Celsius, Fahrenheit, And Kelvin

Celsius, Fahrenheit, And Kelvin
Introduction The most commonly used temperature units in science lab were Celsius, Fahrenheit,
and Kelvin. These three units can use certain equation to change its units from one to another. The
specific heat is a term for a number of calories in heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of
substance by 1ºC. A thermometer, beakers, and calorimeter were frequently used in this lab.
Procedure
The initial temperature of the water was measured when it is in beaker. When the salt is added, it is
concluded how salt can lower the water temperature. The temperature was measured in Celsius and
was changed to both Fahrenheit and Kelvin. The second experiment involved the heat exchange
between metal and water. The metal in beaker and water in calorimeter
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The Effect Of Temperature On The Rate Of Carbon Dioxide...
The purpose of the experiment is to test the effect of five different temperatures on the rate of
carbon dioxide production in yeast. So, to test this method five fermentation tubes were filled with
glucose and yeast mixture, after that they were placed in water to see which one yielded the most
carbon dioxide. The results that were produced concluded that yeast can produce carbon dioxide
more efficiently with a temperate of approximately 45 degrees Celsius. The carbon dioxide
production was tracked in the fermentation of yeast. Carbon dioxide production was also different in
different temperatures.
1. Introduction
Temperature changes have a great and intense effect on living things. It's indicated through research
that yeast makes more carbon dioxide when in higher temperature rather than the lower temperature.
Although, it makes more carbon dioxide in high temperature it is possible that the temperature
would be so hot that it will end up destroying the yeast cells which will cause it to have less carbon
dioxide. The reason for this is because of the rate of chemical reactions increasing along with
increasing temperature.
When one refers to the temperature of a system, it is described as the measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles in a sample of matter. Increases in the temperature of a system results from
increases in the kinetic energy of the system. The higher the temperature, the more energy atoms
have, causing them to move more rapidly. In the same

How Ecology Is Being Affected by Climate Change
In the world today their has been a surge of scientific, political and economical forces hurdling to
prove and disprove the existence of global climate change. I assert that the "symptoms" that our
planet is suffering are the truest indications to justify worrying about our collective future on this
land; which I will present in terms of how the ecology is being effected by global climate change. In
an article reporting the findings of a study conducted in Israel by Tarryn Schuldiner–Harpaz and
Moshe Coll entitled "Effects of Global Warming on Predatory Bugs Supported by Data Across
Geographic and Seasonal Climatic Gradients" the authors state, "[The] average global surface
temperature... has risen by approximately 0.75 [degrees Celsius] during the past 100 years (1906–
2005)... average temperatures rose by approximately 0.13 [degrees Celsius] per decade..." And
indicated that the majority of the change had occurred between 1956 through 2005 (Schuldiner–
Harpaz and Coll). The study measured the effects of climate change on various species of insects in
the area of and surrounding Israel. After collecting records of the climate gradients, annual
temperature records, insect species samples of the region and comparing it to samples of current
species morphology (the study of an organisms structure and form) how continuous change in
climate effects said insects, and multiple region's annual temperatures records, they found that while
some species were able to adapt to the

Celsius Vs. Fahrenheit
This week we had the opportunity to review Celsius vs. Fahrenheit when it comes to temperature.
Just like the metric system, the United States is one of the only countries in the world that that does
not use Celsius when measuring temperature. Instead of asking why we do not use the Celsius scale
in the United States, I asked what are the advantages of using the Fahrenheit scale for measuring
temperature.
In his article, "Fahrenheit vs. Celsius: Did the U.S. Get It Right After All?", Daniel Faris, does point
out that Celsius seems to make sense to use for its easy points of reference for freezing water in
Celsius, 0 degrees, and its boiling point, 100 degrees as opposed to the freezing point of 32 degrees
and boiling point of 212 degrees in

