Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you: 1.    Use the print screen option on a keyboard or a snipping tool to capture screen shots of your telnet session into the Oracle server. Note: The graphically depicted solution is included in the required page length. 2.    Briefly describe the steps used to log into the Strayer Oracle server. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:          Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.          Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.          Include diagrams or screen shots created through the use of a snipping tool or print screen keyboard option. The completed diagrams / screen shots must be imported into the Word document before the paper is submitted. Running head: Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review 5 Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review Student’s Name: Instructor’s name: Affiliation: Course: Date: Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review Eisend & Möller (2007) believe that media consumption plays a vital role to influence body images and body satisfaction. Television and magazine advertisement with attractive role models will raise comparison standards for physical attractiveness. Prior research on mass media exposure and its effect on body images emphasize on body dissatisfaction and body perception while it fails to integrate beauty-related consumption behavior. Eisend & Möller (2007) provide a cultivation theory that holds that the continued exposure of television t adolescents will have a subtle and cumulative effect to shape views of social reality. Most of the young people consume a lot of television content to define their representations of reality. Television reality contains a lot of distortion and reality, and that leads to heavy consumers of it to form a distorted social perception concerning the world. An increase in television viewing leads one to have biased social perceptions. Other cultivation studies provide evidence that television exposure influences perceptions of consumer reality. Socio-cultural ideals for body appearance illustrate that repeated exposure to media would have an effect on women measure of self-worth. The western culture has recently endorsed thin female body an issue that affects women. Similarly, the ideal male body is a tall, lean, and muscular figure. Granatino & Haytko (2013) finds that girls begin to have a desire to become thin at the age of seven and boys are aware of their body size at the age of nine. Most of the researchers agree that at a young age, both boys and girls are awar.

1. Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you:
1. Use the print screen option on a keyboard or a snipping
tool to capture screen shots of your telnet session into the
Oracle server. Note: The graphically depicted solution is
included in the required page length.
2. Briefly describe the steps used to log into the Strayer
Oracle server.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font
(size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and
references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check
with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the
assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the
course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page
are not included in the required assignment page length.
Include diagrams or screen shots created through the use
of a snipping tool or print screen keyboard option. The
completed diagrams / screen shots must be imported into the
Word document before the paper is submitted.
Running head: Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review
5
Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review
Student’s Name:
Instructor’s name:

2. Affiliation:
Course:
Date:
Assignment 2 Final Project: Literature Review
Eisend & Möller (2007) believe that media consumption plays a
vital role to influence body images and body satisfaction.
Television and magazine advertisement with attractive role
models will raise comparison standards for physical
attractiveness. Prior research on mass media exposure and its
effect on body images emphasize on body dissatisfaction and
body perception while it fails to integrate beauty-related
consumption behavior. Eisend & Möller (2007) provide a
cultivation theory that holds that the continued exposure of
television t adolescents will have a subtle and cumulative effect
to shape views of social reality. Most of the young people
consume a lot of television content to define their
representations of reality. Television reality contains a lot
of distortion and reality, and that leads to heavy consumers of it
to form a distorted social perception concerning the world. An
increase in television viewing leads one to have biased social
perceptions. Other cultivation studies provide evidence that
television exposure influences perceptions of consumer reality.
Socio-cultural ideals for body appearance illustrate that
repeated exposure to media would have an effect on women
measure of self-worth. The western culture has recently
endorsed thin female body an issue that affects women.
Similarly, the ideal male body is a tall, lean, and muscular
figure. Granatino & Haytko (2013) finds that girls begin to

