The Database Environment and Development Process

ISDBS 213
Prepared By:
Ms. Minerva V. Magbitang
Dr. Rosemarie S. Guirre

The Database Environment and
Development Process
IS-DBS 213-1
Meaningful facts and unprocessed items
which can include text, graphics, images,
sound, video segments
DATA
A collection of individual responses from
a marketing research
Prepared By: Ms. Minerva V. Magbitang| Dr. Rosemarie S. Guirre
ISDBS 213

The Database Environment and
Development Process
IS-DBS 213-1
Data processed to be useful
in decision making
INFORMATION
Pattern of geographical buying
habit based on analysis of a
marketing research
ISDBS 213

DB and DBMS
Data processed to be useful
in decision making
DATABASE
collection of data organized in a
manner that allows access, retrieval,
and use of that data
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A SHARED COLLECTION OF RELATED DATA
WHICH WILL BE USED TO SUPPORT THE
ACTIVITIES OF PARTICULAR
ORGANIZATION. DATABASE CAN BE
VIEWED AS A REPOSITORY OF DATA THAT
IS DEFINED ONCE AND THEN IS ACCESSED
BY VARIOUS USERS.
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DATABASE

DB and DBMS
Software system that manages
databases
DBMS (Database Management System)
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users create a computerized database; add, modify
and delete data in the database; sort and retrieve
data from the database; and create forms
and reports from the data in the database.

Database Systems
Collection of electronic data
Central repository of shared
data
Stored in a standardized,
convenient form.
Requires a Database
Management System (DBMS)
ISDBS 213

WHY DBMS?
Security
Can handle many users with
good performance
Allows for concurrency while
keeping data consistent
Protects from disaster
Prepared By: Dr. Rosemarie S. Guirre | IS-DBS 313-1

Database is logical coherent and
internally consistent.
Database is designed, built, and populated with
data for a specific purpose.
ISDBS 213
Database Management System (DBMS) is a
collection of programs that enable users to
create, maintain database and control all the
access to the database. The primary goal of
the DBMS is to provide an environment that
is both convenient and efficient for user to
retrieve and store information.

Data that describes data
METADATA
ISDBS 213
Database Management System (DBMS) is a
collection of programs that enable users to
create, maintain database and control all the
access to the database. The primary goal of
the DBMS is to provide an environment that
is both convenient and efficient for user to
retrieve and store information.

INFORMATION
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METADATA
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pos_id pos_title emp_id pos_hrs_per_week
0001 Instructor MA0001 20
KEYS
emp_id emp_name emp_access emp_phone_num
MA0001 Rose BSIS 999999
MA0002 Ize ACT 888888
MA0003 Minet BSOM 777777
MA0004 Lynzel BSAIS 555555
(PK)
PRIMARY
KEY(PK) and
FOREIGN KEY
are COMMON
ID
EMPLOYEE TABLE
POSITION TABLE
(FK)
(PK)
PK =1
occurrence
while FK may
have multiple
occurence

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP
DIAGRAM
BUILDING BLOCKS
ATTRIBUTES
Object that has some
properties
Connected with a line
to exactly one entity

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP
DIAGRAM
San Miguel
San Rafael
Obando Angat
Bocaue
San Jose
Pandi

ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP
DIAGRAM
TECHVOC
SHS
DEGREE

ACTIVITY
You are given 5 minutes.
Open

DATA APPLICATIONS
Personal DB
standalone desktop
database
Wokgroup DB LAN (<25 users)
Department DB LAN (25-100 users
Enterprise DB WAN (<100 or 1000 users)

DATA MINING
IS-DBS 313-1
Help to find hidden patterns and
relationships in large databases to predict
future behavior
sex
# of section
to open
age
Class size

COMPONENTS OF DB
ENVIRONMENT
UI App Prog
CASE tool
Reposit
ory
Database
DB Admin System Dev

DATA DICTIONARY
Descriptions of the
properties or characteristics
of the data, including data
types, field sizes, allowable
values, and documentation

