originated from Anatolia. Anatolia has major significance in the
history of Turkey since it is majorly believed that origin of
nationalism of Turkey originated in Anatolia but not in Turan as
it is famously claimed (Goodwin, 2013).
Economic Activity in Turkey
The Turkish economy was founded in 1923 following the
Ottoman Empire collapse. Since its inceptions, the republic of
Turkey has seen instability periods. Currently, Turkey has
become a European Union member and is going through
numerous changes so as to build up its democracy and connect
its economy to international platform. The economy of this
country has currently been blend to traditional and modern
industries and also enjoys a very a strong private sector. Due to
its excellent geographical structure, Turkey offers a good
platform for trade all through the region and is fast becoming a
political and cultural center. Due to the business environment
that this country offers, many countries from different parts of
the world are finding this nation a good place to do business.
Turkey has since its inception ran a mixed economy with private
and state ventures contributing to the economic growth. Over
the years, economy of this country has been transformed from
that only depend on agriculture to one that is inclusive of
services and industries which have been rapidly growing over
the years. The service sector of Turkey holds over half of the
entire workforce hence being the greatest economic activity in
the country. In 1940s and 1950s, Turkey was a leader in
industrialization offering most of the structural improvements in
shipping, ports and railways facilities. During this era, Turkey
also established major industries like chemicals, metallurgy and
mining industries. Notably, the country was also investing
majorly in food processing, building-material and textile
industries. For all this while, the country was running an

4. isolated economy with foreign investment being discouraged by
the government (Roxburgh, 2005).
It is until after the postwar period that the economy of Turkey
became more accessible to foreign controls. Major foreign aid
came from the United States to finance expansion of agriculture
in Turkey and to facilitate importation of industrial and
agricultural machineries as well as transport equipments. With
foreign aid, growth increased with private sectors flourishing
even more. The private firms continued to access State
intervention through government loans hence making them
stronger and more productive. It was until 1970s that the
economy of Turkey got badly hit by large-scale unemployment,
inflation and an unremitting foreign trade shortage. In 1980s,
the country experienced some economic policy shifts. This
shifts included the support for foreign investment, the founding
of joint enterprises, the minimization of state sector importance,
and a massive export force. Since then, the country has faced
massive cases f recessions caused by huge inflations.
Nevertheless, the country still enjoys economic growth despite
the cases of inflations.
Resources
Turkey has varying types of natural resources even though not
all come on large scale. In the Middle East, Turkey is the only
country that has a huge coal deposits. The country also produces
lignite and oil though in small portions. As such the oil
produced in the country does not fully satisfy the needs of the
country hence more petroleum products are imported from
outside. Oil and lignite is very essential in this country since it
helps in generation of electricity. The entire country of Turkey
is covered with electricity grid including its villages. The
country also produces metallic ores like chromite and iron
which are then majorly exported. Further the country has a
major deposit of lead, manganese, bauxite, l zinc and copper
which all are essential in improving the economy of the country.

5. Agriculture
The economy of Turkey is majorly contributed by agriculture
with the country’s one third being utilized for agricultural
purposes, most of it being extensive. Half of the agricultural
lands utilized for crops while a third is used for anima rearing.
These proportions came into existence since 1960s after there
was a major support of arable lands by advent of tractors.
Turkey majorly cultivates cereals which include corn, wheat, at
and rice. Potatoes, cotton, sugar beets and tobacco are also
majorly farmed in Turkey. The country has also massive
livestock farming that includes water buffalo, goats, cattle and
sheep farming. The agricultural industry provides the country
with good export earnings.
Industry
There is support of varying manufacturing industries in Turkey.
Most of the large towns have factory clusters widely distributed
in them. The highest industrialized zones in Turkey include;
Istanbul, Sea of Marmara area, Aegean coast, Adana basin and
Ankara region. The manufacturing industries that lead in
Turkey are Textile and foot wear; chemicals and food and
beverages industries. The country is also a leader Steel
production in the entire Middle East. In 1970s and 80s there
was a wide expansion of Engineering industries which currently
are widely distributed around the country. The textile industry
of Turkey is the major employer in the manufacturing
industries. Agricultural products processing is also done all
over the country with tobacco manufacturers being the leading
branch.
Trade
The Turkish economy has greatly been boosted by foreign trade.
Between 1945 and 1960s, most of the exports from Turkey were
derived from agricultural products. Imports were limited to
transportation equipment, manufactured goods and machinery. It