3. have a desire to become thin at the age of seven and boys are
aware of their body size at the age of nine. Most of the
researchers agree that at a young age, both boys and girls are
aware of their body image and self-image becomes stronger as
they grow. Granatino & Haytko (2013) question whether the
desire to become thin affects all adolescents in the same way.
Most of the researchers accuse the media of giving young
consumers unrealistic perception of body image that continues
until they mature. For example, male and female participants
that engage in fashion show have to attain a certain Body Mass
Index. The media depicts thin female models and muscular male
models an image that is hard to attain. While most of the
adolescents that view these images contend that it is hard to
attain the defined shape they still compare with the models, and
that leads them to have low self-esteem and confidence. The
application of perfect role models can lead adolescents to have
low levels of satisfaction with their body image.
According to a recent research conducted to investigate the
effect of women when they model in fashion magazines is that
they have a desire to weigh less and fear being overweight.
Women after viewing models switch to traditional dieting or
engage in harmful weight control practices. A thin-ideal body
image links to women dissatisfaction with their bodies.
Research by Eisend & Moller (2007) says that adolescents
spend close to 17 hours watching television each week. Others
engage in video games, the internet, or watching movies. That
illustrates a swift uptake by adolescents of new forms of media
and unprecedented access and exposure to its content. The male
students attach an importance to the influence of role models
and gender differences, unlike female students. Ample evidence
points that most children and teenagers are unhappy with how
they look. There is a stereotype of body shape where obese, and
overweight body shapes are described in a negative way, unlike
slender body types.
Granatino & Haytko (2013) applies large-scale surveys to
investigate the possible media influences on body image. The

4. correlation findings indicate a significant degree of association
between media exposures and perception of reported behaviors.
Since history, dominant communication projects beauty ideals
while visual art depicts distinct images to denote the epitome of
feminine beauty. The present modern media presents role
models that adolescent tend to emulate. Television, magazine,
and films present realistic representations of role models.
Through computer advanced technology, it is possible to
enhance specific attributes and features of the role models to
create a perfect and unblemished form that appears natural. One
of the psychological mechanisms that underpin mediated
influences on body perceptions is the tendency to make
comparisons between different role models (Eisend & Moller,
2007).
According to Winham & Hampl (2008), the feminist theory
elaborates the perception of women in today’s society. Treating
women as objects makes them have a low self-esteem where
they feel inadequate with their body images. Self-esteem is a
major factor that determines body dissatisfaction in women.
Women through television media are led to believe that their
body image associated with their self-worth. High self-esteem
associated with positive body image and that lead them to
respect their mind and body. Literature that relate to media and
body image finds that media wields significant power to
influence female adolescents since constant bombardment with
thin abnormal images results in an increased dissatisfaction and
disorderly eating among female adolescents. The pervasive
transmission of societal beauty ideal results in the pursuit of
extreme thinness for most of the female adolescents. Similar
research finds that adolescents exposed to ideal body images as
depicted by the media increase body dissatisfaction decreased
self-esteem, and negative mood states. Research literature on
prevention programs designed to change the impact of media on
adolescent body image finds that intervention programs are
luxurious and ineffective.
Winham & Hampl (2008) say that different

5. environmental and cognitive factors can affect human behavior.
As adolescents view role models on the television, they form
beliefs that will affect their future behaviors. The two
researchers have undertaken a study to explore the perceived
influence on television media on feelings concerning clothing
styles, body weight, and eating habits. The influence of
television on adolescent behaviors ranges from physical
inactivity, crime, poor nutrition, and sexual promiscuity. The
young adults that are in the stage of establishing own identity
and development of abstract thoughts can have a lot of
influence from television media since they find it more credible.
People can self-regulate their exposures to television media and
self-reflect on messages they decide to process. Plenty of
distorted television programming that has no relevance to
adolescent social reality will shape their future in a negative
way.
The effects of subtle television are that it denies the
viewer shows that are in tandem with social reality. Since
television programming shapes behaviors, the adolescents can
recognize their peers or other people in terms of television
programming. For example, the youth that do not engage in drug
and substance abuse can start through television depiction of
these activities. Television faults when it promotes unrealistic
body images and contributes to the development of eating
disorders. The thin body depicted by the media associated with
body dissatisfaction and low self-worth especially on the
women. A meta-analysis of media and effects of body image
suggests that images of thin women can also increase the
satisfaction of respondents with their bodies. It is clear that
television role models and characters mark a contrast when it
comes to body weight. Research shows of a cognitive
disjunction between television and social reality. The constant
depiction of thin women and physically fit men will foster the
development of eating disorders, the use of steroids, or other
unhealthy interventions among the adolescents. One can
perceive the television realities as fictional as cartoons.