Digi Melt
Using a Digi Melt to find the melting point, then determining an appropriate solvent, the identity of
an unknown solid was found, dissolved, gravity filtrated, and recrystallized to produce a pure solid.
By preforming a boiling point test with a thermometer, capillary tube, and water bath, the identity of
an unknown liquid was discovered
Procedure:
MACROSCALE UNKNOWN A
Obtain macroscale unknown and weight out 1 gram *Mass = 1.0518 grams
*Appearance: The compound was white, grainy, and appeared to have sand in it
To take a melting point:
1. A small amount of the unknown was placed on a piece of dry, new filter paper
2. The open end of a capillary tube was thrusted into the unknown to allow a small amount of solid
to be trapped in the tube ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A piece of filter paper was placed on the top of the funnel, placed on top of a filter flask with a
stopper, and clamped to a ring stand
2. A piece of heavy–walled tubing was then clamped to the side arm of the flask and connected to
the water trap and then connected to a vacuum source
3. The vacuum adapter was turned on and the filter paper was sucked down, drying out the crystals
4. To wash them, cold recrystallization solvent was used
5. To remove the crystals, a small amount of the cold recrystallization solvent and a spatula was
used to get the crystals out of the flask
6. The vacuum was left turned on for 5 min to make sure the crystals were dry
7. After the crystals were dried by filtration, the crystals were taken out of the funnel and set aside to
dry *During vacuum filtration, I was able to get most of the crystals out of the E. flask, but some
were left in there, which could result in a lower percent yield
When the crystals were completely dry, the were weighed by:
– Taking a vial and weighing it empty
– Putting the product in the vial and weighing total
– Subtract the vial weight from the total weight *Final weight of pure compound: 0.3894 grams
*Final melting point: 114.1 – 114.6 degrees

The Metabolic Rate Of An Organism
Abstract: Metabolism is used to refer to all of the chemical reactions involving energy
transformations in the cell of the body, for example cellular activity such as cellular respiration and
its sub activtys like glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain all produce energy in
the form of ATP and a byproduct of the energy production, heat is also produced . Although the cell
is not 100% efficient thermodynamically, the energy in the form of heat is lost in the cell each time
when energy is produced. Metabolic rates of an organism can be measured directly by the amount of
heat lost from the body in a certain period of time. Another way an organisms metabolic rate can be
measured is indirectly, by measuring the amount of oxygen that is consumed in a given period of
time. In the experiment conducted, we needed to find the metabolic rate of an ectotherm. Using a
goldfish (ectotherm) we calculated the metabolic rate by means of counting the number of
operculum beats when three different goldfish where submerged in various temperatures. What was
found is that the metabolic rate increased when the temperature increased and the metabolic rate
decreased as temperature dropped.
Introduction: Metabolism is a term in which defines all of the chemical reactions involving energy
production. Some of these chemical reactions involve cellular respiration "by which is the series of
metabolic process by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic

What Part Of The Environment Has The Highest Temperature...
Question:What part of the environment is going to have the highest temperature if we heat them up
with a heat lamp?
Research:Out of our environment the chunk of coal is the most absorbent which causes the chunk of
coal to be the warmest out of our environment.The hottest temperature ever recorded was in death
valley and it was a whopping 134 degrees fahrenheit and death valley has a lot of hard solid rock
which adds to the rock is very absorbent and gets hot very easily.Also it 's at a low elevation and
sparse vegetation and the main reason it gets hot is because of the rocks and dirt.In our environment
the greenhouse is being created because the light is reflecting off the coal rock which gets trapped
inside which provides heat. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.DO NOT WRAP the plastic wrap around your face because you could sufacate.
Procedures:
1.Get a tub
2. add 130 ml of dark gravel
3. add 140 ml of beach sand
4. add a chunk of coal.
5. add 170 ml of water
6. get some plastic wrap big enough to cover the top of the tub
7 tape the plastic wrap over the top of the tub
8. get 2 celsius thermometers.
9. put one of the thermometers on the rock and the other in the water/sand/gravel mix.
10. Wait 2 minutes and write the temperature down for the rock and the water/gravel/sand mix on a
piece of paper.
11. Get a heat lamp and set it up so it is shining down on the environment.
12. Turn on the heat lamp and wait 2 minutes.
13. When the 2 minutes are over write down the temperatures for the rock and the sand/water/gravel
mix.
14.Repeat step 13, 20 times.
15.Then see if it resembles the Greenhouse effect.
Materials: 1 Heating Lamp, 1 tub, plastic wrap, Tape, 130ml Dark gravel, 140ml beach sand, 1
chunk of Coal, 170ml water.
Results/Data:

Temperatures of Biome
Time (min)
Coal (C)
Sand/Water/gravel mix (C)
2
30
23
4
32
26
6
34
30
8
36
33
10
38
35
12
40
38
14
41
39
16
42
40
18
43
41
20
43
41
22
43
41
24
44
42
26
44
42
Mean: Coal: 39.23 Beach:36.23 Range:Coal:14 Beach:19

Analysis part 1: y axis vertical x axis is horizontal
Analysis part 2: In the trials the coal had a

Gas Chromatography And Petroleum Industry
Gas chromatography in petroleum industry
Its became a vital analytical tool in virtually every part of the petroleum industry, from finding
crude oil to research in new petrochemicals, due to the various types of samples, chemists within the
petroleum industry use gas chromatographic methods.
Petroleum analysis makes special use of columns for gas chromatography, with industries expecting
continues development of columns for high analytical performances and efficiency.
GC Analysis of petroleum products
In America, testing gas chromatography method for petroleum distillations have a boiling range of
174 degrees to 700 degrees Celsius when using gas chromatography it increases the boiling point.
It provides a good understanding for manufactures for stock and products which are related to
petroleum refining when determining the boiling range distribution of a distillate fraction.
A technique known as simulated distillation is used in which Gas Chromatography is merged with
standards of alkane which is published to boiling parts that perform a direct comparison to the
boiling parts of the sample components.
To calibrate the Gas chromatography system Polyethylene standards is used such as Polywax® 1000
or Polywax® 655, these consist of an even number of hydrocarbons between C20 & C100.
The moment that the alkanes are calibrated against the distributed boiling points, and the analysis of
the molecular weight fractions are matched using a software. To minimize the injector

The Effect Of Temperature On The Enzyme Peroxidase
The Effect of Temperature on the Enzyme Peroxidase The objective of this experiment is to explore
the effect of temperature on the enzyme peroxidase. To comprehend the effect that temperature can
have on enzymes, specifically peroxidase, one must understand what enzymes are and what their
function is. Enzymes are proteins that are found in cells that function as catalyst (Ms. Chang's
Enzyme Notes). What is meant by this is that enzymes increase the speed of chemical reactions
without changing the chemical equilibrium between reactants and products or becoming consumed
or permanently modified by the reaction through lowering the activation energy barrier (Enzymes).
Enzymes are necessary in order to sustain life because without them, the chemical reactions that
take place in our cells would occur far too slowly (Ms. Chang's Enzyme Notes). In order to generate
chemical reactions, enzymes must bind to a substrate. A substrate is a specific reactant that an
enzyme acts upon in order to generate product. A substrate binds to the active site on the enzyme,
which is a groove or cavity on the surface of the enzyme in which the substrate flawlessly fits.
Active sites are typically composed of amino acids from various portions of the polypeptide chains
that are drawn together in the tertiary structure of the folded protein (Enzymes). Each type of
enzyme can only bind with specific substrates, because it is critical that the substrate and the active
site of the enzyme align

Climate Change
Climate Change
Climate change is a problem that we have been and are currently experiencing. It has caused much
damage to people and the environment, by temperatures rising and natural disasters. It is a problem
that world leaders need to take more seriously, and try to get more people involved to help better the
environment. Who knows what it can cause in the future. Climate change is a serious threat for
everyone living on earth. The Earth's temperature has been rising over the years. Sail Bhattacharya a
professor & head of a medical college claims that over the last 8000 years, Earth's surface
temperature raised by 1 degree Celsius only (1). He also said, at the present rate of global
temperature would rise by 2.5 degrees Celsius by 2050" (1). It's a fact that the earth has gotten
warmer over the years. At this moment the temperature hasn't raised much, only 1 degree Celsius. It
may seem like it's not a big deal, but it actually is, because the rising temperature rate is increasing
as time passes according to Sail Bhattacharya (1). The temperature rising might not cause much
harm now, but can badly affect us or whoever is living on Earth in the future. Climate change is
caused by most human activities. Most of us humans harm the earth every day. Some may know
what we do is harming the earth, but still do it, and some people may not have a clue. A research
professor in the Learning at the Harvard Graduate School of Education said that a large, nationally

