First paper unit 4

1
ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutf
 dflg; zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?if x'G5g eg]+ ;fdflhs cfwf/n] n}+lus cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 .
n}+lus ljZn]if0fsf nflu zlQm ;DaGwdf 1fg x'g' cfjZos dflgG5 . o;df ;dfhn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] e"ldsf /
lhDd]jf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] zlQm;+usf] ;DjGw lgwf{l/t x'G5 .
Power= Right, Responsibility and Result
 lasf;sf ljljw cfofd / /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs, ;f+:s[lts h:tf If]qx? tyf Jojfxf/df
dlxnf / k'?ifjLr /x]sf] c;dfg cj:yf g} n}+lus vf8n xf] .
 Gender Gap, Gender discrimination / Subordinate role in the society g} Gender Issue x'g .
dlxnf lasf;sf] cjwf/0ff
 ;g !(!) df k'?if ;/x dlxnfsf] klg /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs h:tf clwsf/sf] nfuL rLg,
a|flhn / cd]l/sf nufotsf b]zsf dlxnfn] p7fPsf] cfjfhnfO{ ;g !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] 3f]if0ffkq /
dlxnfsf] d'2fnfO{ Address ug{ UNO df ;ldltsf] u7gkl5 sfg'gL dfGotf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
 ;g !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjJoflk 3f]if0ffn] dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg ?kdf clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] 5 .
 ;g !(%) b]vL !(&) ;Dd g} sNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf Women in Development (WID) Approach
 ;g !(&) b]vL !(() ;Dd Women and Development (WAD) Approach
 ;g !(() kl5 Empowerment sf] dfGotf x'Fb} Gender and Development (GAD)
 clxn] n}+lus ljsf;sf s'/f ubf{ Right based Approach cuf8L cfPsf] 5 .
 Right as citizen
 Right to Health
 Right to Education
 Right to Employment
dlxnf ljsf; tyf ;zlQms/0f ;DjGwdf g]kfnsf k|of;x?
1. dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw (CEDAW), !(&( sf] ;g !((! df cg'df]bg . National
Action Plan tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog eO{/x]sf] .
2. a]O{lh+u ;Dd]ngn] kfl/t u/]sf] dlxnf ljsf; / ;zlQms/0fsf !@ j6f ljifodf k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] 5 .
3. cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
s_ wf/f !#M ;dfgtfsf] xs .
v_ wf/f @)M dlxnf ;DaGwL xs .
 dlxnf ePs} sf/0f s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj gul/g] .

2
 dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg ;DjGwL xs .
 dlxnfdfly ul/g] lx+;f sfg'g4f/f b08gLo x'g] .
 k}t[s ;DklQdf ;dfg xs x'g] .
u_ wf/f @!M ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
 ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] .
3_ wf/f ## -3_M dlxnfsf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj
 3 -!_M d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgf Pj+ c+udf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf cfwf/df
;xefuL u/fpg] .
8)_ wf/f *M cfdfsf] gfdaf6 klg gful/stf kfpg] .
4. lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(M ## k|ltzt dlxnf cf/If0f .
5. @)^# h]7 $ ut]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffn] /fHosf ;j} c+udf ## k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ .
6. /fHosf ;j} ;+/rgf / k|s[ofdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] nflu dlGqkl/ifbn] u/]sf] lg0f{o @)^$
7. cfjlws of]hgfdf dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu ePsf k|of;x?
8. ah]6 jStJodf ePsf Aoj:yf
9. :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% df slDtdf $) k|ltzt dlxnf kl/ifbdf x'g'kg]{ .
10. n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ jg]sf] P]g, @)^$
11. /fli6o dlxnf cfof]u u7g ug{ ag]sf] P]g, @)^#
12. dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf];f/ k|;f/ -lgoGq0f_ ;DjGwdf ag]sf] P]g, @)^
13. dlxnf tyf jfn clwsf/ d"nk|jfxLs/0f lgb]{lzsf @)^$
14. :yfgLo lgsfo n}+lus ah]6 k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^$
15. n}+lus ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;ldlt, @)^^
;+:yfut Joj:yf
1. dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
2. dlxnf ljsf; ljefu / dlxnf ljsf; sfof{nox?
3. /fli6o dlxnf cfof]u
4. /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]udf dlxnf ;b:o x'g] Aoj:yf
5. ljleGg NGOs / INGOs
6. ;j} dGqfnodf dlxnf ;Dks{ laGb'sf] Aoj:yf
7. Gender Responsive budget committee
 HDI )=%)( /x]sf]df GDI )=$(( / GEM )=$(^ 5 .

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CEDAW n] lgDg Issues df hf]8 lbPsf] 5M
I. Gender Discrimination
II. Gender Empowerment
III. Gender Mainstreaming
IV. Gender Equality
;d:ofx?
1. Reminisation of Poverty
 dlxnfdfly ul/aLsf] ef/ 5 .
 ljsf;n] 3/sf] ul/aL 36fof] . t/ dlxnfsf] sfd a9fof] .
2. lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnddf c;dfg / ckof{Kt kx'Fr . -uf]/vfdf &)) hgfnfO{ sewing training lbO{of] t/
!@ hgfn] dfq /f]huf/L kfP ._

4
lbuf] ljsf; / kof{j/0f
lbuf] ljsf;M hg;+Vof, ljsf; / jftfj/0fjLrsf] ;Gt'ng .
;du|df lbuf] ljsf;n]M
 Politically- Empowerment
 Economically- Growth
 Socially- Equity
 Culturally- Integration
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf rfn]sf sbdx?
 ;+ljwfg, gLltx? dfkm{t lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] .
 5}7f}+ of]hgfn] jftfj/0f / e" pkof]u gLlt lnPsf] .
 ;ftf}+ of]hgfn] jftfj/0f d"Nof+sg gLlt lnPsf] .
 cf7f}+ of]hgfn] lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg gLlt lnPsf] .
 gjf}+ of]hgfn] pRr lbuf] / ul/jL lgjf/0f pGd"v cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] .
 bzf}+ of]hgf / cGo lqjifL{o of]hgfdf ;d]t lbuf] ljsf;df hf]8 .
sfof{Gjog kIf
 @)$& df k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/If0f kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf .
 @)%) df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f kl/ifb :yfkgf .
 @)%@ df jftfj/0f dGqfno .
 @)%# df jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ df lgodfjnL .
 EIA / IEE ug]{ ul/Psf] .
 ljleGg ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yf 5 .
lbuf] ljsf;sf ;d:ofx?
 5l/Psf gLlt eP, ;dGjo sl7g eof] .
 gLltx? l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g x'Fbf jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgfdf ;d:of cfof] .
 hg;xeflutf / ;'zf;gsf] sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg 5 .
 cfly{s c;dfgtf sfod} 5 .
 ;dGjo sdhf]/ eof] . cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sdhf]/ 5 . ljsf;df ljj]szLntf ePg .
ljsf;M
 df}lns x'g'k5{ .
 cfTdlge{/ x'g' kb{5 .
 Need based x'g'kb{5 .
 jftfj/0f d}qL x'g'kb{5 .
 kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf]
x'g'kb{5 .
 ;dfj]zL / ;Gt'lnt x'g'k5{ .

5
 hg;+Vof, jftfj/0f / ljsf;jLr ;DaGw /fd|f] x'g ;s]g .
 ul/jL a9of], j]/f]huf/L a9of], hgr]tgf / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:of cfof] / lbuf]kgf ePg .
 jftfj/0fLo lzIff k|efjsf/L ePg .
 s[lifdf cToflws lge{/tfn] h+un dfl;of] .
k|efjx?M
 jftfj/0f df}lns ?kdf /x]g .
 c;dfgtf 5fof] .
 jg ljgf; eof] .
 pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfof] .
 ul/jL a9b} uof] .
 a]/f]huf/L a9of] .
 Pollution
 Global warming, Climate change
ca s] ug]{ t<
 ;fgf tyf :yfgLo k|ljlwo'Qm cfof]hgfdf hf]8 lbg] .
 hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
 ul/jL lgjf/0fsf sbd rfNg] .
 r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ .
 Organic farming
 k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nof+sg .
 zx/L Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 .
 Labor Intensive k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf .
 Polluter should pay sf] gLlt lng] .
 ;'Jojl:yt cf}Bf]uLs/0f .