6. References
Eisend, M., & Möller, J. (2007). The influence of TV viewing
on consumers' body images and related consumption behavior.
Marketing Letters, 18(1-2), 101-116.
Granatino, R., & Haytko, D. L. (2013). Body image, confidence,
and media influence: A study of middle school adolescents.
Journal of Applied Business Research, 29(1), 45.
Winham, D., & Hampl, J. S. (2008). Adolescents report
television characters do not influence their self-perceptions of
body image, weight, clothing choices or food habits. Young
Consumers, 9(2), 121-130.
Running head: MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE
1
MEDIA INFLUENCE ON BODY IMAGE
5
Media Influence on Body Image
Michele Jackson
Argosy University
Final Project: Early Methods Section
1. What is your research question?
Does Reality TV influence perceive body image in the
adolescent child?
2. What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null
hypothesis?
H0: Reality TV does not influence perceived body image in the
adolescent child

7. H1: Reality TV does influence perceived body image in the
adolescent child
3. Participants
To qualify as a participant in the study the age should range
from eight years to sixteen years. Culturally, the study will use
African American, Caucasian, and other racial backgrounds.
The study intends to use adolescents from the same socio-
economic levels to attain reliability and validity with the
current data analysis and collection for the study. The
researchers will use an audit trail and reflective journal to
achieve a high degree of dependability.
4. Sampling technique
We will use a purposeful sample with the adequate number of
adolescents to facilitate efficient and effective saturation of
categories. Any negative case enhances validity since it
demonstrates that the aspects of the analysis are less than
obvious. To improve transferability in the study we will use
moderate populated schools in the samples that attract
adolescents from multiple cultures, histories, and comparable
socio-economic levels across the city.
5. What are the variables in your study?
Demographic data, race, body dissatisfaction, body image,
ethnic background, socioeconomic status, media pressure,
awareness, self-confidence, and internalization
6. Provide operational definitions for each variable.
The race will mention the cultural background of each
participant. The awareness of body image and self-image begins
to form at a young age. It is not clear whether the desire or

8. pressure to become thin affects all adolescents equally. At the
age of six, girls desire a thin body and use some types of diet to
obtain low weight and thin body. Girls spend a lot of time
watching television or magazines to focus on the appearance
and use thin models.
Ethnically African Americans are not influenced by the media.
A majority of Caucasian participants indicate a desire to look
like the thin models shown in advertisements.
The media pressure will present one’s effect of media portrayal.
There seems to be a consensus that the mass media does tend to
influence one's perception of body image. Exposure of
commercials that use thin models leads to higher levels of
dissatisfaction with overall body image.
7. Measuring of variables
The researchers will use a Body Dissatisfaction Subscale of the
Eating Disorder Inventory to measure specific bodies such as
waist and thighs. Additionally, A Multidimensional Media
Influence Scale (MMIS) will measure five dimensions of media
influence that include awareness of media thin ideal, media
publicized ideas, the importance assigned to media information,
tendency to compare one body image, and perception of the
media to emulate look as depicted by models. The MMIS scale
five subscales with four items per subscale. We will increase
the font size so that the low graders can view them properly to
avoid confusion. We will conduct measures of internal
consistency to examine the reliability of three subscales. We
will conduct a series of Pearson product-moment correlations to
examine the relationship between subscales of MMIS and body
dissatisfaction as measured by the EDI-BD. Next, our team of
researchers will conduct multiple regression analysis with
subscales of MMIS as the predictors and body dissatisfaction of
the criterion measure.

9. 8. Technique for data collection
To gain insight into the influence of the media on different
cultural groups, it is crucial to apply an open-ended survey
distributed to the adolescents. An open-ended survey consists
three cultural aggregations: Caucasian, African American, and
Hispanic. The questions in the survey dwell on media influence
on body image, effects of the community, and self-confidence.
Each of the surveys has cultural categories, and the student
could have either influence by the media or no influence by the
media. Students between age eleven and sixteen filled out
questionnaire forms that contain demographic data, survey on
media exposure (Granatino & Haytko, 2013).
The researchers will apply a six-step approach to data analysis
that includes:
(a) Familiarizing with the data
(b) Generating initial codes
(c) Searching for themes
(d) Reviewing Themes
(e) Defining and naming themes
(f) Producing the report
9. Research design used
The study will apply a humanist interpretative point of view to
offer a perception that social reality is a world of ideas and
meanings where it will exist independent of human subjects that
create and interpret meaning. Participants in this study should
be active creators of realities to uncover meanings. With the
particular design, it is impossible to separate Inquirer from the