Identifying An Unknown Substance Can Be Accomplished With...
Data Analysis
Identifying an unknown substance can be accomplished with the use of multiple scientific tests.
Conducting these experiments will narrow down the possibilities of the unknown compound. The
number of the unknown substance that I was given was A84841BIR, It posed to be a challenge since
I needed to test three different molecular combinations for this specific substance. Once the number
of moles the in substance was calculated using the ideal gas law, I divided it from the sample mass
number. After vaporizing away the unknown compound, I then concluded that the molarity of my
unknown chemical was 58.93 g/mol. To find my molecular formula I calculated the mass of each
element, then the moles, lastly I took the smallest whole–number ratio. Using the molarity
calculated I was able to do some research to get a better understanding of what my unknown
chemical could be. Once I have collected all my data together and researched the Internet for
articles relating to understanding Infa–Red spectroscopy, I should be able to make an educated
guess upon what my unknown solution could be.
The first step was to calculate the molecular formula, using the given masses on the combustion
worksheet. Using the ideal gas law, I converted the given grams to moles. The next step was to find
out the amount of oxygen in the combustion, then after more calculations, I was able to plug my
value into the ideal gas law and find the molecular weight. After calculating the molecular formula I

Far-Reaching Implications of Global Warming
"Temperature is probably the single most important environmental factor influencing insect
behavior, distribution, development, survival, and reproduction". (Bale et al 2002). Since insects are
cold–blooded, the environmental temperature plays a very important role in an insect's homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the relatively constant internal physical and chemical condition that organisms
maintain. Once the temperature has changed from its norm, an insect's daily functions would be
disrupted. "It has been estimated that with a 2 degree Celsius temperature increase insects might
experience one to five additional life cycles per season" (Yamamura & Kiritani 1998). Scientists
believe a warmer climate may result in higher insect populations. However, studies have shown that
butterflies prefer a cooler climate. The butterfly population is decreasing at sea level but is
increasing at tree line as butterflies migrate to cooler areas. For example, the Brown Argus Butterfly
has shifted where its populations are most dense; a butterfly that was once predominantly found in
Southern Britain, has now relocated to Northern Britain, a dramatic change of 79 kilometers.
Butterflies at the highest–elevation site are appearing with increasing regularity. Those that normally
breed at 7,000 feet now breed at 9,000 feet. When an area changes from rural to urban or suburban,
the greatest butterfly losses occur. This proves that global warming is having an effect on organisms,
even if the change

Investigating the Temperature at Which Soap Powder Will...
Investigating the Temperature at Which Soap Powder Will Perform Best At
Introduction
I am going to conduct an experiment in the controlled environment of a laboratory. The experiment
will consist of placing a stained piece of fabric into water with a fixed concentration of a biological
washing powder (Wizzo) in it. I will try this experiment several times trying different temperatured
water and leaving the it for a fixed period of time to find the best possible temperature that the
Wizzo works at.
Plan: Enzymes
Biological washing powder has bin around for many years to clean clothes more efficiently. We
know washing powder helps in the cleaning process because it contains enzymes. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although comparing enzymes in the human body to enzymes of a biological washing powder seems
outlandish but the experiment will prove or disprove my hypothesis to see if these enzymes have
simularities.
Chris Regan
Method: Safety
To ensure that I am safe through out the experiment I will be taking various precautions. I will be
wearing a lab coatand eye protection. I will be aware of others working around me and considerate
of thier safety.
Method: Plan
I am going to pay particular attention to the variables to obtain precise results. I will ensure that
each stained piece of fabric stays in the solution of Wizzo for the exact amount of time so I will be
using a stop clock to measure. I have chosen to leave each stained fabris in the solution for five
minutes to allow time for the enzymes to react.
I will also be using the same ammount of the Wizzo/water solution. I am using 100% water and 1%

Wizzo to try and simulate the same concentration in proportion to a regular wash in a washing
machine. I could stir the solution during the five minutes but I have decided against it as I want to
see soley how affective the Wizzo is at removing the stain. I will be placing the fabrics that i have
bin given into a range of temperatured water; 30, 40, 50, 60 ,70 and 80 degrees celsius. I will have
separate water baths pre heated to these