6
ul/jL lgjf/0f
 dfgjf]lrt hLjg ofkg ug{ g;Sg], Go"gtd ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt, k|lt AolQm b}lgs Ps 8n/ eGbf sd cfo
ePsf] cj:yf g} ul/jL xf] .
 Resource, Capability / Attitude df ul/jL eP kl5 ;dli6df ul/jL b]vf kb{5 .
 Ifdtf eP/ klg cj;/ ePg eg]+ ul/jL a9b} hfG5 .
 cfly{s ul/jL eGbf dfgjLo ul/jL xflgsf/s x'G5 .
 cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts If]qdf kx'Fr, cj;/ / ;xeflutf Go"g eO{ cfo cfh{g, /f]huf/L /
pTkfbgzLntfsf] sdLn] hLjg lgjf{xdf sl7gfO{ /x]sf] cj:yf g} ul/jL xf] .
ul/jLsf ;"rsx?
 Health
 Education
 Employment
 Basic needs
 Calories
ul/jL x]/fO{, ef]ufO{ / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ km/s x'G5 .
ul/jLsf] jlu{s/0f
I. cfo ul/jLM Go"g pTkfbg, Go"g /f]huf/L, Go"g cfo:t/ .
II. dfgjLo ul/jLM lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, plrt jftfj/0fsf] sdL .
III. ;fdflhs jl~rlts/0fM ;fdflhs lje]b, ljs[lt / cj;/sf] sdL .
ul/jLsf sf/0fx?
1. Trickle down effect of development
 sfo{qmddf Ownership ePg
 Stakeholder sf] ;xeflutf a9]g .
2. pTkfbgzLn ;fwg ;|f]tdf ul/jsf] kx'Fr ePg
 ^# k|ltzt u/Lj;+u !& k|ltzt hldg
 ( k|ltzt wgL;+u $& k|ltzt hldg
3. nlIft sfo{qmd elIft ju{df uof] .
4. ljsf; lj/f]wL ;+:sf/n] ljsf; afws eof] .

7
5. lghL If]qsf ultljlw zx/ s]lGb|t eP .
6. cfTdljZjf;sf] sdL, k/lge{/ k|j[lQ 5 .
7. u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ePg .
8. b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4 Go"g 5 .
9. dfgj ljsf;sf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 .
10. ;fdflhs lje]b 5 .
11. cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] cefjdf /f]huf/L a9]g .
12. jl~rlts/0fsf] k|efj a9L 5 .
13. Poverty Mapping ePg .
14. 4Gbsf] k|efj ul/jLdf k/of] .
15. cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg cf}krfl/s dfq eof] .
16. ul/jLsf sf/0f klxNofpg'eGbf nIf0fdf dfq ;'wf/ ug{ vf]lhof] .
17. ul/jx?sf] Culture, habit, value / attitude :jo+df ;d:of 5 .
18. ;zlQms/0feGbf Welfare df hf]8 lbO{+bf enabling geO{ feeding kIf xfjL x'b} uof] .
19. ;'zf;g sdhf]/ eof], e|i6fr/ a9of] .
20. /fhg}lts cl:y/tf ;d]t ul/jL a9fpg ;xof]uL eof] .
ul/jL lgjf/0fsf pkfox?
1. ul/jLsf sf/0f klxrfg ug]{ .
2. ul/jLsf dfkb08 tof/ ug]{ .
3. cfo j[l4d"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ .
4. ul/jLsf] ;3gtf ePsf] 7fpFdf sfo{qmd ug]{ .
5. Feeding approach eGbf Enabling Approach df hf]8 lbg] .
6. Need based sfo{qmd Nofpg] .
7. lasf;sf cGo ;fem]bf/ ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf ul/jL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ .
8. efUojfbL ;f]rdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] .
9. :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg / sfg'gL ?kdf ;Ifd kfg]{ .
10. cg'udg / d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .
g]kfndf ul/jL lgjf/0fsf ;Gbe{df ul/Psf k|of;x?
1. ljt/0fd'vL Joj:yf
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf, vfgf sfo{qmd

8
2. ;fdflhs kl/rfng sfo{qmd
:yfgLo :jzf;g sfo{qmd, dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;fd"bflos ljsf; .
3. ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL sfo{qmd
blnt, dlxnf, kL5l8Psf] ju{, ckf+u pTyfg sfo{qmdx? .
4. nlIft sfo{qmd
b"u{d If]q ljsf;, s0ff{nL If]q ljsf;, ul/j;+u ljZj]Zj/ .
5. dfgj ljsf; sfo{qmd
lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / /f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd .
6. n3' shf{ sfo{qmd
;fgf ls;fg ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;xsf/L a}+s .
7. ljz]if sfo{qmd
ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]if, dlxnf hfu[lt sfo{qmd, o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd .
8. hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd .
9. Dynamic Approach
MDG ;+u ljsf;sf sfo{qmd cfj4 ul/Psf 5g .
NPC sf cg';f/ ul/jL @%=$ k|ltztdf emg'{sf sf/0fM
 ljk|]if0f cfo
 Hofnfb/df j[l4
 zx/Ls/0f
 ;fIf/tfdf j[l4
 Jofj;flos t/sf/L v]tL .
ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu,
 cfly{s j[l4b/ %=% k|ltzt
 nufgL @%=% k|ltzt
 /f]huf/L j[l4 #=^ k|ltzt
 d'b|f:kmLlt & k|ltzt k'/ofpg] nIo 5 .
ul/jL Go"lgs/0f ah]6M $^=*^ k|ltzt k|ToIf, %#=!$ k|ltzt ck|ToIf .
;+:yfut Joj:yf
 ul/jL lgjf/0f cfof]u
 ul/jL lgjf/0f sf]if
 ul/jL cg'udg k|0ffnL
 o'jf :j/f]huf/ sf]if .
g]kfndf
 ul/jLsf] ;3gtfM @=!@
 ul/jLsf] ljifdtf ^=!)
 ul/jLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf]
hg;+VofM @%=$
 k|ltAolQm cfoM $&@ 8n/
 Gini CoefficientM )=$^

9
cfly{s pbfl/s/0f
";/sf/sf] :jfldTjeGbf lghL :jfldTj >]i7 x'G5" .
 cy{Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L x:tIf]ksf] cGTo x'g' g} cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f xf] .
 cfly{s sf/f]jf/df ;/sf/sf] ;s];Dd sd x:tIf]k x'g'k5{ . jhf/af6} cfly{s lg0f{o x'g lbg'k5{ . JolQmut
;DklQ / cfly{s :jtGqtf s'l07t x'g lbg' x'b}g eGg] dfGotf g} pbf/Ls/0f xf] .
 cy{tGqnfO{ ;/sf/L lgoGq0f tyf lgb]{zgaf6 d'Qm ug'{ / lghL If]qnfO{ k|j4{g ug'{ g} cfly{s pbfl/s/0f xf] .
pbf/Ls/0f leqM
I. ;/sf/n] cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg cgfjZos x:tIf]k gug]{ . Deregulation/ Decontrol
II. ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf 36fpg] . Privatization
III. a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No, ljlgdo b/, Jofhb/, tna h:tf s'/fdf Market Mechanism nfO{ :jfoQtf
lbg] .
IV. International Trade df a:t' tyf ;]jfsf] v'nf cfjthfjt x'g lbg] .
V. ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] dfqf 36fpb} hfg] .
g]kfndf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|of;
I. ;+j}wflgs k|ltj4tf 5 .
 lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] .
 a}b]lzs k"FhL Pj+ k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ .
 cfly{s pknAwLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
II. pbf/, v'nf / ahf/d"vL cfly{s gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ .
III. sfo{ut Joj:yf
 jfl0fHo j}+s / ljQ sDkgL kof{Kt v'n]sf 5g .
 Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f jhf/n] u5{ .
 s]xL ;+:yfg lghLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
 OGL (Open General License) nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .
 j}b]lzs d'b|fdf j}+s vftf vf]Ng;Sg] k|fjwfg 5 .
IV. If]qut k|of;
1. Industrial Sector
 lghLs/0f
 ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg

