This article aims to demonstrate the need to adopt global strategies that are capable of eliminating or neutralizing the internal and external threats to planet Earth.

1. 1
HUMANITY STRATEGIES TO DEAL WITH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
THREATS TO EARTH PLANET
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to demonstrate the need to adopt global strategies that are capable of
eliminating or neutralizing the internal threats to planet Earth represented by the
consequences resulting from the end of the world capitalist system, the depletion of the
planet's natural resources, global catastrophic climate change and the escalation of
international conflicts that could lead to the war of all against all at national and
international levels in the mid-21st century and also to eliminate or attenuate the
immediate and future threats from outer space posed by the collision of comets and giant
asteroids with Earth that have the potential to annihilate humans altogether as with
dinosaurs between 208 and 144 million years ago, due to the consequences of the Moon's
continuing remoteness from Earth, the impact on Earth of giant charged particle eruptions
known as Sun's coronal mass ejections, by the Sun becoming a red giant that will swallow
the Earth as it comes to an end within 5 billion years, due to the deadly impact on Earth
of supernova explosions, the eternal expansion of the Universe that will leave only
residual heat and black holes or by its contraction uniting all matter and energy into one
great black hole, and by the growing dark energy and the evaporating dark matter that can
cause the Universe to end up with almost nothing in it.
Internal threats require the construction of a new model of society that enables civilized
coexistence among all human beings. This need is imposed in the 21st century in the face
of the foreseeable end of capitalism in the middle of this century, the environmental
degradation of planet Earth resulting from the depletion of natural resources and global
climate change and the escalation of international conflicts that could lead to the war of
all against all. nationally and internationally, also in the mid-21st century. Given the
foreseeable end to capitalism in the mid-21st century, it is urgent to replace capitalism
with the Nordic or Scandinavian model of social democracy, practiced in Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, which could best be described as a kind of middle
ground. between capitalism and socialism.
In 2013, The Economist magazine declared that the Nordic countries are probably the
best governed in the world. The UN World Happiness Report 2013 shows that the
happiest nations in the world are concentrated in northern Europe. The Nordics have the
highest real GDP per capita rating, the longest life expectancy, the greatest freedom to
make life choices, and the most generosity. Despite their differences, the Scandinavian
countries share some commonalities: a universalist welfare state that is aimed at
improving individual autonomy, promoting social mobility and ensuring universal
provision of basic human rights and economic stabilization. It is also distinguished by
their emphasis on labor force participation, promoting gender equality, reducing social
inequality, extensive levels of benefit to the population and the great magnitude of wealth
redistribution.
Internal and external threats call for the establishment of a democratic world government
that would aim not only at overcoming internal threats such as global economic planning,
the defense of the global environment and the achievement of world peace, but also create
the conditions to face external threats from space whose global actions to counteract them
are impossible for national states to take forward in isolation and by current international
institutions. The threat from space that requires immediate action to avoid its

2. 2
consequences is the collision of comets and giant asteroids with Earth that has the
potential to completely annihilate humans. Another threat from space that requires
immediate action to avoid its consequences concerns the giant charged particle eruptions
known as coronal mass ejections from the Sun. Other threats that require long-term action
to avoid its consequences are represented by the explosions of supernovae, stars of greater
mass than the Sun that, at the end of their existence, could wipe out life on Earth due to
the release of sufficient gamma and X-ray radiation enough to heat the surface of our
planet and make the atmosphere and oceans evaporate, by moving the moon away from
the Earth, which will slow down the Earth's rotation, so that the 24-hour day will not last
forever and reach 1,152 hours in 4 billion years making life on the planet unfeasible with
the disappearance of tides, the end of the Earth's axis of rotation stability and global
climate change that would be the factors that would produce the most dire consequences
for terrestrial life.
It is scientifically known that all life on Earth will be swept away when the Sun reaches
the end of its existence within 5 billion years when it will expand into a red giant that will
engulf the Earth. In turn, the Universe will become incapable of allowing any kind of life
to exist because of its eternal expansion, leaving only residual heat and black holes, or
will contract by uniting all matter and energy into one large black hole. Finally, the
discovery that dark matter may be turning into dark energy may make the space emptier
whose process would be responsible for slowing the growth of galaxies and other large-
scale structures in the Universe. If the conversion continues at the current pace, the
ultimate fate of the Universe as a cold, dark and empty place could come sooner than
expected. Anyway, all life in the Universe would disappear forever. This means that we
will face the threat of death of our species with the disappearance of the Sun, the Earth
and the Universe itself that will require the adoption of measures to ensure the survival
of the human species..
The time has come for humanity to equip itself as urgently as possible with the tools
necessary to control its destiny with the establishment of a world government. This is the
only means of survival for the human species to counter internal and external threats to
planet Earth. In addition to the strategies cited in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article
suggested to eliminate the internal threats, the world government should adopt immediate
strategies to avoid the collision of comets and asteroids with the Earth by deflecting them
with the use of space rockets directed at them and mitigate the impact on Earth of giant
charged particle eruptions known as Sun's coronal mass ejections. The threats resulting
from the Moon's remoteness from Earth, supernova explosions, and the transformation of
the Sun into a red giant that will engulf Earth require the adoption of long-term strategies
that contribute to the deployment of space stations, the use of planetary moons such as
those of Jupiter and Saturn of the solar system far from the Sun and the colonization of
Earth-like planets in the Milky Way or other distant galaxies that may be inhabited by
human populations and able to survive there. The threats posed by the impossibility of
life in the universe due to its eternal expansion or contraction into a large black hole and
the ultimate fate of the Universe as a cold, dark and empty place will require the adoption
of long term strategies that contribute to the realization of travel of human populations to
other universes. These strategies will only be successful if there is a global effort under
the leadership of a world government to prepare human beings to face these threats and
to promote sustained scientific and technological development.

3. 3
On the existence of other universes, it is worth mentioning the latest research by physicist
Stephen Hawking that points out that our universe may be just one of many others like it.
Hawking's theory points a way for astronomers to look for evidence of parallel universes.
The study was submitted for publication in the Journal of High-Energy Physics. Hartle
and Hawking used quantum mechanics as a basis to explain how the Universe would have
started out of nothing. Scientists developed the idea and hypothesized that the Big Bang
would not have created just one universe, but countless universes. Some of them,
according to the Hartle-Hawking theory, would be very similar to ours - perhaps Earth-
like planets and societies and individuals like those in our Universe. The other universes
would have punctual differences - an earth where dinosaurs were not extinct, for example.
And there would be totally different universes of our Universe, without a planet Earth or
perhaps without stars or galaxies and with different laws of physics. It may sound
unlikely, but the equations elaborated on this theory make these scenarios possible.
A critical question arises from this: the existence of infinite types of universes with
infinite variations in their laws of physics. Hawking collaborated with Thomas Hertog to
try to resolve this paradox. Hawking's final work is the result of 20-year research with
Hertog and solved this puzzle by resorting to new mathematical techniques designed to
study another exotic branch of physics called string theory. These techniques allow
researchers to view physics theories in a different way. And further elaboration by Hartle-
Hawking theory in the study has given an order to the hitherto chaotic multiverse. The
paper points out that there can only be universes with the same laws of physics as ours.
This means that our Universe is a typical universe and that observations made from our
point of view will be helpful in developing our concepts of how other universes emerged.
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ALCOFORADO. Fernando. Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo. Curitiba:
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4. 4
PANEK, Richard. The 4% Universe. Boston e New York: Mariner Books, 2011.
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* Fernando Alcoforado, 79, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo
e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As
Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro
para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).