6. was after 1960s that Turkey began production of manufacturing
sector that provided new export sources. The exports that now
lead in Turkey are yarns, fabrics, clothing, iron and steel,
tobacco, livestock products, fruits and vegetables, machinery
and textile fibers. The highest imports in the country now
include petroleum products, machinery, chemicals consumer
goods and transportation equipment. The main trading partner
of Turkey is Germany, but the country also trades with Europe
and Middle East.
Transportation
Since the World War II, the economic growth of Turkey has
comprised of huge investment in transportation. In 1950s, the
main investment concentration was on railway network,
Nevertheless, in the last decades, Turkey has also improved its
networks of high ways and roads. Railway networks were
formally used in linking commercial agricultural areas to ports.
The use of railway declined in 1990s when majority of
passengers chose road over railway as their means of transport.
Today, majority of the transportation for passengers and freight
are done by road. All the major cities in Turkey are connected
with major road networks with buses being the major source of
transportation. Major cities and neighboring countries are also
kinked by airlines which also are growing as a mean of
transportation in the area.
Demographics
The location of Turkey is GMT+2 time zones which make I easy
for the country to converse with eastern and western nations
within similar working day. Its population also has a positive
impact to is economy since it represents a huge opportunity to
varying aspects. Turkey has a population of young and
educated people something that contributes to a lucrative
market and a strong pool of labor in the country. The labor
force of this country comprises of approximately 30 million
people, hence making Turkey number 3 largest labor market in

7. Europe. The country stands out among its competitors due to its
huge young population. The country is also well urbanized with
20 large cities that hold over one million people each. Due to
the massive urbanization, Turkey also enjoy social growth and
economic development through goods and services production
(Goodwin, 2013)
Social/ cultural/ religious aspects of Turkey
According to the constitution of Turkey, the term “Turk” is a
political word that means all the citizens of Turkey without
reference or distinction to region or race. According to the data
of linguistics, most of the Turkey citizens claim that their
mother tongue is Turkish, while the rest speak Kurdish and a
minor group of minority speaks Arabic. Being a country that
constitutes of two major cultures, Turkey reflects a wide
collection of values, ideas and beliefs. The country which is
connected both to Middle East and European boundaries is
majorly proud of its achievements and history. Not only does
the country pride in its traditional values, it also prides in its
massive and rapid modernization. This makes the country a
good destination for business ventures.
Major concepts and values in Turkish culture
Family: This is the most important social component in the
culture of Turkey. A person’s life is fully dependent on friends,
family and community at large. This means a person’s
decisions are majorly influenced by family and community.
Loyalty to the family is also very important in Turkish society
ad also affects business practices. For many years, and even
today, many businesses in Turkey are family-owned and the
family influence in the business is major.
Time: The Turkish people are able to juggle several activities
within the same time and are also fond of multiple
conversations at the same time. It is common for people in
Turkey to conduct business while still having phone

