Reinterpreting Courtyards in Community Centres

Asian Architecture [ARC 60403 /2234]
PROJECT 1: Case Study
NAME:
LEE YIH 0318340
LOH WEI SHUEN 0317896
LOVIE TEY YI QING 0318155
LOW EN HUEY 0317889
TAN JO LYNN 0318518
TIONG JIA MIN 0323763
LECTURER: MS. IDA
SUBMISSION DATE: 29 NOVEMBER 2016
The Reinterpretation of Courtyard in the Spatial
Planning of Three Courtyard Community Centre.

[ARC 60403/2234] Asian Architecture 2
The Reinterpretation of Courtyard in the Spatial Planning of Three
Courtyard Community Centre.
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Abstract ............................................................................................... 3 - 4
Introduction .......................................................................................... 5 - 6
Chapter 1: An overview of Chinese Traditional Courtyard House ....... 7 - 10
Chapter 2: Contextual response of the Three Courtyard
Community Centre ………………………………………….. 11 - 13
Chapter 3: The adaptation in Three Courtyard Community Centre .... 14 - 15
Chapter 4: Comparison between spatial planning of Traditional
Courtyard House and Three Courtyard Community
Centre …………………………………………..………..……. 16 - 19
Chapter 5: Impact on the Local Community of Yang Zhou City ………20 - 22
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..... 23
References ……………………………………………………………...... 24 - 25

ABSTRACT
Base on the case study on Three Courtyard Community Centre in China, this paper
discusses the reinterpretation of Chinese vernacular architecture and its translation on
modern days’ spatial layout of contemporary public building. It was intended to analyse the
attempts of local architect, Zhang Lei in reconstructing the arrangement of traditional
Chinese Courtyard House and his combination of other traditional architecture elements in
enhancing the spatial experiences. Literature reviews based on electronic and hardcopy
sources were conducted to examine studies on the original use of courtyard layout in
residential during the early century. In order to provide a wider variation of research, case
study were carried out on buildings within the macro and micro surrounding context to
study the influential relationship between site context and spatial planning of the
community centre. Based on researches and case studies, the site of Three Courtyard
Community Centre is located between a modern industrial area and an undeveloped
agricultural site with local villages nearby. It is also flourished with history over 2500 years
old of the Grand Canal nearby and hence it was crucial for the design of a public building
to strike a balance between characteristics of the historical Chinese and the modernity in
present China days.
In conclusion, this paper discuses the suitable adaptation of courtyard planning in
contemporary buildings and the reinterpretation methodology discussed in the paper could
be reused in other future buildings. This re-emergence of courtyard planning has became
a trend in the current and future development in modern buildings.
(This research paper is divided into 2 parts, analysis and discussion. Chapter 1, 2 and 3 in the first
part are analysis on the original use of Chinese traditional courtyard house, contextual response on
Three Courtyard Community Centre and modern design features adapted in the building. The

second part of this research paper includes discussion dedicated to how the building is influenced
by the traditional courtyard in terms of similarity and differences. The impact of this building on
local community is then discussed in the last chapter.)

INTRODUCTION
China, one of the oldest civilization with histories that could date back as early as
3500 years ago. The timeline of its history is traditionally divided to periods of the reign of
dynasties, which includes Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Ear of Division, Tang, Song, Yuan,
Ming, Qing and lastly, the Chinese Republic in sequence.
Prior to the survival needs of people, the ancient civilization began at the Grand
Canal of China. It is located at the West of China, passing through the eight important
states of China such BeiJing, JiangShu, SanDong, and others. It has also connected the
five major water systems in the land, thus, is used as one of the main transportation for
goods and for trading purposes since the olden days.
Due to the use of Grand Canal, YangZhou city in JiangShu province, has grew to
become one of the most prosperous city in China especially during the Tang, Song and
Ming dynasties. It is rich of its own culture and practices, representing the major finance
centre of China and Asia. Followed by the flourish of culture, significant traditional
architecture of China has been conserved and preserved well in this city, for example, the
Courtyard House, which could be seen in corners of YangZhou.
The Courtyard house is a type of residential architecture. It consists of buildings that
surround a courtyard on all sides due the strict hierarchy system of Chinese society and
the climatic conditions in China. It’s form has been the archetype of architecture pattern for
over a period in China and has been chosen as the ideal form to be improved throughout
the generations as this suitable vernacular dwelling type can be adapted to the context,
user needs and the socio-cultural of China.
The Three Courtyard Community Centre, located in JiangShu, YangZhou, consists
of three blocks of building, caters for the local society for several purposes. It nestled
between an industry area and two old villages along Yangtze River, covering an area of

