This article aims to demonstrate the need to adopt global strategies in the near future that are capable of eliminating or neutralizing the threats to humanity internal to planet Earth, in the 21st century, represented by the end of the world capitalist system, by the exhaustion of natural resources of the planet, by catastrophic global climate change, by the escalation of international conflicts that could lead to the war of all against all at national and international levels, and also by the pandemic of viruses similar to Coronavirus. In addition to internal threats, strategies must be developed to ensure the survival of humanity in the near future in the face of the immediate threats related to the collision of asteroids on planet Earth and the explosion of supernovae with the release of gamma and X-ray radiation and, in the long term future, represented by the distancing of the Moon in relation to the Earth, the collision of the Andromeda Galaxy with the Milky Way Galaxy where the solar system is located, the death of the Sun and the end of the Universe in which we live.

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THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY WITH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL THREATS
TO LIFE ON PLANET EARTH
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to demonstrate the need to adopt global strategies in the near future that
are capable of eliminating or neutralizing the threats to humanity internal to planet Earth,
in the 21st century, represented by the end of the world capitalist system, by the
exhaustion of natural resources of the planet, by catastrophic global climate change, by
the escalation of international conflicts that could lead to the war of all against all at
national and international levels, and also by the pandemic of viruses similar to
Coronavirus. In addition to internal threats, strategies must be developed to ensure the
survival of humanity in the near future in the face of the immediate threats related to the
collision of asteroids on planet Earth and the explosion of supernovae with the release of
gamma and X-ray radiation and, in the long term future, represented by the distancing of
the Moon in relation to the Earth, the collision of the Andromeda Galaxy with the Milky
Way Galaxy where the solar system is located, the death of the Sun and the end of the
Universe in which we live.
Among the internal threats, the first, of an economic nature, is represented by the general
crisis of the world capitalist system that tends to lead the world in the middle of the 21st
century to depression with the bankruptcy of governments, the bankruptcy of companies,
mass unemployment and even even a new world conflagration as it already happened in
the 20th century with the 1st and 2nd World War. The second threat, of an environmental
nature, is represented by the exhaustion of the Earth planet's natural resources, the scarcity
and pollution of water, the disordered growth of cities and the catastrophic global climate
change during the 21st century resulting from the chaotic mode of capitalist production
and the excessive increase of planetary population that tends to produce serious
repercussions on economic activities and the worsening of human social problems, as
well as the advent of international conflicts. The third threat may result from three major
international conflicts that can start a new World War: 1) The United States-China-Russia
conflict; 2) The Israel-Palestine conflict; and, 3) The United States-Israel-Iran conflict.
The fourth threat is represented by the emergence of new pandemics such as the one
currently occurring, that of the Coronavirus.
The immediate external threats concern the collision of asteroids on planet Earth and the
explosion of supernovae with the release of gamma radiation and X-rays. To avoid the
collision of large asteroids on planet Earth, humanity should use powerful rockets to
deflect them. With the external threat posed by the collision between the Andromeda and
Milky Way galaxies, humanity would have to seek its escape to a planet in a closer galaxy
like the Big Dog Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light years away. In order to face the
problems resulting from the Moon's distancing in relation to the Earth, humanity could
seek its survival by implanting space colonies on Mars, Titan (Saturn's moon), Callisto
(Jupiter's moon) and the dwarf planet Pluto in the solar system, possible escape locations,
all of them with numerous obstacles that would require great technological advancement
to overcome them. Before the death of the Sun, humanity should leave the solar system
and reach a new planet in another planetary system that is habitable for human beings.
This planet could be "Proxima Centauri b" orbiting the closest star to the Sun that is part
of the Alpha Centauri system. Before the end of the Universe in which we live, humanity
should seek a way out, that is, a parallel universe, for humanity to escape and survive all
catastrophic scenarios.