8. conversations and even get to meeting rooms with no invitation.
They are also not keen on linear system and structure during
their meetings. This means that for a foreigner to conduct
business in Turkey, he/she must exercise a lot of patience.
Religion: For so any years, the Turkish society was dominated
by Islam religion. This is different from today’s scenario where
it is now a secular state. Nevertheless, the Turkish culture is
still dominated by Islamic philosophy and ideology. Therefore
their language, cultural life, social connections and democracy
is still influenced by Islam (Murinson, 2009).
Environmental Issues in Turkey
Similarly to majority of the other developed countries, Turkey
is also facing major environmental issues that are related to its
high industrialization. The greatest problem that the country is
facing is air pollution that is spread all over the country
especially in the urban centers of this nation. There has been a
report from the European Environment Agency (EEA) that
stated that over 97% of urban population living in Turkey is
exposed to hazardous levels of particulate substance pollution.
Carbon emissions from this country have greatly increased in
the past 30 years. Between 1990 and 2011, carbon emissions in
Turkey increased at a rate of 124%. Among the emissions
released from 2011, 86% of them are from sector of energy
while the rest came from other industries.
Notably, there is a rich biodiversity in Turkey and the
biodiversity is majorly vulnerable to changes in climate due to
the limited resources of water in the country. Even though there
are some water resources in Turkey, they are not equally
distributed in the country. This makes it a real challenge to
control and integrate the available water resources in the
country. The country has also faced major decline in fisheries
following emissions and poor quality of air not to mention
water pollution.

9. Turkey’s Environmental Policies
Since 1980s, the government of Turkey began improving its
environmental action and recently it has improved its laws and
regulations that are formulated to help safeguard the
environment. The environmental stance of Turkey has also
received a major help after the environmental agreement
signings began as an initiative of the European Union. There
was also formulation of the Turkish policy that saw great
improvement in the environment of the country. Turkey is also
currently very keen on boosting its renewable energy sector as a
way of producing clean energy. Still in an effort to improve its
environment, Turkey has formulated a number of environmental
strategy copies for some sectors like soil erosion control,
biodiversity control, climate change adaptation, fight against
desertification and reforestation. Further, Turkey is working on
reviving its landscapes that were early degraded through making
major investments and improving its programs on reforestation.
For a number of decades now, Turkey has been compelled by
international energy markets to examine again how it consumes
and generates energy. As a result, the country decided to create
a national development plan supporting investment in renewable
energy sector of the country. The Clean Technology Fund
(CTF) have greatly supported and even funded Turkey in its
effort to embrace the use of renewable energy. CTF provided
Turkey funds through their billion-dollar program as a way of
assisting the country in developing and innovating clean
technology (Murinson, 2009).
Through the CTF assistance, it is clear that Turkey will enjoy a
future with a clean environment. The country is tirelessly using
its investment and power to ensure that it safeguards its citizens
from pollution that has negatively affected developed countries
all over the world. Though the country is still in its infancy,

10. there is major potential since the country can utilize the sun,
wind and water that are at its disposal. Though in the past years
the country has not been utilizing these resources in production
of energy, data from its government indicates that it is possible
for the country to produce enough energy through solar energy,
with and geothermal. By 2023, the country aims at producing
30% of its energy naturally.
Conclusion
Turkey is a transcontinental nation that is also secular,
democratic, parliamentary republic, unitary with a cultural
heritage that is very diverse. The country was founded in 1923
after it conquered Ottoman Empire remnants. Until 1960s,
Turkey’s foreign policy was majorly based on a close link with
the Western countries especially the US but this changed over
the years as the country continued to have close relations with
Eastern and Middle East countries. The countries nationalism is
made of two ideologies namely Turanism or Pan – Turkism and
Neo-ottomans. Turkey’s economy is a mixed economy with
private and state ventures contributing to the economic growth.
It is unfortunate that Turkey, just like other developed countries
is facing environmental issues that are related to its high
industrialization. Despite these challenges the country is
working hard to overcome pollution issues and to continue
growing in terms of its relations with other countries and
economically.
References
Goodwin, G. (2013). A History of Ottoman Architecture.
Thames & Hudson.
Murinson, A. (2009). Turkey's Entente with Israel and
Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and
Caucasus. Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics;
Routledge
Roxburgh, D. J. (2005). Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years,
600–1600. Royal Academy of Arts