10. inquired. The researchers will use a semi-structured focus group
to elicit and validate the collective responses of the students.
We will apply a qualitative methodology to match with the
research question. Qualitative methods deem appropriate as this
design provides an opportunity for the adolescents to express
their views and experiences about the concepts.
10. Procedure to conduct the research
Children whose parents or guardians consented to their
participation have to complete a questionnaire packet during the
regular school hours in the classroom setting (Cusumano, 2001).
Researchers will begin each session by assisting participants to
complete the demographic sheet and media survey
It is imperative that we immerse ourselves with the data to a
point that we are familiar with the breadth of the content. Next,
we will code the data line by line to search for meanings and
ideas, the general pattern of understanding, as categories of
analysis emerge. We will ask the students questions concerning
their psychological wellness and categories that relate to body
image. In this study, we should determine that the adolescents
views and concepts of psychological wellness and healthy body;
as the body (Spurr, Berry, & Walker, 2013). Next, we will
search for themes and consider how different codes combine to
establish an overarching theme. After completing the forms,
researchers will discuss with the participants concerning
construct of body image and media’s effect and its development.
11. Ethical issues
Some of the ethical issues that arise in the study are the
classification of students in accordance with race. Some parents
may feel that it is wrong to classify their children based on
racial backgrounds (Cusumano, 2001). All researchers in the
study should confirm throughout the analysis that ideas
emerging remain consistent with new data. It is the duty of

11. every researcher to check and recheck the consistency of the
coding system with no cognitive leaps. In the place, as
researchers in this study we will use the help of external
professional researchers to provide an additional perspective
and ensure that findings depict a credible interpretation.
To proceed with the study, we would have to receive ethical
approval from the University Ethics Committee, permission
from the head of education in the school district, and principals
from schools in the area. We would have to gain consent as well
from parents and teachers of the students by informing those
involved with the purpose and procedures of the study, and an
explanation of different groups. All participants would have to
fill out consent forms with signatures from parents or guardians
allowing them to participate in this study. Other ethical issues
that might arise from this form of data collection would be
compromising the results of the survey, and confidentiality; it is
essential to maintain the participants personal information
remains confidential at all times
Conclusion
•
Females are more likely than males to report influence on media
images
•
It is important to encourage adolescents to use education to
appraise media images
•
The impact of media on cross-cultural differences, ethnic
identity, and acculturation need substantial clarification.
References
Cusumano, D. K. (2001). Media influence and body image in 8-
11-year-old boys and girls: a preliminary report on the

12. multidimensional media influence scale. International journal of
eating disorders, 29(1), 37-44.
Derenne, J. L., & Beresin, E. V. (2006). Body image, media,
and eating disorders. Academic Psychiatry, 30(3), 257-61.
Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/196508089?accountid=3489
9
Eisend, M., & Möller, J. (2007). The influence of TV viewing
on consumers' body images and related consumption behavior.
Marketing Letters, 18(1-2), 101-116.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-9004-8
Granatino, R., & Haytko, D. L. (2013). Body image, confidence,
and media influence: A study of middle school adolescents.
Journal of applied Business Research, 29(1), 45. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1426770036?accountid=348
99
Lawrie, Z., Sullivan, E. A., Davies, P. W., & Hill, R. J. (2006).
Media influence on the body image of children and adolescents.
Eating Disorders,14(5), 355-364.
López-Guimerà, G., Levine, M., Sánchez-Carracedo, D., &
Fauquet, J. (2010). Influence of mass media on body image and
eating disordered attitudes and behaviors in females: A review
of effects and processes. Media Psychology,387-416.
doi:1060153269-2010.525737
Strasburger, V. C., M.D. (1985). Television and adolescents.
Pediatric Annals, 14(12), 814-815,818-820. Retrieved from
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99
Spurr, S., Berry, L., & Walker, K. (2013). Exploring adolescent
views of body image: the influence of media. Issues in
Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing,36(1/2), 17-36.

13. doi:10.3109/01460862.2013.776145
Tiggemann, M. (2005). Television and adolescent body image:
the role of program content and viewing motivation. Journal of
Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(3), 361-381. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/224841497?accountid=3489
9
Winham, D., & Hampl, J. S. (2008). Adolescents report
television characters do not influence their self-perceptions of
body image, weight, clothing choices or food habits. Young
Consumers, 9(2), 121-130.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17473610810879693