Information and
Data Models
Information and Data Models
Conceptual/
abstract model
For designers and
operators
Concrete/detailed model for implementors

Application program accesses the data stored in
the database by sending requests to the DBMS.
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Hierarchy of Data
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ADD A SLIDE TITLE - 5
ISDBS 213

The data type specifies the kind of data a
field can contain and how the field is
used. Common data types include:
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• Text
• Currency
• Date
• Memo
• Yes/No
• Hyperlink
• Object
• Attachement

Hierarchy of Data
•Characters
• In the ASCII coding scheme, each byte
represents a single character, which
can be a number (4), letter (R), space,
punctuation mark (?), or other symbol
(&).
ISDBS 213

A field is a combination of
one or more related
characters or bytes and is the
smallest unit of data a user
access.
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A field name uniquely identifies each
field. The field size defines the maximum
number of characters a field can contain.

RECORDS
A record is a group of related
fields.
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For example, a student record
includes a set of fields about
one student.
A primary key is a field that uniquely
identifies each record in a file. In some
tables, the primary key consists of
multiple fields, called a composite key.

A data file is a collection of related records
stored on a storage medium such as a hard
disk or optical disc. A database includes a
group of related data files.

Garbage in, garbage out
is a computing phrase that
points out the accuracy of a
computer’s output depends on
the accuracy of the input.
ISDBS 213

QUALITIES OF VALUABLE INFORMATION
• Accurate information is error free.
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• Verifiable information can be proven as
correct or incorrect.
• Timely information has an age suited to its
use.
• Organized information is arranged to suit
the needs and requirements of the decision
maker.

QUALITIES OF VALUABLE INFORMATION
• Accessible information is available
when the decision maker needs it.
ISDBS 213
• Useful information has meaning to
the person who receives it.
• Cost-effective information should
give more value than it costs to
produce.

ISDBS 213
ACID PROPERTIES OF DATABASE
Atomicity Consistency
Durability
Isolation
in order to ensure accuracy,
completeness, and data integrity.

ISDBS 213
Atomicity
transaction must
be treated as an
atomic unit.
States should be defined either
before the execution of the
transaction or after the
execution/abortion/failure of the
transaction

ISDBS 213
Consistency
the database must remain
in a consistent state after
any transaction
If the database was in a consistent
state before the execution of a
transaction, it must remain consistent
after the execution of the transaction
as well.

ISDBS 213
Isolation
where more than one
transaction are being
executed simultaneously
and in parallel
No transaction will affect the
existence of any other
transaction.

ISDBS 213
DURABILITY
The database should be
durable enough to hold all
its latest updates even if
the system fails or restarts
If a transaction updates a chunk
of data in a database and
commits, then the database will
hold the modified data.

MANUAL VS ELECTRONIC DATABASES:
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND FEATURES
ISDBS 213

A manual
database is one
that is not
computerized – i.e.
not available in
electronic format.
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An electronic database is
one that is computerized,
and can be
accessed/manipulated
using computer
applications.
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ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC
DATABASES OVER MANUAL DATABASES
store very large
amounts of data
allow easy input and
editing of data
enable automatic
updating and recalculating of data
make it easier to
query, search, filter and retrieve required
data.
ISDBS 213

5. format, arrange and
present information in customizable ways.
6. can easily share the
information with other software
applications/programs.
7. allow centralized use
of information amongst many users over a
network and therefore reduce duplication, e.g
in banks.
ISDBS 213

1.Complexity: expect of a good database makes it
complex to set up.
2.Cost of setting up a database: varies significantly,
depending on the hardware, software and
functionality required.
3.The need for conversion & difficult transition:
converting existing applications to run on the new
DBMS and hardware plus the cost of training staff
to use these new systems.
ISDBS 213

4. Performance: Typically, a file-based system is
written for a specific application, such as
invoicing. As a result, performance is generally
very good.
5. Higher impact of a failure: The
centralization of resources increases the
vulnerability of the system.
ISDBS 213

END OF MODULE 1
ISDBS 213

The Database Environment and Development Process

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