1900 sqm. The Community Centre was designed by Zhang Lei from AZL Architects, and
was conceptualized from the Courtyard House which could be found around the site’s
surrounding. He reinterpreted the traditional architecture in a contemporary style to
integrate the building into site context

CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF CHINESE TRADITIONAL COURTYARD
HOUSE
In China, the most typical traditional architecture used by the majority was the
courtyard houses. Throughout Chinese history, courtyard was repeatedly used in many
types of buildings such as palaces, temples, monastery, dwellings of royal family and
government office building, in diverse architectural style depending on its location in China.
Also known as quadrangles, with a courtyard surrounded by single-storey buildings is the
basic unit of residential quadrangle. It is basically a residential compound enclosed by four
walls whereas the numbers of courtyards in a house increases if its owned by a wealthier
resident with higher status.
1.1 Spatial layout of Chinese Traditional Courtyard House
Figure 1.1 – The typical courtyard house in Beijing.
Source: Take Root.

One of the notable feature of Courtyard houses is that the building is fully enclosed
by buildings and walls, with no windows on the outside walls leaving only small entrance to
access the building. This has created a sharp distinction between inside and outside,
forming a protected environment inside for privacy.
Figure 1.2 : The basic layout of a three-courtyard house.
Source : Pinterest, 2016.
The most complete type of courtyard house is the three-courtyard house (三进四合院)
with spaces followed by a hierarchy proceeding from the front to the back of the house.
Buildings of courtyard houses are normally positioned along the north-south and east-west
1. 大门 / Main Entrance
2. 屏门 / Screen Door
3. 倒座房 / Reversed Room
4. 外院 / First Courtyard
5. 影壁 / Screen Wall
6. 二门 / Secondary Gate
7. 西厢房 / West Wing Room
8. 东厢房 / East Wing Room
9. 内院 / Second Courtyard
10. 甬道 / Walkway
11. 走廊 / Covered walkway
12. 正方 / Principal Room
13. 耳房 / Ear Room
14. 第三进院 / Third Courtyard
15. 后罩房 / Back Room

axis. It is then divided into two parts where the front is used for receiving guest and the
rear part which located after the secondary gate is the main living area of the family.
The main entrance has to face the southeast and is located at the south-eastern corner
of the house instead of at the main central axis. A screen wall is placed behind the main
entrance for privacy. To enter the main living area from the outer court, residents are
welcomed with the secondary gate, also known as chui hua men (flower pendant gate).
The principal rooms which comprise of a hall and rooms for parents and grandparents are
the largest rooms among the others, and is placed at the main axis as this is where the
memorial tablets of the ancestors were placed. On the side of the principal rooms are the
ear rooms which is also known as family rooms. As for the wings rooms, the family of the
eldest son would stay in the east whereas the family of younger sons would reside in the
west wing rooms. Girls, daughters, maidservants are placed at the most secluded part of
the house which is at the rear of the principal room. The reversed rooms on the southern
end of the house comprise of few rooms, mostly rooms for servants and reception area.
1.2Factors affecting the spatial layout of Traditional Courtyard House
The two main factors that affect the spatial layout of courtyard houses are the socio-
cultural aspect and the climate of China. Family hierarchy plays an important role in the
courtyard layout. The core quarter which is the most secluded part of the house is where
the senior and head of the family resides, the inner quarter is for the younger generation,
mainly sons’ family and the outer quarter is for the servants. Such positions of the rooms
are highly influenced by Confucian order.
Due to the influence of sun, principal room is placed at the northern part, facing south,
allowing the space to receive most sunlight during winter so that the senior or head of the
family could use it comfortably. The east and west sides which is for the children receives
lesser sunlight whereas the south receives the least amount of sunlight.

The spaces are arranged based on the principles of balance and symmetry. Symmetry
in Chinese represents harmony. Positive and negative spaces are formed along the axis
without revealing the entire length of north south axis. A series of visibly blocked spaces
are slowly revealed as user progresses in the building.