History Project : Mathematician Anders Celsius
Rojas, Mariana
Mgf1107
4/12/2015 History project: Mathematician Anders Celsius. Temper Scale
Did you ever stop and wonder about how the weather channel can tell us how hot or cold the day
will be? or what are the chances of rain will be? Ever wonder how a child or an adult get there
temperature read or how we can get the temperature of a refrigerator and record it to the daily
reviews to make sure that things are being preserved at right temperatures? How about comparing
the temperature of our house vs. the temperature of outside? We 'll thanks to Anders Celsius who
was a Professor of astronomy and was Physics and a mathematician at a young age. Anders was
very much interested in knowing the temperature of a nice hot day and many other things like the
distance between the earth and the sun. Today, we are able to find out what the temperature of
anything is with the invention of temper scale, in which to this day hold his name Celsius. Thanks to
the Ander Celsius the inventor of the temper scale or the Celsius Thermometer, today modern day
life style has been able to preserve food and other things like medicine with an easier way if
understand the different point of hot or cold . We are also able calculate temperature in a room and
body temperature and we are able to keep track of temperature based on two fixed points.
Anders Celsius was born in Sweden, in a place called Uppsala and his date of birth is November 25,
1744 Anders was an astronomer, physicist and a

Chemical Testing And Its Effect On The Growth Of An Agar...
Discussion The gram stain result showed that my unknown was a pink long individual rods this
means that it is a gram negative bacilli. The growth on the agar of unknown appear off–white with
straight growth and the broth growth was uniform fine turbidity. Uniform fine turbidity means there
is cloudy growth throughout the test tube. As time progressed the broth appeared clear with some
sediment. This could suggest that the bacterium is a slow grower or that the cells are older and
dying. This can affect the results of testing. We did to place an agar slant and broth tube in the
incubator for 48 hours at 25 degrees Celsius to see if the temperature affects the growth. The agar
slant looked the same as agar slant that was grown at 37 degrees Celsius. The broth that was
incubated for 48 hours at 25 degrees Celsius did suggest that it was able to grow better at this
temperature being the growth in tube with the thick white clunks floating throughout and the
uniform fine turbidity. All of the biochemical testing on this unknown was done at 37 degrees
Celsius except when checking growth at 25 degree Celsius. The unknown showed a negative result
citrate test. This means the unknown doesn't use citrate as its sole carbon source for energy. The
thiogycollate test with unknown resulted with the growth within the band and below it. The
unknown is a facultative anaerobe which means it will grow with or without the presence of oxygen.
The growth would be better in the presence of

The Effect Of Temperature On Ants
Ants are one of the small sized insects from the family of formicidae which consist of high diversity
on earth. They are found everywhere on earth except in Antarctica, and they have immense impact
on terrestrial ecosystems (Heatwole and Muir, 1989). They are vital in moving and recycling soil
and nutrients. They live in colonies ranging from tens to hundreds of millions in a colony. They
communicate and control their colony by chemical messages.
Animals including, birds and insects occupy different temporal niches by being active during
different specific periods of the year and at specific times of the day (Jayatilaka P et al., 2011). The
maintenance of this seasonal and daily activity patterns also allows animals to avoid their predators,
to reduce conflict due to food competitors and to extremely exploit food resources. To determine
suitable times of activity, animals may monitor environmental variables such as light and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, they must control their environment in order to maintain optimal temperatures which
will allow them to be active and alive (Cerda, 2001). The aim of the project was to examine the
effect of temperature on the ant's activity, hypothesized that their activity will decrease as the
temperature increases. Placing the same species of ants in different temperatures was the objective.
The ants were found to be active almost at the same times of the day, even though they were
exposed into different temperatures. I was thinking that the ants that were placed under colder
temperatures were going to be active at night, but then the ants were all showing to be diurnal.
There was an increase in walking speed of the ants that were exposed to higher temperatures. The
ants were even struggling to leave the container. There was higher activity due to the high ambient
temperature leading to higher body temperature of the ants in the

How Technology Has Changed The Speed Of A Fan
Executive Summary
In this modern era, all the systems are automated and old systems are being replaced.
Microcontrollers has revolutionised today's technology. All the appliances, devices and gadgets, we
using these days are self–controlling. Microcontrollers are the brain of these devices. Energy is
today's most demanding thing. Thus we need appliances which uses less energy and more efficient.
In 20th century appliances were not much efficient as compared to todays. Today's appliances turn
on and off automatically, thus save energy. All this has become possible because of
microcontrollers.
Background
This project is about controlling the speed of fan according to temperature by using a temperature
sensor. This project is a part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The LCD would display the temperature at the stage and speed of fan. The temperature sensor used
is LM35 IC and AT89c51 is employed for processing all the information (microcontroller).
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 6
1.1. Description of the Project 6
2. Implementation 7
2.1. Abstracting the Problem 8
2.2. Division of Tasks 8
2.3. Problems Faced 8
3. Sensor Selection 8
3.1. Identification of the Sensor Type 8
3.2. Performance Test of the Sensor 9
4. Measurement System Implementation 9
4.1. Hardware Configuration 9
A. LM35 IC: 9
B. AT89C51 Microcontroller: 9
C. The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): 10
D. The Actuator: 10
4.2. Software Configuration 11
5. Conclusion 13
Works Cited 13