11. RE: Discussion 2 - Week 4
1.
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1. 1. 1`111. Total views: 5 (Your views: 1)
Hello Cheraldo,
Thank you for your active participation in the weekly topic.
You included some great information about poverty in general
as it relates to your local community. Can you tell us more
about the community with a description of the area or perhaps
the state and the population/residents? Also, I appreciate your
use of a reference to support your analysis.
Dr. Samuel
remember I told you where I lived because you need this
information for this work
Please I need tis information today to add it as part of the
posted discussion today
I live in Lawton , Oklahoma
RE: Discussion 2 - Week 4 Instructor's note-Please read
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12. Total views: 30 (Your views: 2)
Hello Class,
I have enjoy reading your responses to the weekly topic;
however, I wanted to remind you to carefully review the
discussion rubric and instructions for grading. For example, to
receive full possible points (25 & 5) for the content and writing
you must complete the following:
Provide significant detail, including multiple relevant examples,
evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources (in
addition to your course material /textbook) and discerning
ideas.
Provide moderate detail (including at least one pertinent
example), evidence from the readings and other scholarly
sources (in addition to your course material /textbook) and
discerning ideas.
Also, be sure to use the APA format when submitting your post
and reference list. Please let me know if you have any
questions. I look forwarding to reading your informational post
support by scholarly references, cited by using the APA format.
I am reposting the example to reflect the APA in-text citation
and reference. Please let me know if you have any questions.
Thanks.
Dr. Samuel
Example
As social workers, we must begin to understand the client’s
background, beliefs, values, and intentions as we engage our
clients and their emotional and social intelligence. It was a good
observation concerning the “Latino” culture and beliefs. It also
supports the Code of Ethics (1.05 Cultural Competence and
Social Diversity) of the National Association of Social Workers
(2015) that states social workers should seek education and
understanding when working with diverse populations. So, you
make a good point and argument in your response to the
importance of emotional and social intelligence as they relate to

13. establishing rapport with our clients.
Reference
National Association of Social Workers. (2015). Code of Ethics
of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington,
DC. Retrieved from http://social workers.org/pubs/code/
SOCW 6101 week 4 discussion 1
2.
RE: Discussion 1 - Week 4
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Thanks Cheraldo for your post. How do you think a group
facilitator or social worker can help to establish a safe
environment for these group victims who are afraid and lacking
trust?
Please support your response with the literature.
Thank you!
This is the work Dr. Braxton is referring to:
Discussion 1 - Week 4
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Discussion 1: Social Work Practice with Groups
You have been running a group for sexual assault survivors for
the last nine weeks. Despite your best efforts to provide a safe
environment, validate the women’s experiences, and create a
sense of hope, the group members often ask, “Will I ever get
over this?” This is an important question, but one that is not
easily answered. As the social worker, you discuss the impact of
trauma and the benefits of using group and individual therapy to

14. process what occurred in order to reduce its impact on their
daily lives. Yet, your response does not alleviate the group’s
anxiety about the future. As a result, you invite a previous
client who has completed group work and individual therapy to
come and speak to the group. As she talks about her new
feelings of empowerment and growth since participating in
group work, the rest of the group members begin to smile and
nod their heads. After the guest speaker has left, the members
all talk about how amazing it was to hear this woman’s story
and to see someone with the same experience thrive and move
past the assault. They all expressed a sense of hope and relief.
Group work offers many benefits that cannot be achieved
through individual therapy alone. The most obvious benefit is
group member validation. The knowledge that you are not alone
and are not the only person who has experienced that particular
issue can foster a strong sense of hope.
For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources
including the Johnson Video case. Then consider the potential
benefits Talia Johnson might experience through her
participation in group work as depicted in the video.
Post by Day 3 an explanation of the potential benefits Talia
might experience through her participation in group work as
depicted in the video.
Support your posts and responses with specific references to the
Learning Resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for
your references
Required
·
Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hull, G. H., Jr. (2014). Understanding
generalist practice (7th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
· Chapter 3, “Practice Skills for Working with Groups” (pp. 94-
126)
Required
· Huss, E., Elhozayel, E., & Marcus, E. (2012). Art in group
work as an anchor for integrating the micro and macro levels of
intervention with incest survivors. Clinical Social Work