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As for internal threats to planet Earth, the survival of humanity depends on the ability of
human beings to find solutions for rational management for the recycling of natural
resources in order to avoid depletion, for the use of water to avoid its pollution and misuse
and for the development of cities to prevent their disorderly growth, as well as scientific
and technological solutions to deal with internal threats related to the environmental
nature represented by the catastrophic global climate change with the adoption of clean
technologies for industrial production, transportation and energy,to combat water, soil
and air pollution such as the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and those
related to the development of medicines and vaccines capable of combating current and
new viruses. Internal threats will only be successfully combated to the extent that
humanity acquires the capacity to coordinate its actions in the management of the global
economy and in international relations with the implementation of a global governance
capable of dealing with the worsening of the crisis of the world capitalist system until
mid-21st century and order the world economic system on new bases after this crisis and
that is also capable of preventing the emergence of new international conflicts that could
lead humanity to a new World War. In addition to world governance, a new model of
society must be implemented in every country in the world, capable of promoting the
universal welfare state, the universal provision of basic human rights and the stabilization
of the economy, equality of gender, the reduction of social inequality and the great
magnitude of wealth redistribution to the population.
As for the external threats described above, the survival of mankind depends on the
advancement of science and technology without which human beings will not be able to
survive the threats represented by the distancing of the Moon in relation to the Earth, the
collision of asteroids on the planet Earth, the explosion of supernovae with the release of
gamma radiation and X-rays, the collision of the Andromeda Galaxy with the Milky Way
Galaxy where the solar system is located, the death of the Sun and the end of the Universe
in which we live. Currently, humanity would be able to prevent the collision of large
asteroids on the planet Earth because it has powerful rockets capable of hitting them.
However, there are no technological resources to avoid the damage that could be caused
by the explosion of supernovae with the release of gamma and X-ray radiation, the
consequences of which will be catastrophic for humanity, just as there are no
technological resources to implant space colonies on Mars, Titan (moon of Saturn),
Callisto (moon of Jupiter) and the dwarf planet Pluto. Mankind also lacks the scientific
and technological resources to seek its escape to a planet in a closer galaxy such as the
Big Dog Dwarf Galaxy, to reach another habitable planet, "Proxima Centauri b", orbiting
the star closest to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system, much less seek a way
out to a parallel universe before the end of our Universe.
If the scientific and technological challenge is immense to escape to a planet in a galaxy
like the Big Dog Dwarf Galaxy located 25,000 light years away, to reach a new planet in
another planetary system that is habitable for human beings such as "Proxima Centauri b
"orbiting the closest star to the Sun that is part of the Alpha Centauri system, the challenge
would be even greater in abandoning our Universe and heading towards parallel
universes. According to Michio Kaku, an American theoretical physicist, professor and
co-creator of the string field theory, the main problem in abandoning our Universe and
going to parallel universes is whether we will have enough resources to build machines
capable of accomplishing such a difficult feat and if the laws of physics allow these
machines to exist.