CHAPTER 2: CONTEXTUAL RESPONSE OF THE THREE COURTYARD
COMMUNITY CENTRE
The Three Courtyard Community Centre is specifically situated in Guangling,
Yangzhou city, Jiangsu Province, China. Yangzhou is located at the edge of Yangtze River
which is a stone thrown away from Nanjing.
Guangling district is the main city of Jiangsu Province and it covers an area of 5.09
square kilometers. Throughout the years, Guangling district had been growing rapidly in
different fields such as science and technology, urban and rural construction where the
government decided to implement the transformation of village land as big as 7,900 acres.
This has affected the selection of concept by Atelier Zhang Lei. He decided to use
courtyard as the main concept for Three Courtyard Community Centre in order to preserve
the cultural identity of traditional courtyard houses from the rapid urban development at
Guangling. This is because courtyard design is one of the most fundamental housing
planning in China.
Other than that, the Three Community Courtyard Centre was built in between an
urban area and rural area, which is the Jiangsu Information Service Industry Base and the
traditional farmer village. In order to strike the balance between traditional and modern and
to cater for the users from both areas, the application of local materials is one of the main
design features. Materials such as terracotta bricks are extracted from the nearby river bed
not to only create a sense of familiarity to the locals, but to also enhance the spatial
experience through different arrangement in certain spaces.

Figure 2.1 – Location plan of Shilidian village.
To mimic the Chinese small village, architect Zhang Lei uses a series of continuous
pitch roof for the Three Courtyard Community Centre. According to the spatial layout,
minimum roof overhang is used as spaces such as the main and secondary entrance to
create a sense of welcome, encouraging visitors to enter the building rather than standing
under the shade outside building. Also, this type of roof is inspired by Yingshan roof type
to complement with contemporary architecture. Minimal ornaments were used for the roof
to reflect the identity of low-profile luxury in the design.
Figure 2.2 - “Ying-Shan” type roof.
Source: Ziyeliu, 2012.
Jiangsu Information Service Industry Base Three Courtyard
Community
Centre
Chun Zhuang

Traditional courtyard houses are often built as one-storey buildings in China, due to
the belief of local residents in the existence of ‘spirits’. The locals believed that ‘good
spirits’ tend to flow near ground level, hence constructing multiple storeys would block the
flow of positive energy in the house. Whereas in the application of Three Courtyard
Community Centre, courtyard concept is used in order to prevent the building from
standing out from the agricultural fields surrounding. Its low profile roofline ensure the
visual continuity of the wide agricultural field next to it.

CHAPTER 3: THE ADAPTATION IN THREE COURTYARD COMMUNITY
CENTRE
Figure 3.1 - Floor plan of Three Courtyard Community Centre
Source: Archdaily, 2011.
Three Courtyard Community Centre is arranged in clustered form which clearly
reflects the identity of local village. The clustered form consists of proximate squared units
and they share a common visual relationship.
Each block is implemented with its own conceptual themes, which consist of water,
bamboo and stone. These three elements balances one another to create a placid,
uneventful and sedentary space.

To access each building, one has to go through a double entrance, creating a
layering effect to the visitors before they get into the building. The double entrance creates
a sense of intimacy which prevents visitors from directly looking into the interior spaces in
order to retain privacy.
The concept of ‘courtyard within courtyard’ is used in Three Courtyard Community
Centre. The orientation and arrangement of the three buildings formed a common public
space in the center, which is used as parking space so that visitors can access the
different buildings conveniently. Inside each building, there are internal courtyards in
different locations, which include one main open-air courtyard and two supplementary
courtyards. The central main courtyard is the focal point among all the spaces which is
shield from the exterior whereas the remaining two courtyards can be viewed from outside.
The main entrance is located off-axis from the building; however, dining spaces and
courtyard on both sides formed acts as a navigator to direct visitors into other spaces.
Visitors are slowly exposed to the three internal courtyards as they travel from one space
to another through the lattice screening. After passing through the two smaller courtyards,
one will arrive at the services area, which is where kitchen and washroom are located.
The building offers various level of social interaction among community,
neighborhood and family. Large public spaces are for the usage of companies’ or
associations’ meeting or events, whereas small, intimate spaces are for dining purpose
and are especially suitable for family gatherings. Such consideration for different spaces
caters the needs of the local residents and office workers.

