Diabetic mellitus by optom faslu muhammed

2.  group of metabolic diseases
 person has high blood sugar
 the body does not produce enough
insulin
 or because cells do not respond to
the insulin that is produced

3.  Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Gestational diabetes:

4.  The body's failure to produce insulin
 Requires the person to inject insulin
 Also referred to as insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and
juvenile diabetes

5.  loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of
the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
 leading to insulin deficiency
 Type 1 diabetes can affect children or
adults but was traditionally termed
"juvenile diabetes

6.  unpredictable hyperglycemias

7.  results from insulin resistance, a condition
in which cells fail to use insulin properly,
• . (Formerly referred to as non-insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM for
short, and adult-onset diabetes.)

8.  the specific defects are not known
 Type 2 diabetes is the most common
type.
 At this stage hyperglycemia can be
reversed

9.  medications that improve insulin
sensitivity

10.  high blood glucose level during
pregnancy
 It may precede development of type 2
DM
 inadequate insulin secretion and
responsiveness

11.  It occurs in about 2%–5% of all
pregnancies
 improve or disappear after delivery
 Gestational diabetes is fully treatable but
requires careful medical supervision
throughout the pregnancy

12.  About 20%–50% of affected women
develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
 untreated gestational diabetes can
damage the health of the fetus

13.  Risks to the baby include
- macrosomia (high birth weight)
-congenital cardiac and central nervous
system anomalies
-skeletal muscle malformations
-In severe cases, perinatal death

14.  polyuria (frequent urination)
 polydipsia (increased thirst )
 polyphagia (increased hunger)

15.  damage to blood vessels
 the risk of cardiovascular disease
 Diabetic retinopathy,
 Diabetic nephropathy,

16.  diabetes-related foot problem
 (such as diabetic foot ulcers

17.  Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and
then triggered by certain infections
 Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to
lifestyle factors and genetics

18.  Mechanism of insulin release in normal
pancreatic beta cells.
 Insulin production is more or less constant
within the beta cells.
 Its release is triggered by food, chiefly
food containing absorbable glucose.

19.  Insulin is the principal hormone that
regulates uptake of glucose from the
blood into most cells (primarily muscle
and fat cells, but not central nervous
system cells

20.  deficiency of insulin or the insensitivity of
its receptors plays a central role in all
forms of diabetes mellitus.

21.  Insulin is also the principal control signal
for conversion of glucose to glycogen for
internal storage in liver and muscle cells
 . Lowered glucose levels result both in the
reduced release of insulin from the beta
cells and in the reverse conversion of
glycogen to glucose when glucose levels
fall

22.  Glycosylated hemoglobin and
Glucose tolerance test

23.  Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease
which cannot be cured
 keeping blood sugar levels as close to
normal

24.  accomplished with diet, exercise, and
use of appropriate medications
 (insulin in the case of type 1 diabetes
 oral medications as well as possibly
insulin in type 2 diabetes).

25.  Patient education, understanding
 well-managed blood sugar levels
 effects of diabetes. These include
smoking, elevated cholesterol levels,
obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of
regular exercise.[26]

26.  Diabetic diet

27.  Anti-diabetic medication
 Metformin is generally recommended as
a first line treatment for type 2 diabetes
 aspirin

28.  Insulin therapy
 Type 1 diabetes is typically treated with
a combinations of regular and NPH
insulin