1. Introduction
Today, fans are used in daily purposes . They are used to control the room temperature. A fan is
controlled by a regulator, which has different speed levels but during night the metabolic rate of
human body changes and thus one has to wake up from time to time and change the speed of fan.
This thing actually makes life hard of a disabled person. Also electricity usage is continous and
more than the desired usage. So required a smart, efficient and reliable closed loop control system
which automatically controls the speed level according to change in the room tempeature.
1.1. Description of the Project
This project is being undertaken to designe a control system for the fan speed according to the room
temperature. It senses the

The Pond Is Healthy Or Unclean Essay
Introduction ~ Throughout the course of about a week,the 9th grade class at CEEC took samples of
the pond at UNCC for an experiment to determine whether or not if the pond is in a safe or in a
harmful environment and if the pond is healthy or unclean. University of North Carolina–Charlotte
and its health is an important factor to the survival of the animals around it. North Carolina is a
southern US state with landscape ranging from the atlantic ocean to the appalachian mountains.
Charlotte is the state largest city it is home to the NFL's Carolina Panthers and the Nascar Hall of
Fame UNCC's campus has a early college program named the Charlotte Engineering Early College,
with a pond located to the left of CEEC.This pond is the home to many animals such as fish, ducks,
tadpoles, canadian geese, turtles, and cattail, and is a source of water for the university. In order to
be able to use this water, the pond health must be healthy. However, what makes a pond really
healthy?
Pond health is determined by its pH levels, its levels of biodiversity, its dissolved oxygen levels, its
temperature,its range of tolerance, its air temperature, and its amount of nitrogen. In order for a
pond to be healthy it must have the correct amount of each on of these things.
One significant factor to pond health is pH. pH stands for hydrogen of power, which is the
measurement of the hydrogen ion in the experiment you have to complete. pH is normally scaled of
based off of whether it is basic

Chemical Reaction Lab
Finding the Ratio of Moles and Reactants in a Chemical Reaction
Objective
The objective of this experiment was to find the mole ratios of the reactants and products for the
chemical reaction, without being given the products.
Neda Samya
Emma & Nisha
Fri. 09/11
Procedure 1 I measured the temperature of NaCIO solution and "solution B" (using the same
thermometer; temperature of solutions were equal). Then recorded my data in the table. 2 I poured
5.0 ml of NaCIO into a Styrofoam cup and then added 45.0 ml of the second solution. I stirred and
recorded the highest temperature. Then poured the solution out, rinsed the cup and thermometer, and
repeated the process using a different ratio of the two substances, keeping the total volume at 50.0
ml. I continued this process for other various ratios, recording the highest temperature of the
mixture. 3 After collecting all the data, I constructed a graph with two lines of best fit and
determined where they intersect.
Data table/Observations
Vol of NaCIO (mL) Vol of Na2S2O3 (mL) Temp (t, C)
5 45 27.6
10 40 29.8
20 30 32.7
30 20 37.5
35 15 38.3
40 10 41.7
43 7 42.7
45 5 30.1
47 3 27.9
49 1 25.63 When we poured both the NaCIO solution and solution B in the same Styrofoam cup and
began stirring, we noticed the immediate change in temperature. Also, the volume of NaCIO (ml)
and the volume of Na2S2O3 (ml) always totals up to 50.0 ml of solution.