CHAPTER 4: COMPARISON BETWEEN SPATIAL PLANNING
TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE AND THREE COURTYARD
COMMUNITY CENTRE
The most symbolic similarity between Three Courtyard Community Centre and
Chinese Traditional Courtyard House is the clustered form. As a community center, Three
Courtyard Community Centre has chosen to adapt the ‘courtyard within courtyard’ concept
of Courtyard house where separation use of spaces are allowed for different groups of
users at the same time without disturbance. Both architecture consist of three or four bay
houses with a major courtyard formed in the center of the building. It is then multiplied to
form smaller courtyards around a central courtyard for different purposes. The number of
bay is always in odd number as it symbolizes fortune and luck. Whereas the number of
courtyard form within a courtyard is in even number as courtyard represents Ying while
houses represent Yang, potraying the Chinese traditional balance system. The function of
courtyard varies according to its sizes and locations.
Figure 4.2 - Three Bay house
Source: Knapp.
Figure 4.1 - A sketch of a Traditional
Courtyard House.
Source: Pinterest, 2013.

Figure 4.3 - Site plan of Three Courtyard Community Centre.
Prior to the function of Three Courtyard Community Centre, the spatial layout of a
residential architecture has been modified to suit the public building. Originally, spatial
organization of Courtyard houses are in symmetrical form to achieve the Chinese
traditional balance system, in which Feng Shui plays a great impact on the house as well
as the family or head of the clan. But in this community center, spatial organization is in
asymmetrical form. This is to form multiple interesting pocket spaces that suit different
individual preference; to create space of comfort, quiet and private as well as to represent
Chinese society’s introvert and quiet characteristic. Besides that, the asymmetrical form
could be a result of the influence of traditional Chinese gardens, which are often planned
in asymmetrical layout to create the sense of natural landscape.

New element is added to the creation and development of Three Courtyard
Community Centre to enhance the user experiences and the function of the spaces.
Arrangements of bricks found in the community center are categorized into three types,
the Herringbone, Lattice-like and interwoven. While the Herringbone pattern is seen to be
used for the pathways, brick lattice acts as sun breaker while maintaining the natural
ventilation and openness of the public spaces. Whereas in private spaces like family
gathering rooms, kitchen and offices, interwoven brick pattern is used to maintain secrecy
for private events. The combination use of both pattern mentioned above acts as a modern
interpretation of Chinese traditional balance system of Yin and Yang, positive and
negative.
Figure 4.4 - Floor Plan of Three Courtyard
Community Centre.
Figure 4.5 - An example of
Traditional Courtyard House.
Source: Inthuman.

Figure 4.8 - Lattice-like brick pattern.
Source: Flickr, 2016.
Figure 4.7 - Interwoven brick pattern.
Source: One a Day Architecture, 2013.
Figure 4.6 - Herringbone brick pattern.
Source: Scofield.

CHAPTER 5: IMPACT ON THE LOCAL COMMUNITY OF YANG ZHOU
CITY
The Community Centre is built mainly to serve both the residents of the farmer’s
village, employees in the new business park, as well as a minority group of tourists.
Courtyard planning; a common ground between the village residence and the
offices’ employees acts as the medium to connect these two distinct social groups. These
users are attracted to the community centre as a sense of familiarity is created due to its
application of vernacular spatial planning. Thus, community cohesion is encouraged during
their social engagement.
The concept of ‘courtyard within courtyard’ has created various level of social
interaction, by allowing the community to meet formally and informally. It accommodates
Industrial area with
single-storey height
(standard 6m height)
Three Courtyard
Community Centre with
both and double-storey
single height.
Local Village with
Traditional Chinese
single-storey houses.
(not more than 3m)

both public and private functions for the local community to use, by creating multiple
interesting spaces suitable for different individual preferences; such as meeting rooms that
allows business meeting to be carried out, as well as open courtyards and dining area that
are able to house the public during normal days and festival seasons.
Public Courtyard
Main Courtyard (Gathering)
Outer Courtyard (Welcoming)
Private Courtyard
The Traditional Chinese buildings were mostly made of wood or clay, which is a
material that seemed more, like a continuance rather than a violation of the natural order.
The architect has introduced contemporary design to the local residential area by
incorporating Traditional Chinese building materials such as the striking color of red
terracotta bricks, but with different masonry pattern.
The use of three conceptual themes in the space planning for the building has
strengthen the Chinese identity of this community centre within Yang Zhou City. It became
Figure 5.1 – Nan Jiang Village.
Source : Visitour, 2016.
Figure 5.2 – The Three Courtyard
Community Centre.
Source : Visitour, 2016.


the best representation of contemporary architecture influenced by the traditional Chinese
garden and villages in this region, right before the development of the modern industrial
area on the west engulfs and overshadows the identity of the traditional vernacular
housing beside the river.