10
 lghL nufgLdf hf]8
2. Trade and Foreign Exchange
 OGL nfu"
 rfn' vftfnfO{ kl/aTo{ agfO{Psf] 5 .
 s/ / eG;f/sf b/ 36fpg] gLlt 5 .
3. Finance and Monetary
 ljQLo ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf
 ahf/n] g} Jofh tyf shf{b/ tf]Sg] .
4. Fiscal & PEs
 eG;f/ b/ 36fpg]
 ljb]zL nufgL a9fpg]
 ;+:yfgdf ;/sf/L nufgL sd ug]{
cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf k|efjx?
;sf/fTds k|efj
1. lghL nufgL a9of] .
2. j}ls+u If]qx?sf] la:tf/ eof] .
3. a}b]lzs Jofkf/dflysf] kx'Fr ;xh eof] .
4. Multinational Companies cfP .
5. ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ a9of] .
6. a}b]lzs nufgL a9of] .
7. Industry culture, business culture lelqof]
8. Public Sector df Reform nfO{ cfTd;ft ul/of] .
9. ;/sf/n] Redistributive role dfkm{t Safety net l;h{gf ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/of] .
10. Comparative Advantage Area klxrfg u/L a}slNks Jofkf/ a9fpg k|]l/t u/of] .
11. Service Sector sf] lj:tf/ eof] .
12. a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df j[l4 eof] .
13. s]xL dfqfdf /f]huf/L a9of] .
14. ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rlt j9fof] .

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gsf/fTds k|efj
1. Povrty gap a9fof] .
2. pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f ePg . Syndicate, carteling af6 .
3. c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ a9of] .
4. cfoft a9of], lgof{t a9]g . (BOP df c;Gt'ng_
5. pBf]ux? k|lt:kwL{ x'g ;s]gg . ?U0f eP .
6. a}b]lzs nufgL / ljk|]if0f pkef]usf If]qdf a9L cfslif{t eof] .
7. s[lifdf cg'bfg s6f}ltsf] c;/ pTkfbgdf k/of] . vfBfGg ;d:of .
8. lghLs/0f k|efjsf/L ePg .
9. k/lge{/tf emg emg a9b} uPsf] 5 .
10. v'nf ;Ldfgfn] ljs[lt Nofof] .
11. lghL If]qsf] kof{Kt ljsf; x'g ;s]g .
12. pbf/Ls/0fsf kmfO{bf lng ;Sg] u/L ;+:yfut, zf;sLo / dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf ;Ifd gx'gfn] sf}jfnfO{
j]n eof] .

12
;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q
 ;/sf/n] ug{ ;Sg] sfd
 ;/sf/n] ug'[kg]{ sfd
"Blending of threat power, economic power and social power for the perfection of peoples' satisfaction."
 Pre Generation - till 1855
Jofkf/jfbdf hf]8
 First Generation (1855- 1910)
- Laissez faire economy
 Second Generation (1910- 1979)
- Era of Public Administration Theory, ;/sf/ / k|zf;gsf] Aofks km}nfj6 .
ljsf; k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ eof] . (Welfare State)
 Third Generation (1970- 1980)
- ;/sf/sf] strength / scope jLr tfnd]n ug{ ;lsPg . Strength a9L 5 eg]+ Scope
a9fpg ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] km}nfj6 ;+s'rg tkm{ .
 Fourth Generation (1980- 1995)
- State/ Public Administration sf] e"ldsfnfO{ Jofks s6f}lt . NPM
 Fifth Generation (1995 - till)
- ca State sf] Role Re-define ug'{kg]{ dfGotf lnPsf] 5 . NPS
 "Role of the state is never terminated but it is transformed."
 Private sector profit centric x'g], scope limited x'g] / state ;+u legitimacy, uniformity / coercive
power ;d]t x'g] ePsfn] ljt/0ffTds Gofo sfod /fVg ;d]t /fHosf] e"ldsf a9fpg' kb{5 eGg] k/Dk/fut
wf/0ff .
 /fHosf] Jofks e"ldsf / sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/sf] cg'kftdf ;fwg ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng x'g ;s]g . To;}n]
/fHosf] e"ldsf 36fpb} gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf a9fpg' kb{5 eGg] cfw'lgs wf/0ff .
 Role of the state cannot be predicted. lsgsL /fHo hg rfxgf / cfsf+Iff cg';f/ rNg'k5{ . hgrfxgf /
;Gt'li6sf] sf/s tTjdf x'g] km]/abn;+u} /fHosf] e"ldsf lgb]{lzt x'G5 .
 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g] eGg] s'/f ;fdfGotof oL s'/fx?n] lgwf{/0f ub{5g .
1. hgtfsf] r]tgf, cfsf+Iff / rfxgf
2. /fHosf] ;Ifdtf
3. zf;g k|0ffnL
4. ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] pkl:ylt / ltgsf] Ifdtf

13
5. Economy sf] focus
 urban based- Role sd
 Rural based- Role a9L
6. ljZjJoflk d'2fx?M Goobalization, Localization, Climate change
7. k|zf;sLo k|0ffnLM Efficient ePg eg]+ Private sector sf] Role a95 .
8. Contingency manage ug'{k/]df .
9. k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf
10. ;Qf;Lg bnsf] b[li6sf]0f .
abln+bf] kl/j]zdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf
 ;/sf/sf] cf}lrTo jf e"ldsfnfO{ slxNo} klg lgif]w ug{ ;lsb}g .
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Joj:yfkg / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f g} ;/sf/sf] efjL sfo{lbzf x'g'kb{5 .
 ;/sf/sf] Role Flexible x'g'kb{5 .
 ;/sf/n] h'g, h'g sfd ug'{k5{ / u/f]; eGg] hgtfsf] O{R5f x'G5, tL ;a} sfd ;/sf/n] ug'{kb{5 .
World Development Report 1997 sf cg';f/M
o gful/s :jfldTj a9fpg] Ownership
o ;dtf k|j4{g ug]{ Equity
o hjfkmb]xL / kf/blz{tf Accountability
o sfo{s'zntf a9fpg] Efficiency
c;|km 3fgLsf cg';f/M
 Rule of law
 Legitimate violence
 Human capacity enhancement
 Effective public borrowing
 Public purse management
 Effective Accountability
 Market management
 Addressing citizens through policies.
z"qdfM RAM HELP ME

14
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df,
I. lj=;+= @)$^ cuf8L
 rf}tkmL{ e"ldsf, ;j} cfofd / kIfdf ;/sf/ .
II. @)$^ b]vL @)^# ;Dd
 Role limit tkm{ pGd"v .
 NGOs, Private sector, Civil Society sf] e"ldsf a9of] .
III. @)^# b]vL xfn;Dd
 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf ck|Toflzt a9of] .
 df}lns xs / /fHosf] bfloTj ylkg'sf] cy{ ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf a9g' xf] .
 Access, Empowerment, Justice tkm{ s]lGb|t .
 clxn] gful/s ljZjf;, ;Gt'li6 a9fpg'kg]{ dfGotf, NPS af6 Guided 5 .
ca stf<M 3fgLsf cg';f/ ug]{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf gLltx?
 cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f
 ul/jL lgjf/0f
 ;fdflhs Gofo
 k|fs[lts / cGo ;|f]tsf] s'zn Pj+ bLuf] Joj:yfkg
 dlxnf ;zlQms/0f
 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
 cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ?kn] lk5l8Psf ju{sf] pTyfg
 b"u{d If]qsf] ljsf; Pj+ ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;
 ;'zf;g .
;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/n] ;/sf/L vr{df j[l4 u/fp+5 .
;/sf/sf] Ifdtf k'gk{l/efiffsf] cy{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf ;'b[l9s/0f klg xf] .