15. Journal, 40(4), 401–411.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
· Mallon, B., & Houtstra, T. (2007). Telephone technology in
social work group treatment. Health & Social Work, 32(2), 139–
141.
Retrieved from the Walden Library databases
Required
· Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014).
Sessions: Case histories. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International
Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
· Part 1, "The Johnson Family"Required
· Laureate Education. (Producer). (2013). Johnson Family
Episode 3 [Video file]. In Sessions. Retrieved from
https://class.waldenu.edu
·
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This is my posted discussion I posted for this work:
cheraldo Sweatt
RE: Discussion 1 - Week 4
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Social Work Practice with Groups
The video showed that healing starts at different phases for
different individuals. Sexual abuse effects a survivor’s
capability to start and uphold strong sexual connections. Sexual
anxieties often arise naturally after the victims have determined
feelings of resentment and fear about the cruelty, and starts to
feel well about themselves. For many counselors and survivors,
speaking about the sexual subjects is seen as a final phase in
sexual abuse reclamation, but sexual worries come up altogether

16. in any points in sexual violence repossession (Johnson’s video).
In order to overcome all this worries the survivors are advised
to seek therapy treat that will help prepare them in beating this
trauma.
The experiences that sexual assault victims have may make
them dreadful or suspicious. When sexual assaults survivors
join safe groups together, they are capable of learning to trust
again. They can make new friends, support each other and learn
and share their grief (Kirst-Ashman, & Hull, 2014). A group
member also benefits from the insights and the experiences of
other survivors in the same group. The survivors can also
approach therapists for guidance and support in a relaxed means
in group surroundings.
In the case of Talia joining on of these groups, she can benefit
from all that mention above and also gain her confidence and
how she feels about her gender. She can also start changing her
perception and thoughts about how she feels about her body, her
sex organs and also other functions about her body(Kirst-
Ashman, & Hull, 2014). Because of the chance to talk about her
experience and listening survivors experiences, she can also
change the way she thinks about sex. Due to the openness and
the freedom in the group, she can also start to express herself
sexually without no fear. The process is meant to heal and help
the survivor to feel safe with their body and remove the trauma,
Talia will at the end of the therapy be able to experience a
physical, sexual pleasure and intimacy with other people. At his
level, Talia will have healed completely and now possesses the
courage and confidence to deal with that trauma whenever they
occur in her mind. She gets to meet new people who have the
same experience, and this will greatly help her to push own with
life because she has encouragement from the friends.
References
Johnson’s video case.
Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hull, G. H., Jr. (2014). Understanding
generalist practice (7th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

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SOCW6101 discussion 2 week4
2.
RE: Discussion 2 - Week 4
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Thanks for your post Cheraldo. I am unclear as to the group
member role you are referring to as a challenge. Is it possible
you may be referring to the role of dominate group member?
Thanks for clarifying.
Dr. Braxton
This is my posted discussion that Dr. Braxton is referring to:
cheraldo Sweatt
RE: Discussion 2 - Week 4
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Description of the group member role that might be most
challenging to you as a group leader.
In a group setting, the needs of each need to be met for the
purpose of fostering effectiveness. If every members' needs are
not considered, some may end up feeling left out and even opt
out of the group sessions (Plummer, 2014). The group member
role which might be most challenging as a group leader is a
responsibility of bringing each person together, and
accommodating every individual's preferences. This element

18. might be challenging considering the diverse perspectives of
different people within the group, and more so, the different
personality types exhibited y group members.
Then, explain a skill you might use for overcoming that
challenge.
One particular skill which I might use to overcome this
challenge is incorporating turn taking during group
communication in different sessions. Each member needs to be
allocated specific time to present their ideas (Mallon, 2007). No
member will be allowed to dominate the session, and each
member's contribution will thus be aired adequately.
References
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014).
Sessions: Case histories. Baltimore, MD: Laureate
International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader].
Mallon, B., &Houtstra, T. (2007). Telephone technology in
social work group treatment. Health & Social Work, 32(2),
139–141. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases
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