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For humanity to escape to parallel universes, Kaku says it is necessary to overcome a
series of great obstacles. The first barrier would be to complete a theory of everything
when we would be able to verify the consequences of using advanced technologies. In
addition, Kaku proposes to find wormholes and white holes that are dimensional gates
and cosmic strings that would make it possible to reach parallel universes, send probes
through a black hole that would function as an emergency hatch to leave our Universe,
build a black hole for purposes experiments, create a baby universe with a false vacuum
in the laboratory, create immense atom colliders despite major engineering problems,
create implosion mechanisms using laser beams, build a bend-boosting machine with the
ability to cross immense stellar distances, use the negative energy of the compressed
states with the use of laser beams that can be used to generate negative matter to open and
stabilize wormholes, wait for quantum transitions to escape to another universe and,
finally, as a last hope, with the fusion of our consciousness with our robotic creations
using advanced DNA engineering, nanotechnology and robotics.
Kaku says that humanity will have billions of years ahead to find the solution that will
allow us to abandon our Universe towards parallel worlds. Kaku says that for long-
distance interplanetary missions, physicists will have to find more exotic forms of rocket
propulsion if they expect to reach distances hundreds of light-years away as current
chemical rockets are limited by the maximum velocity of exhaust gases. He says that the
development of a solar / ion engine could provide a new way of propelling rockets
between the stars. One possible project would be to create a fusion reactor, a rocket that
extracts hydrogen from interstellar space and liquefies it by releasing unlimited amounts
of energy in the process.
Everything that has just been exposed indicates the need for humanity to equip itself as
urgently as possible with the necessary instruments to have control of its destiny with the
implantation of a democratic world government. This is the only means of survival for
the human species to face the internal and external threats to planet Earth described above.
Internal and external threats demand the constitution of a global democratic government
that would aim not only to overcome internal threats with the global economic order, the
defense of the global environment, the conquest of world peace and the defense against
current and future pandemics, but, also, to create the conditions to face external threats
coming from space whose global actions to neutralize them are impossible to be carried
out by national states alone and by current international institutions.
Internal and external threats to humanity also require the building of a new model of
society that allows civilized coexistence among all human beings. The model of society
that would allow to achieve this objective would be the Nordic or Scandinavian model of
social democracy, practiced in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland, which
could be better described as a kind of middle ground between capitalism and socialism.
In 2013, The Economist magazine stated that the Nordic countries are probably the best
governed countries in the world. The UN World Happiness Report 2019 shows that the
happiest nations in the world are concentrated in Northern Europe. According to the 2019
Happiness Report, Finland is the happiest country in the world, with Denmark, Norway,
Iceland, and The Netherlands holding the next top positions. Nordics have the highest
ranking in real GDP per capita, the longest healthy life expectancy, the greatest freedom
to make life choices and the greatest generosity. Despite their differences, Scandinavian
countries share some features in common: a universalist welfare state that is geared
towards improving individual autonomy, promoting social mobility and ensuring the

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universal provision of basic human rights and stabilizing the economy. It is also
distinguished by its emphasis on labor force participation, promoting gender equality,
reducing social inequality, extensive levels of benefits to the population and great
magnitude of wealth redistribution.
REFERENCES
ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Energia no mundo e no Brasil. Curitiba: Editora CRV, 2015.
______________________. Como inventar o futuro para mudar o mundo. Curitiba:
Editora CRV, 2019.
______________________. Articles published on the website
<https://fernandoalcoforado.academia.edu/research> with the following titles:
• The end of the world capitalist system in the middle of the 21st century
• The future of capitalism• Planet Earth and its limits on the use of natural resources
• Water in the world and its gigantic problems
• The issue of water in the world and its immense challenges
• The circular economy to avoid depletion of the planet Earth's natural resources
• Global climate change and its solutions
• How to prepare cities against extreme weather events• How to make cities sustainable
• New sources of energy and energy efficiency to prevent catastrophic global climate
change
• The world towards the 4th World War
• How to eliminate war in the world
• Why another world is necessary and possible
• How to build a scenario of peace and cooperation between nations and peoples
• Chaos in international relations requires world government
• The world government to face the great challenges of humanity in the 21st century
• Coronavirus and its impacts on the world economy
• The world after Coronavirus
• Threats to life on Earth coming from space
• The three major threats to humanity in the 21st century
• Humanity's strategies for dealing with internal and external threats to planet Earth
• Why the Moon is important for life on planet Earth
• How planet Earth works

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• The Sun and its importance for life on planet Earth
• The future of the Universe and humanity
• Science and advances in knowledge about the Universe
KAKU, Michio. Mundos paralelos. Rio: Editora Rocco Ltda., 2005.
UN. World Happiness Report 2019.
* Fernando Alcoforado, 80, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System,
member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor in Territorial Planning and Regional
Development by the University of Barcelona, university professor and consultant in the areas of
strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is author of the
books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem
Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os
condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no Mundo
e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2015), As
Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018, em co-autoria) and Como inventar o futuro
para mudar o mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019).