15
nf]stGq / ;dfj]lzs/0f
nf]stGq
- Inclusive Democracy, Direct Democracy,
 hgtfsf] zf;g
 ;a}sf] ;dfg clwsf/ ePsf] zf;g Aoj:yf
 zf;gsf ;a} k|s[ofdf hg;xeflutf x'g] Aoj:yf
 lg0f{o ug]{ / lgoGq0f ug]{ clwsf/ hgtfdf ePsf] Joj:yf .
 ljZjsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 zf;g Joj:yf .
;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k|ltlglwTj =Representative Democracy
nf]stGqsf tTjx? . ;"rsx?
1. dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
 Solidarity, Peace / Development sf nflu ;a} clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt
 Civil- Political Rights
 Social- Economic Rights
 Development rights
 Human Rights_ ;+ljwfgdf gk/]sf, International obligation n] l;h{gf u/]sf clwsf/ .
 Fundamental Rights- ;+ljwfgn] g} k|Tofe"t u/]sf, xgg ePdf sfg'gL pkrf/ kfpg] .
 xfd|f]df df}lns xs cfn+sfl/s eP . a9L nf]stflGqs b]lvg, cGt/f{li6o k|ltj4tfnfO{ Align
u/]sf] b]vfpg .
 dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;fk]If ?kdf a'emg' k5{ . Go"gtd dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'kb{5 / o;sf
nflu /fHosf] ;Ifdtf a9fpg' k5{ .
2. cfalws lgjf{rg
 Free, Fair and Periodic x'g'k5{ .
3. Rule of Law
 sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf x'g'k5{ .
 sfg'g tsf]{lrt, Gofof]lrt / ;fGble{s x'g' kb{5 .
4. zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0fdf hf]8
5. pQ/bfoL ;/sf/
6. Open culture, access in information

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7. k|lt:kwL{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL -bnsf] cfGtl/s nf]stflGqs/0f ;d]t_
8. :jtGq Gofokflnsf
9. Accountability
10. ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
;dfj]zLs/0f
 ;fd]nL /fHo k|0ffnLsf "^ ; " cjwf/0ffsf] cjnDjg u/L "% k" sf] k|Tofe"t ub}{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug]{ .
o "^ ; "
 ;DklQ / hldgdflysf] clwsf/
 zf;gdf ;xeflutf
 ;dfg'kflts sf]6f
 ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
 ;xdtLo zf;g k|0ffnL
 ;+3Lotf
o "% k"
 kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj, klxrfg, kl/0ffd, k|efj .
o d"n k|jfxLs/0f
 ;dfhsf cNk;+Vos, jlx:s/0fdf k/]sf / kfl/Psf ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{
cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf cfPsf] .
 zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;xeflutf a9fpg]
 clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{
 ckgTj a9fpg] .
;dfj]zLs/0fdf,
1. cfn+sfl/s ;dfj]zLs/0f
 ;xeflutfsf] nflu cfdGq0f ug]{ .
2. Affirmative Action
 gLlt /0fgLltdf Joj:yf ub{5 .
 ;zlQms/0f, Ifdtf clej[l4sf] sfo{qmd dfkm{t Encourage ub{5 .
3. Positive Discrimination
 ;dfgtfdf gk'u'~h]n ;Ddsf nflu ljz]if ;+/If0f .
 Exclusion df k/]sfnfO{ lje]bk"0f{ gLlt, sfo{qmd dfkm{t kl/0ffddf ;dfgtf Nofpg] .

17
 o;sf nflu,
 k|fyldsLs/0f
 nlIft sfo{qmd
 sf]6f lgwf{/0f
 ;x'lnot
 cg'bfg .
;dfj]zLs/0f gx'g'sf sf/0fx? . ug'{kgf{sf sf/0f
 Absence of Representation
 Backwardness
 Colonization
 Displacement, Discrimination, Domination
 Exploitation of Natural Resources, Excluded
 Few land and property
 Gap from other people
 M- Marginalised
 P- Powerless
;dfj]zLs/0fn] efjL k|zf;gdf kfg]{ k|efj
;sf/fTds k|efj
 ;+/rgfdf k|efj kfb{5, ;dfj]zL x'G5 . -;j} hftsf] km'naf/L_
 ;]jf k|jfxdfM k|ltlglwTjn] ;Gt'li6 a9fpg] ePsfn] .
 ckgTjsf] efjgf lj:tf/M Credibility a95 .
 /fli6o Pstf / cv08tf a9fpF5 .
gsf/fTds k|efj
 Meritocracy df
 Elite capture
 csf]{ ju{ hGdg] 8/
 Inferiority Complexity
 Brain drain
 sltko cj:yfdf pDd]bjf/ g} gkfO{g] -sdhf]/L_

18
 Access to information 5}g -sdhf]/L_
 efiffsf] ;d:of oyfjt 5 -sdhf]/L_
 nlIft ju{ klxrfg ug{ ufx|f] -sdhf]/L_
 ;zlQms/0fdf hf]8 lbg' kb{Yof] -sdhf]/L_
 k/LIff s]Gb| nlIftsf] glhs ePgg . -sdhf]/L_

19
sfg'gL /fHo
 sfg'gL ;jf]{Rrtf
 x/]s sfd sfg'g adf]lhd ul/g' kb{5 .
 sfg'g ;jf]{k/L 5, sfg'g eGbf dfly sf]xL x'b}gg .
 zf;g zf;saf6 xf]O{g sL sfg'g adf]lhd ;+rflnt ePsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf .
 sfg'gsf k|fjwfgx? nf]stflGqs x'g' kb{5 . Rule by law xf]O{g .
sfg'gL /fHodf d"ntM tLgj6f ljz]iftf x'G5g .
 sfg'gL ;dfgtf
 :j]R5frfl/tfsf] cefj
 sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf .
8fo;Lsf cg';f/ Rule of Law
 sfg'g lagf s'g}klg dflg;nfO{ kqmfp ug{ ;ls+b}g .
 Rule of law n] sfg'gsf] cuf8L ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 .
 a]nfotsf] ;+ljwfg ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] Ps efu xf] .
k"j{zt{x?
s_ cfGtl/s
 sfg'g clwsf/k|fKt JolQm jf lgsfoaf6 th'{df ul/g' kb{5 .
 sfg'g v'nf, k|i6 / eljiob[i6L x'g' kb{5 .
 sfg'g ;fk]lIfs ?kdf l:y/ x'g'kb{5 .
 :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] k|Tofe"lt x'gk5{ .
 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
 cbfnt ;lhn} kx'Frof]Uo x'g'k5{ .
 k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ul/g' kb{5 .
 :jljj]sLo clwsf/df lgoGq0f x'g'kb{5 .