Results table/Graph
Vol of NaCIO (mL) Vol of Na2S2O3 (mL) Temp

The Effects Of Freezing Stress On The Lipid Membrane Of...
The Effects of Freezing Stress on Lipid Membranes of Select Turfgrasses James R. Underwood
Oklahoma State University Author Note James R. Underwood, Department of Horticulture and
Landscape Architecture, Oklahoma State University Correspondence concerning this review should
be addressed to James Underwood, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074. Contact: james.r.underwood@okstate.edu
Abstract The Effects of Freezing Stress on Lipid Membranes of Select Turfgrasses Introduction The
intention of this literature review is to assess the current knowledge regarding freezing tolerance on
American buffalograss, bermudagrass, perennial ryegrass, St. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass.
While papers do not directly address the lipid membranes specifically they look at factors that are
known to strengthen lipid membranes and increase their tolerance to freezing stress. Before moving
into the literature review section a quick review of freezing damage to lipid membranes to provide
the connection of freezing stress to that of lipid membrane damage as mentioned in the papers.
Freezing Damage to Lipid Membranes Freezing stress can cause multiple stress and damages to the
cell, but what has been best shown Literature Review American Buffalograss A study over two years
into American buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides) by S. Ball, et al. in 2002 established a
correlation between endogenous soluble

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Environment Of...
Climate change is a current event that many debate. The National Climactic Data Center reported
that, as of June 2012, the average combined global land and ocean temperature was 0.63 degrees
Celsius higher than the twentieth century average. This is the fourth highest temperature ever
recorded. Many credible sources, such as a number of United Nation bodies, the International Panel
of Climate Change, and academic scholars state that climate change cause resource scarcity. A lack
of resources can cause an increase in violent ethnic conflicts, and, in dire circumstances, can even
bring about crimes against humanity and genocide. Genocide and crimes against humanity in
Rwanda, Darfur, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have been ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If climate change is not real, than the whole argument about climate change causing resource
scarcity and violent ethnic conflict is invalid. However, there is a lot of evidence that shows climate
change is a real problem. A study by The State of Climate Global Analysis for June 2012 shows that
there is evidence for climate change. The temperature of the land and water is above average, and
the number of temperature abnormalities continues to rise. Sunga (2014) writes, that CNN reported
"July 2012 was estimated to have been the hottest month for the continental United States since
record keeping began in 1895." (p. 4) A report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
warned that eleven of the last twelve years (from 1995–2006) were among the twelve warmest years
for surface temperature since 1895. It also noted that the ocean has grown to be over 3000 meters
deep, and that average snow coverage and mountain glacier mass had declined. After being shown
the evidence, one probably thinks that climate change is a reality. However, the fact that climate
change exists does not mean that it causes violent ethnic conflict and genocide. Not many studies
have been done on a link between climate change and violent ethnic conflict. Yet, there has been
growing concern in the international community and academic literature that climate change could
have an effect on violent conflict in general. In 1982, the UN General Assembly created the World
Charter for

Does The Temperature Of The Water Affect Goldfish...
Question:How does the temperature of the water affect goldfish respiration rate?
Independent Variable:Temperature of the Water(Celsius)
Dependent Variable:The respiration rate of the goldfish(breaths per minute)
Constant Variable and Control Group:The control group was the respiration rate of the goldfish and
lukewarm/normal water.Two controls were the size of the beaker,and the type of fish.
Background Information:Goldfish are one of the easiest animals to take care of.However,the
conditions must be right in order for a goldfish to survive and thrive,one of those variables is
temperature.Goldfish are cold–water fish meaning they can survive in a wide range of temperatures
but if the temperature is too extreme and the exposure is too long the goldfish will die(The Fish
Tank Place).Goldfish are exothermic meaning that the temperature of the water is also their body
temperature,meaning that the water temperature regulates their critical body functions(The Fish
Tank Place).The ideal temperature for goldfish is between 68–75 degrees Fahrenheit/20–24 degrees
Celsius(The Fish Tank Place).Sudden changes in temperature can stress the goldfish out and cause
the fish to die.The average respiration rate for goldfish is 120 breaths per minute (Allen 3).Goldfish
must have a set condition otherwise sudden changes can threaten the life of the goldfish
Description of Experiment:In this experiment to test the effect of colder temperatures on goldfish
respiration rate.We started with a beaker