CONCLUSION
In order to pull a balance in the context between the ever developing modernity and
historical past, the spatial layout of vernacular housing; courtyard house is reconstructed in
Three Courtyard Community Centre as the architect’s attempt on the reinterpretation of
traditional architecture in present time.
The strict aesthetic requirement in designing traditional courtyard house is modified
to suit the programming of the community centre which includes recreation, dining and
meeting space. Solid and void in the building is relocated and reoriented as to create
multiple public and private spaces as the building was intended to serve the local village
and office’s employees in Yang Zhou city. Clustered spatial planning was incorporated
with the courtyard planning to create variations in user’s experience.
Courtyard house is not only an embedded identity of Chinese culture, it is also an
environmental sustainable planning as the courtyard located in the centre building creates
stack ventilation, while retaining user’s privacy. The versatility in courtyard planning allows
it to be reinterpreted in endless way.
Outcome obtained from this research paper shows that the spatial planning of
courtyard house has became a common trend in present and future development of
architecture. However, in present days, courtyard planning is commonly adapted only in
low-rise building, there is a great potential for this concept to be applied in future high-rise
building.

REFERENCES
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http://www.designboom.com/architecture/azl-architects-three-courtyards-community-center
-china/
Chinese Garden Illustration by Patrick Macdonald | 3D | CGSociety. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11,
2016, from http://reform.cgsociety.org/art/garden-3ds-vegetation-max-tree-trees-photoshop
bush-chinese-vray-oriental-landscape-illustration-glasgow-scotland-uk-3d-409965
Courtyard Community Center, Yangzhou Building-e-architect. (2016). Retrieved October 11, 2016,
from http://www.e-architect.co.uk/china/courtyard-community-center
He Garden. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Garden
Holland, J. (n.d.). Masonry in China. A Contrast of Ancient Art and Modern Technology. Retrieved
September 27, 2016.
Liu, J. (n.d.). 稻花香里说丰年——扬州三间院. Retrieved September 27, 2016, from
http://www.gxcic.net/webeditnew/UploadNews/201411/20141107164450790.pdf
Ltd., R. C. (n.d.). 扬州三间院. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from http://www.archcy.com/focus/brick
building/1c79e0a8d25ddf3e
New settlements in China. (2010). Milano: Ed. Lotus.
Three Courtyard Community Centre / AZL architects. (2011). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from
http://www.archdaily.com/132163/three-courtyard-community-centre-azl-architects
The Icon 20/20 Architects: Zhang Lei - Icon Magazine. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from
http://www.iconeye.com/architecture/features/item/10721-the-icon-20-20-architects-zhang-
lei
Trotman, A. (2011). Strengthening people and places: the role and value of community and

neighborhoods centres. Retreived Octorber 11, 2016 from
http://www.communityindicatorsqld.org.au/sites/default/files/Role%20of%20community%20
centres.pdf
Zhang, D.G. (2016). The New Architectural Trend in China: The Heritage and Development of
Traditional Culture. Retrieved October 11,2016 from
https://sc.lib.miamioh.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2374.MIA/5988/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&i
sAllowed=y
Zhang Lei: I am a Simple Man. (2010). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from
http://movingcities.org/interviews/zhang-lei/
Zhang, Z.Q. (2015). Architecture for Housing: Multi-Function- Transitional Space of Housing in
China. Retrieved October 11, 2016 from
http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1320&context=masters_theses_
2
关于扬州三间院的胡思乱想. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from
https://www.douban.com/note/119301102/
第二届中国建筑传媒奖. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from
http://nd.oeeee.com/cama/2010/show/201011/t20101104_1156368.shtml
中国园林与宗教色彩. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016, from
http://baike.baidu.com/view/14952643.htm

ARC 60403 / 2234 ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
PROJECT 1 CASE STUDY PAPER
FINAL PAPER MARKING SHEET (20%)
Name : LEE YIH (0318340), LOH WEI SHUEN (0317896),
LOVIE TEY YI QING (0318155), LOW EN HUEY (0317889),
TAN JO LYNN (0318518), TIONG JIA MIN (0323763)
Lecturer : MS. IDA
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5 TOTA
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