20
v_ jfXo
 nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnL
 pbf/ Pj+ ahf/d'vL cy{ Joj:yf
 ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dfh .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df Rule of Law
1. sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
2. ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg'gsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . -wf/f !_
3. /fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lgxLt 5 . -wf/f @_
4. :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsfk|lt k|ltj4tf 5 . -efu !)_
5. ;dfgtfsf] xs -wf/f !#_
6. kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] xs
7. c;dy{ kIfsf] nflu lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;]jf -wf/f @$_
8. sfg'g adf]lhd afx]s s/ nufpg / C0f lng gkfO{g] -wf/f *(_
9. d[To'b08sf] ;hfo x'g] u/L sfg'g gagfO{g] -wf/f !@_

21
dfgj clwsf/
Promotion and protection of human right is the first responsibility of state and Government.
 dfgjnfO{ Go"gtd dfgjLo dof{bf ;lxt hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu cfjZos clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] .
 k|mfG;]nL /fHoqmflGt kZrft hf/L dfgj tyf gful/sx?sf] clwsf/ ;DjGwL 3f]if0ff !&*( n] hgtfsf
clwsf/nfO{ ;jf]{Rr ?kdf :jLsf/ .
 dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($*
 clxn] ljZj /fhgLlt / dfgj ljsf;sf] s]Gb|Lo ljifoj:t' dfgj clwsf/ ePsf] 5 .
dfgj clwsf/
 k|s[lt k|bQ clwsf/
 hGdl;4 clwsf/
 AolQmsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/ / :jtGqtf
 dfgjLo dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt clwsf/ .
 dfgj clwsf/nfO{ AolQmsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf / dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt ;+ljwfg tyf cGo k|rlnt
sfg'g4f/f k|bfg ul/Psf clwsf/ tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL cGt/f{li6o ;GwL
;Demf}tfdf lgxLt clwsf/nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ . -dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%#_
dfgj clwsf/sf l;4fGtx?
 ljZjJofkL
 cx/0fLo
 cljefHo
 cGt/ ;DjlGwt
 clje]b / ;dfgtf
 ;xeflutf / ;dfj]zLtf
 hjfkmb]xLtf
 sfg'gsf] zf;g
g]kfndf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?
1. /fhgLlts cl:y/tf
2. sfg'g lgdf{0fdf /x]sf ;d:ofx?
3. sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf ;d:of
;]gsf cg';f/,
 Principle of Equality
 Principle of Non-discrimination
 Principle of State Obligation

22
4. sfg'gsf] kfngf ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] cefj
5. b08xLgtf
6. hgrfxgf cg'?ksf] Gofo k|0ffnLsf] s;/L ljsf; ug]{<
7. c:ki6 / bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] sfg'g
8. /fli6o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u l;kmfl/;stf{ dfq eof] .
9. of]Uo, O{dfGbf/ / ;Ifd AolQmnfO{ Gofoflwz agfpg] ljifo .

23
;sf/fTds lje]b
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ug]{ Pp6f dfWod xf] .
 /fHo ;+rfng ug{ zlQmsf] k|of]u, ;xeflutf, /fHoaf6 ljt/Lt Benefit Sharing df ;a} hft, ju{, ln+u,
If]qsf] Access / Control ;'lglZrt ug]{ pQd k|lqmof ;fdj]zLs/0f xf] .
;dfj]zLs/0fM Equal Acess to power
Equal Sharing of benefits
 Positive Discrimination is a way to promote equal opportunity and remedy of past
discrimination. It should be temporary and flexible.
;sf/fTds lje]bM Unequality for equality
Legitamate biolence
;sf/fTds lje]bsf l;4fGtx?
Principle of equality
Principle of Proportional Representation
Principle of State Obligation
Principle of Equal Opportunity
Principle of Empowerment
Principle of Compensation
;sf/fTds kIf
 ckgTj a9fpF5 . Ownersip promotion
 sd{rf/L ljljwtf . Workforce diversity
 cj;/df j[l4 . Enlargement of opportunity
 ;xeflutf a9fpF5 . Enhancement of participation
 lhDd]jf/ ;]jf k|jfx . Responsive service delivery
 /fli6o Pstf sfod x'G5 . Promotion of national unity
 lje]b 36fpF5 . Reduce discrimination
;sf/fTds lje]bsf p2]Zox?
 ;Ifd jgfpg] . Enabling
 ;zlQms/0f ug]{ . Empowering
 d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug]{ . Mainstreaming

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gsf/fTds kIf
 pN6f] lae]b . Reverse discrimination
 k/lge{/tf a9fpg] . Dependency
 dgf]an 36fpg] . Demoralize
 lgikIftf gx'g ;S5 . Policy biasness
 of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf c;/ ub{5 . Effect on merit system
;dfhdf lhTg] -;Ifd_ sf] dfq :yfg ;'/lIft ub}{ hfg] xf] eg]+ xfg]{ JolQmsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'G5 . kmn:j?k ;dfhdf
slxNo} lje]bsf] cGTo x'b}g / dfgjLo 4Gb a9b} hfG5 . To;}n] winners take all sf] dfGotf /fVg' x'b}g .
;sf/fTds lje]bsf k"j{zt{x?
1. sfg'gdf g} :ki6 pNn]v ug'{kb{5 .
2. z'? k|j]zdf dfq cf/If0f lbg'kb{5 .
3. of]Uotfsf] d"Nodf cf/If0f nfu" x'b}g .
4. cfwf/x? :ki6 pNn]v x'g' kb{5 .
5. cg';Gwfg / ;"rgfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
6. Popular consultation ul/g' kb{5 .
;sf/fTds lje]b jf cf/If0f ubf{,
 First Step- ;+/If0f ug]{
 Second Step- ljsf; ug]{
 Third Step- ;zlQms/0f ug]{
 Fourth Step- ;xeflutf . cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
 Fifth Step- cf/If0f ug]{ .
r'gf}ltx?
 :ki6 dfkb08 / cfwf/ agfpg'kg]{ .
 ;fdflhs 4Gbsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ .
 k/lge{/tf a95 . k|lt:kwL{ aGg grfxg] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; x'g ;S5 .
 bL3{sfnLg ?k wf/0f ug{ ;S5 .
 of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ s;/L hf]ufpg]<
 k|ltef knfog (Brain Drain)

25
 jf}l4s ck/fw (Intellectual crime)
Some Issues
 cNksfnLg ls bL3{sfnLgM slxn];Dd lbg]<
 Psn dfkb08 ls ax'dfkb08<
 AolQm ls ju{ k|ltlglwTj<M sf7df8f}+ jf h'Dnf ls dlxnf<
 Ps k':tf ls ax'k':tf<
 Ifdtf lasf; ls cf/If0f<
;sf/fTds lje]b jf cf/If0fsf sdhf]/Lx?
 cf/If0f k|0ffnLsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}lt cf/If0f lbg'kg]{ ju{ / If]qsf] ;xL klxrfg ug{ g;Sg' xf] .
 lghfdtL ;]jf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t k4lt xf], cf/If0fn] of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s]xL
xb;Dd k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5 .
 cf/If0fsf] nfe cf/lIft ;d'bfosf jf:tljs ?kdf ;LdfGtLs[t ;d'bfon] lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf cToGt} sd
/xG5 .
 lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] cf/If0f kfpg ul/aL / cfly{s cfwf/nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] b]lvPg .
 cf/lIft sf]6faf6 k|j]z u/]sf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Laf6 lgikIftf / t6:ytfsf] kfngf gx'g ;Sb5 .
Positive Dicrimination: No magic formula but a start.
 c;IfdnfO{ /fHon] ;w}+ ;+/If0f u/]/ ;Ifd jgfpg ;lsb}g . c;IfdnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg v'nf bf}8df ptfg}{ k5{ .
 c;dfg ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfsf k|ltikwL{x?aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] k|0ffnLsf] abnfdf ;dfg cj:yfsf
k|lt:kwL{x?jLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ ;a} ju{ / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .

26
gful/s lzIff
 gful/snfO{ JolQm, ;d"x, ;dfh, /fhgLlt / g}ltstfsf ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fO{ Ps c;n gful/ssf
?kdf :yflkt u/fpg ;xof]u k'/ofpg] lzIff g} gful/s lzIff xf] .
 gful/s lzIff x/]s JolQmnfO{ ;Eo / ;Ifd gful/s agfpg] dfWod xf] .
 gful/s x''g' eg]sf] cfkmgf] clwsf/ / bfloTjk|lt ;r]t x'g' xf] . gful/s lzIff gful/ssf nflu gful/s
e"ldsf lgefpg ;xof]u ug]{ lzIff xf] .
 ;fj{hlgs jf /fhg}lts dt ljsNksf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg], tL ljsNksf] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Sg], tL ljsNkaf/]
cfkmgf] lg0f{o nfu" u/fpg ;Sg] / cfkmgf] st{Jojf]w ug{ ;Sg] ca:yfsf] l;h{gfsf nflu ;r]tgf, ax; /
k}/jL ug'{ gful/s lzIff xf] .
 gful/s lzIff cf}krfl/s lgsfoaf6 dfq ge} cgf}krfl/s lgsfoaf6 klg k|fKt x'G5 . of] Life learning
process xf] .
gful/s lzIffdf tLg tTj x'G5gM
s_ gful/s Jojfxf/ (Civic Disposition)
gful/s :jefj jf Jojfxf/sf] af/]df gful/s lzIff s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ .
v_ gful/s 1fg (Civic Knowledge)
gful/ssf] e"ldsf, clwsf/ / st{Josf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .
u_ gful/s ;Lk (Civic Skill)
cfkmgf] ljrf/sf] arfp ug]{, /fhg}lts / gful/s lqmofsnfkdf efu lng / ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg
cfjZos kg]{ ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'/ofpg] .
gful/s lzIff oL % If]qdf s]lGb|t x'G5M
s_ c;n gful/s
c;n dflg; x'g' eg]sf] c;n Jojfxf/ x'g' xf] . c;n gful/ssf nflu zf;g ug{ / zf;Lt
x'g hfGg' kb{5 . JolQmnfO{ What best for me af6 what best for all df k'/ofpg' gful/s
lzIffsf] p2]Zo xf] .
v_ c;n k|hftGqjfbL
c;n k|hftGqjfbL x'gsf nflu ljj]sk"0f{ k|ltlglwTj rog / k|ltlglwsf] sfo{ Ifdtf
d"Nof+sgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h'g gful/s lzIffaf6 k|fKt x'G5 .
u_ c;n JolQm

27
c;n JolQm aGgsf nflu JolQmut cfr/0f / Jojfxf/ klg c;n x'g'k5{ . c;n dfgl;stf
/ c;n cfr/0fsf] ;di6L g} c;n JolQm xf] . slxn]sfxL+ c;n dflg; / c;n gful/sjLr
lj/f]wfefif cfpg ;Sg] ePsfn] gful/s lzIff dfkm{t ;Gt'lnt ;+of]hg ug'{k5{ .
3_ /fhg}lts sfo{sf ?kdf gful/s lzIff
dtbfgeGbf j[xt xf] . ;xeflutf, ;dembf/L, ;xsfo{ / ;lqmotf;+u ;DjlGwt 5 .
8)_ j}lZjs lzIff
gful/s lzIff s'g} ;Ldfleq x'b}g . ljZj r]tgf, ljZj aGw'Tjsf] bfloTj;Dd k'Ug' h?/L 5 .
 gful/s lzIffn] c;n gful/s, c;n k|hftGqjfbL / c;n JolQm agfpg] k|of; ub{5 . of] k|hftGqsf]
cfbz{ eGbf hLjgsf] oyfy{df cfwfl/t 5 .
 cfkmgf] clwsf/ / bfloTjk|lt k|ltj4, ;r]t / lgi7fjfg gful/saf6} Jojl:yt ;dfhsf] cfbz{ k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .
 JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf] ljifo p;sf] rfxgf xf] / kf/blz{tf rfxL+ ;dfhsf] ck]Iff xf] . sfg'gk|lt cfb/efj
p;sf] bfloTj xf] eg]+ o;k|lt c;xdlt hgfpg kfpg] (Right to dissent) gful/s xs xf] .
 4GbzLn ;dfhdf 4Gb ;dfwfgsf nflu / 4Gbf]Q/ ;dfhdf lbuf] ;fdflhs Aoj:yf / zflGt k|s[ofsf
nflu gful/s lzIff rflxG5 .
 efjL ;+ljwfg / To;sf cGt/j:t'sf af/]df :jtGq cledt hfx]/ ug{ gful/s lzIff rflxG5 .
 a9bf] cg'zf;gxLgtf x6fO{ ;bfrf/ :yfkgf ug{ gful/s lzIff rflxG5 .
 /fHo k|0ffnLdfly kx/]bf/L ug{ gful/s lzIff rflxG5 .
 ;fdflhs ;befj sfod ug{, lgliqmo /x]sf zflGt ;+oGq / cleofgx? lqmofzLn agfpg / d]nldnfksf]
k|s[of z'? ug{ klg gful/sx?df ;r]tgf / pTk|]/0ff rflxG5 .
gful/s lzIffn],
 Right of Individual
 Individual Responsibility and Citizenship
 Responsibility of the state
 Law and Rules
 Societal dilemma- finding a balance
 Promotion of Social Pluralism
 Building a civil society- Breaking down stereotype

28
gful/s lzIffsf l;4fGtx?
 ;fd'bflos lxtsf] l;4fGt
 dfgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGt g}ltstfsf] l;4fGt
 pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt .
o;sf ;fy},
 Theory of youth socialization
 Theory of participation
 Theory of Democracy
 Theory of National unity and solidarity
gful/s lzIffleq,
 dtbftf lzIff
 /fhgLlts lzIff
 clwsf/sf] lzIff
 ljsf;sf] lzIff
 zlQmsf] lzIff
 k|hftflGqs lzIff
 zflGtsf] lzIff

29
;'zf;g
Action or Manner of Governing
 Foreign Aid sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u x'g g;sL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7g ;s]g . o;sf] sf/0f zf;sLo
k|0ffnLdf v/fjL /x]sf] egL lgZsif{ lgsflnof] / o;sf] Remedy sf] ?kdf Good Governance sf] cjwf/0ff
cfPsf] xf] .
 ;'zf;g zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf] ?kdf cfPsf] xf] .
 Government nfO{ Reight tract df Nofpg ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cfPsf] xf] .
UNDP sf cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf tTjx?
1. Transparency - Result transparent
2. Rule of Law- demonstrative x'g' kb{5 .
3. Participation- lg0f{o ug'{ cuf8L hgtfsf] O{R5f a'emg'k5{ .
4. Responsiveness- Proactive x'g'k5{ .
5. Accountability- Political, Administrative
6. Concensus Orientation
7. Strategic Vision
8. Legitimacy- people's mandate cg';f/sf] ;/sf/ .
9. Resource prudence- careful use of resources, ljj]sL k|of]u .
10.Ecological Soundness- Ecological balance x]g'{k5{ .
11. Partnership- Risk and Benefit df .
12. Empowering and Enabling- hgtfsf] empowering, state sf] enabling
13. Grounded in Community
14. Equity, Distributive Justice
15. Efficiency and Effectiveness
 Government nfO{ right track df Nofpg dflysf u'0fn] ;DkGg u/fpg' k5{ .
 ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L dffq ;'zf;g sfod ug{ kof{Kt x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{, b]xfosf kIfn] ;d]t ;'zf;gdf ;xof]u
ug{ ;S5gM
1. :jtGq Gofokflnsf
 ;dodf Gofo;Dkfbg x'g'k/of] .
 e|i6frf/ x'g' ePg .
2. Private Sector: slt ;Ifd 5, Socially responsible 5 5}g .

30
3. Bureaucracy
 slt :jtGq 5<
 ;'zf;g P]g bureaucracy df s]lGb|t 5 . hjsL ;'zf;gsf ;j} tTjx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug'{k5{ .
4. ;~rf/ dfWod slt lgikIf 5<
5. ;+;bLo ;ldltx?M sfo{ e"ldsf s]<
 g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] hxfh lsGg] lg0f{oM lsg]kl5 x]g]{ ls lsGg glbg]<
 n]vf ;ldltdf dt ljefhgM Watch dog xf] ls Executive sfd<
6. /fhg}lts bnM cfGtl/s ;'zf;g, fiscal transparency vf]O{<
g]kfndf ;'zf;g ;DjGwL Joj:yf
1. cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ## -u_
2. cGtl/d of]hgfM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg] dfWodsf ?kdf ;'zf;gnfO{ lnPsf] .
3. lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(M k|:tfjgfdf Effecgtive service delivery / Accountability sf] Aoj:yf .
4. ;'zf;g P]g, @)^# / lgodfjnL, @)^$M Bureaucracy leqsf] ;'zf;gdf dfq hf]8 .
5. e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(
6. ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff ug]{ Joj:yf .
7. sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tfM Staff College df ul/Psf] .
8. lasf; lgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutf a9b}5 .
9. ;"rgfsf] xs, P]g lgod / lgb]{lzsf 5 .
10. E-Governance df hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 .
;'zf;g lsg ePg t<
I. Political instability, Visionary Leadership ePg . h;n] ubf{ Transparency /
Accountability 36g uof] .
II. sfg'g IfdfzLn 5 . b08lxgtf a9of] .
III. ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] cefj 5 .
 ;'zf;g ;Gt'li6sf] kl/0ffd xf] . Feeling xf] . ;'zf;gsf] Indication Happyness x'g'k5{, HDI xf]O{g .
 ;'zf;gsf nflu ;/sf/ Stable / Enable x'g' kb{5 .

31
cflbjf;L, hghftLsf] cj:yf / ;Defjgfx?
 cflbjf;L hghftL eGgfn] cfkmgf] dft[efiff / k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh, 5'66} ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lnlvt jf
clnlvt O{ltxf; ePsf hflt jf ;d'bfonfO{ hgfpF5 .
 cflbjf;L eGgfn] ;a}eGbf klxn] Tof] e"lddf vghf]t u/L a:tL a;fpg] hfltnfO{ a'emfpF5 . hghftLx? efiff,
;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/f;+u ;DalGwt 5g .
g]kfndf juL{s/0f
s_ nf]k pGd"vM !) hftL
v_ clt ;LdfGts[tM !@ hftL
u_ ;LdfGts[tM @) hftL
3_ ;'lawf ljxLgM !% hftL
8)_ pGgtM @ hftL
 @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf #&=@ k|ltzt 5g .
 xfn !)@ hftLnfO{ hghftLdf ;"lrs[t ul/Psf] .
pTyfgsf k|of;x?
I. g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
 wf/f #M ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax';f+:s[lts b]z .
 wf/f %M g]kfnsf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiff /fi6efiff .
 wf/f !#M ;dfgtfsf] xsM ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] .
 wf/f !$M 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befj lj?4sf] xs .
 wf/f !&M dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] xs, efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
 wf/f @)M ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs .
 wf/f @#M wd{ ;DaGwL xs .
 wf/f #%M /fHosf gLltx?af6 ;+/If0f .
II. lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodM cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf
III. cfjlws of]hgfx?
IV. ;+:yfut k|of;x?
 cflbjf;L hghftL /fli6o pTyfg k|lti7fg
 e"ld;'wf/ dGqfnodf sd}of d'lQm Wings
 laleGg hfltut ;+3 ;+:yfx? .
V. cflbjf;L hghftL pTyfg /fli6o k|lti7fg P]g, @)%* .
hfthftLsf] jgf}6
 jfx'g, If]qLM #@=*
 t/fO{ dWod hftM !@=(
 blnt -bldt hft_M !!=*
 hghftLM #&=@
 d'l:ndM $=#
 cGoM !=)

32
;d:ofx?
I. /fhgLlts ;d:of
 ;fDk|bflos /fhgLlt xfjL 5 .
 ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf] cefj 5 .
 ;r]tgfsf] cefj 5 .
 ;fy{s k|ltlglwTj 5}g .
 clwsf/sf] bjfa 5 .
 hghftL ;d:ofnfO{ dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DjlGwt ;d:ofsf ?kdf x]l/Pg .
II. cfly{s ;d:of
 j+lrlts/0fdf k/]sf 5g .
 k/Dk/fut e"dLaf6 lj:yfkg .
 k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] xsaf6 jl~rt .
 cGt/ hftL c;dfgtf 5 .
III. ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs ;d:of
 laleGg lje]b 5 .
 ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf / d"No dfGotf cltqmldt 5g .
IV. efiffsf] ;d:of
V. ;fd'bflos Pstf 5}g .
blnt
 bM bljPsf, bjfO{Psf
 lnM lng'kg]{ cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsf . lng g;Sg] .
 tM tNnf] hLjg:t/ ePsf
;d:ofx?
I. ;f+:s[lts ;d:of
 5'jf5't / hftLo lje]b 5 .
 lyrf]ldrf] 5 .
 hftLo pr lgrsf] ;+:sf/ :jo+ blntleq klg 5 .
II. ;fdflhs cfly{s ;d:of
 Go"g ;fIf/tf b/
 e"dLxLgtf
blnt
 hg;+VofM !# k|ltzt
 ;fIf/tfM $&=% k|ltzt -^&=% k|ltztdf_
 ul/aLM $* k|ltzt
 lghfdtL ;]jfdfM sl/j ! k|ltzt
 ;]gfdfM & k|ltzt
 ;+ljwfg;efdfM $( hgf -^)! hgfdf_
 HDI: )=$@$

33
 Go"g /f]huf/L
 k/Dk/fut k]zfsf] cltqmd0f . Jofj;flos ePg .
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'Fr sd 5 .
III. /fhgLlts ;d:of
 Go"g k|ltlglwTj
 /fhgLlts ;r]tgfsf] sdL .
IV. cGo ;d:ofM
 5l/Psf] a;f]jf;
 k|fs[lts ljklQsf] b[li6sf]0fn]
hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgdf a:g jfWo 5g .
dlxnf
 hg;+VofM %) k|ltzt
 ;fIf/tfM %# k|ltzt -^&=% k|ltztdf_
 lghfdtL ;]jfdfM sl/j !# k|ltzt
 e" :jfldTjM sl/j !! k|ltzt
 3/ :jfldTj (Building): sl/j %=% k|ltzt
 ;]gfdfM & k|ltzt
 ;+ljwfg;efdfM !(^ hgf -^)! hgfdf_
 HDI: )=$((
 CEM: )=$(^
 cf}ift cfo'M ^$=& jif{
 3/d'nL dlxnfM !$=% k|ltzt .
dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))(
 c;dfj]zLs/0fn] c;dfg dfgj ljsf; lgDTofpF5 / To;n] k'gM c;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbG5 .
 cfly{s j[l4 ;fWo geO{ dfgj lasf;sf nflu ;fwg xf] .
 zflGt ljgf dfgj ljsf; ;Dej 5}g clg dfgj ljsf; ljgf zflGt lbuf] x'b}g .
 dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf klxnf] :yfgdf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q / sd dWo klZrdf~rnsf] 5 .
 n}+lus ljsf; ;"rsf+s )=$(( 5 . GDI
 n}+lus ;zlQms/0f dfks )=$(^ 5 . GEM
hghftL
 hg;+VofM #&=@ k|ltzt
 ;fIf/tfM ========k|ltzt -^&=%
k|ltztdf_
 ul/aLM kxf8df $$ k|ltzt, t/fO{df
#%=$ k|ltzt
 tfdf8)sf] ul/jLM ^@ k|ltzt
 lghfdtL ;]jfdfM sl/j !% k|ltzt -
!#=! k|ltzt g]jf/_
 ;]gfdfM #) k|ltzt -g]jf/ jfx]s_
 ;+ljwfg;efdfM @!$ hgf -^)! hgfdf_
 HDI: )=$($ -g]jf/ jfx]s_, g]jf/sf]
)=^!^
dw];L
 hg;+VofM !* k|ltzt -t/fO{ blnt /
hghftL jfx]s_
 ;+ljwfg;efdfM @)* hgf -^)!
hgfdf_
 HDI: )=$$* -)=^@% df_, d':nLdM
)=$)!

34
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s -hftLut cfwf/df_
 afx'g, If]qLM )=%%@
 kxf8L jfx'gM )=^!@
 kxf8L If]qLM )=%!@
 dw]zL jfx'g, If]qLM )=^@%
 dw]zL c? hftM )=$%)
 blntM )=$@$
 g]jf/M )=^!^
 g]jf/ afx]s hghftLM )=$($
 d'l:ndM )=$)!
 w]/} hghftLo lj/f]w / ljb|f]xx? wd{ jf k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu eGbf /fHo jf cy{tGqdf kx'Fr gePsf
sf/0fn] ubf{ ePsf 5g .
 ;+3Lotfn] /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;Da4{g ug{, cy{tGq ;an kfg{ / hg;xeflutf a9fpg
;xof]u ug{ ;S5 tfklg o;n] ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;fdflhs Gofosf ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg u5{ eGg] ;To xf]O{g
.
 ;+3if{kl5sf lbgdf /fHon] hgtfsf] a9bf] cfsf+Iff kl/k"lt{ u/]g eg]+ 4Gb km]/L bf]xf]l/g ;S5 .
c;kmn /fHoM
 cfkmgf] e'efudf zlQmsf] j}wflgs k|of]udf Psflwsf/sf] sdL,
 s]lGb|o ;/sf/ sdhf]/ / Ifdtf /xLt,
 cGt/f{li6o ;d'bfo;+u ;Dks{ /fVg c;dy{,
 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug{ c;dy{,
 tLj| cfly{s x|f; .
;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj
 dlxnfM !(^ hgf
 dw];LM @)* hgf -d'l:nd !& hgf
;d]t_
 blntM $( hgf
 hghftLM @!$ hgf
 cGoM !(# hgf .

35
;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifoj:t'
s_ blnt
;d:of ;dfwfg
!= ;f+:s[lts
 hftLo lje]b wd{ lg/k]If /fHo
@= ;fdflhs cfly{s
 Go"g ;fIf/tf lgMz'Ns lzIff
 a]/f]huf/L cf/If0f
 e"ldxLgtf j}slNks hLljsf]kfh{g
#= /fhgLlts
 sdhf]/ k|ltlglwTj Collegiate lgjf{rg
v_ hghftL
!= ;f+:s[lts
 wfld{s lje]b wd{ lg/k]If /fHo
 eflifs lje]b sfdsfhL (Official) efiff
@= ;fdflhs, cfly{s
 Go"g ;fIf/tf nlIft lzIff
 a]/f]huf/L sf]6f tyf cf/If0f
#= /fhgLlts
 sdhf]/ k|ltlglwTj ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj
 zfl;t ePsf] hftLo :jfoQtf
u_ dw]zL
!= ;f+:s[lts
 eflifs lje]b sfdsfhL (Official) :t/
@= cfly{s
 /f]huf/Ldf lje]b ;}Go ;]jfdf egf{
#= /fhgLlts
 kxfl8ofsf] a9L k|efj If]qLo :jfoQtf
 gful/stf ;d:of nfdf] ;dob]lv a;]sf / xfn}sf cfk|jf;Ljf/] lglZrt ug'{kg]{ .

36
;f+:s[lts jx'njfb / /fli6o Pstf
 nf]stGq / /fli6o cv08tf To:tf] ;dfhdf l6ls/xg ;Dej x'G5 hxfF lgs} xb;Dd ;f+:s[lts Ps?ktf
b]lvG5 . t/ s'g}klg b]zdf ;fdflhs Ps?ktf / To; ;dfhn] hLjg z}nLsf] ?kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf
;+:s[ltx?df ;dfgtf x'b}g .
 /fli6o Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ afro{ /fVg o:tf km/s kl/ro lbg] ljlzi6 ;+:s[ltx?sf df}lns klxrfgnfO{
;Dj4{g ub}{ /fli6otfsf] efjgf ;'b[9 u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt /fd|f] Joj:yfkg gu/]df /fi6 lav08g
x'g] vt/f /xG5 .
 ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ uj{sf] ?kdf lng' kb{5 / nf]stGq hf]ufO{/fVg / /fli6o cv08tf cIf'0f /fVg
;f+:s[lts ;+3if{x? z'Go jf dTy/ vfnsf] dfq x'g' kb{5 .
 ;dfh ljleGg ;+:s[lt / pk;+:s[ltsf] ;dli6 xf] . a[xb ;dfhleqsf ; ;fgf ;d"xx?n] cfkmgf] df}lns
vfnsf ;f+:s[lts klxrfg sfod ug{ ;kmn x'G5g / pgLx?sf d"No dfGotfnfO{ j[xb ;+:s[ltn] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
xG5 eg]+ ToxfF ax'njfb x'G5 .
 ;dfhleq 7"nf] ;f+:s[lts ;d"xn] cGo ;d"xsf] eGbf lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgefO{/x]sf] x'G5 . a9L lg0ff{os dflgg]
;f+:s[lts ;d"xn] cGo ;d"xx?sf] klxrfgnfO{ dfGotf lbPg eg]+ ; ;fgf ;d"xn] cfkmgf] df}lns klxrfgdf
lyrf]ldrf] ePsf] dx;'; ub{5g . kmn:j?k ;f+:s[lts 4Gbsf] l;h{gf x'G5 .
 ;f+:s[lts ax'nafbdf ljljw ;d"xx?sf] ltn / pgLx?sf] /fi6sf nflu x'g] of]ubfgnfO{ kof{Kt Wofg lbO{G5 .
ljljw ;d"xnfO{ /fli6o d"nwf/df ;d]6L k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgefpg cj;/ lbO{G5 .
 ax'n ;dfhnfO{ /fli6o Pstfsf ;'qdf afFWgM
I. PsLs/0f
ljleGg ;+:s[ltsf dflg;nfO{ :j]lR5s ?kdf jf ;fdflhs k|s[ofaf6 PsLs/0f ug]{ jf
;dfhdf 3'nldn u/fpg] . /fHon] bjfa lbb}g .
II. ;xdltaf6
s'g}klg ;+:s[lt jf pk ;+:s[ltx?sf] xs lxtdf k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o ubf{ ;xdltaf6 dfq ul/G5
. o;df Veto Power klg x'G5 . o;nfO{ d]nldnfksf] k|hftGq klg elgG5 .
III. lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 . Pp6f dfq ;f+:s[lts ;d"xsf] ;dy{gaf6 dfq lgjf{lrt x'g
g;Sg] ePaf6 cGo ;+:s[lt k|lt klg Loyal x'g] .
IV. ljefhg
ljleGg ;f+:s[lts ;d"xnfO{ cfkmgf] jfx'No ePsf] If]qdf ljefhg u/L kof{Kt :jfoQtf lbO{G5
. -;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL_

37
 ax';f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf k|zf;gn] cfGtl/s ?kdf ;+u7gleqsf ljljw ;+:s[ltsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yfkg /
jfXo ?kdf ax'n ;f+:s[lts ;dfhdf ;]jf lbg] bf]xf]/f] r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
 k|zf;gnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ?kdf ;Ifd agfpg Diversity management, Affirmative Action, Representative
Bureaucracy / Reservation h:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 .
 ax'n ;f+:s[lts ;d"xx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L d"Nk|jfxdf Nofpg / /fli6o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg @)^@.^# kl5
s]xL k|of;x? ePsf 5g .
 cg]s efiff, wd{, rf8kj{, k/Dk/fnfO{ hf]ufpb} cflv/ xfd|f] d'Vo klxrfg g]kfnL xf] eGg]df o;nfO{ ?kfGt/0f
ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
 ;+:s[lt, hfltotf /fi6 jflx/ klg la:tf/ x'g ;S5 t/ /fli6otf xfd|f] b]z k|ltsf] uf}/jjf]w / efjgfTds
Pstf xf] h'g g]kfnL /fli6otfn] dfq lbg ;Sb5 .

38
Gender and Development
1. Without achieving gender equity, development cannot be achieved.
2. Gender discrimination is a cause and consequence of poverty.
3. Make women's role visible.
4. Increasing efficiency and productivity of women through education and training
 Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st
century
 2010 dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] jif{, National Action Plan ;d]t jgfO{b}5 .
1. Reservation
2. Positive Discrimination
3. Capacity building
4. Creating enabling environment
5. Zero tolerance to violence against women.
 ;dfgtf
 ljsf;
 zflGt

First paper unit 4

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First paper unit 4