The Importance Of Climate Change
To me, climate change is one of the most pressing issues we face today. That is why I emailed
Representative Kionne L. McGhee, about his view on climate change. I believe a focus on
preventing climate change, is crucial to the well–being of every living thing on the planet. However,
I understand that climate might be one of the most crucial problems affecting the planet, it is also
one of the most hardest to fix. It is a highly controversial issue because people either believe it is a
crucial issue needing to be fixed now or believes it does not even exist, at least to the extent
scientists say it is. However, I personally believe climate change is an issue that needs worldwide
cooperation.
Climate change effects the planet on many different levels. However, the focus when it comes to
climate change prevention, is preventing a two–degree Celsius temperature increase. Richard Kerr,
author of How Urgent Is Climate Change stated, "Humans are messing with climate and will,
eventually, get burned if they keep it up" (1230). This implies the severity of climate change.
Climate change will cause irreversible damage to the planet and the it's ecosystem. The current
focus of world is to prevent a two–degree Celsius temperature increase. This has been reported as
the point of no return. This means that if we ever reach this point, it would be difficult to recover
from the damages that climate change would cause. Alley states "If you want to be able to head off a
few trillions of [dollars of climate] damages per year a few decades out, you need to start now" (qtd.
in Kerr 1230). If we ever reach the two degree Celsius temperature increase, we might be at the
point of no return.
Even though we have been predicted to be on a two–degree Celsius temperature increase, the planet
increasing by only two degrees might sound like a very small number to worry about. However,
Seager, of Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, states" Don't underestimate
the impact of just one extra degree, it may be all you need to exceed some threshold, such as the
temperature at which railway tracks buckle" (qtd. In Raloff 25). This means any temperature
increase is dangerous to our planet. The temperature increases we are

final exam Essay
APUS SCIN137 Final Exam
Part 1 of 1 – 100.0 Points
Question 1 of 25 4.0 Points
Suppose Hurricane Bruno reached land with a sustained wind speed of 150 miles per hour. What
category would the National Weather Service assign to this storm?
A.Category Two
B.Category Three
C.Category Four
D.Category Five
Answer Key: C
What is the relative humidity when the air temperature is 75 degrees Fahrenheit and the Wet Bulb
temperature is 65 degrees Fahrenheit?
A.40 percent
B.50 percent
C.60 percent
D.70 percent
Answer Key: C
An unknown force pushes a 17 kilogram block across a smooth (frictionless) floor. Three seconds ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A.4.0

B.6.0
C.8.0
D.10.0
Answer Key: A
What is the Heat Index when the air temperature is 97 degrees Fahrenheit and the relative humidity
is 60 percent?
A.110
B.120
C.130
D.140
Answer Key: B
Which of the following can be attributed to refraction of light in the atmosphere?
A.The green flash, which is a light green color on the upper rim of the Sun as it is setting
B.Scintillation, or the twinkling of light from stars
C.Twilight, the time after sunset (and before sunrise) when the sky remains somewhat illuminated
D.The green flash, scintillation, and twilight are all results of atmospheric refraction.
Answer Key: D
What is the normal pH of rain?
A.4.1
B.5.6
C.7.0
D.8.3
Answer Key: B

Which meteorological satellite orbit is best suited for continuous monitoring of the track of a
hurricane?
A.Geostationary Orbit
B.Polar Orbit
C.Low Earth Equatorial Orbit D.Lunar Orbit
Answer Key: A
In which layer of the Earth's atmosphere do most of the charged particles of the ionosphere coexist
with neutral (uncharged) atoms and molecules?
A.troposphere
B.stratosphere

Temperature And Humidity Effects On Composite Material...
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EFFECTS ON COMPOSITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ANSHUL and RAHUL
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the different properties of composite materials under static testing condition to
determine the effect of aging due to change in temperature and moisture content. Effects on tensile,
shear, impact, stiffness and fatigue parameters are studied. For each property, application specific
composite materials are taken into consideration with different stacking sequence and number of
plies. Different samples of these are then introduced to different hygrothermal environments for
example: temperatures ranging from –50 degree Celsius to +50 degree Celsius or kept in wet
conditions for 24 hours at different temperatures of 21, 37 and 50 degree Celsius etc. Different tests
are performed based on the material property to observe a change from the initial unaged specimen.
To study every property a different test method is discussed. A final comparison for each property
between the unaged and aged specimen is shown in order to see the property's dependence on
temperature and moisture. This comparison highlights the temperature and moisture dependent
properties and showcase a trend. Properties like tensile modulus, shear modulus, shear strength,
flexural stiffness and fatigue life show a decrease with increase in temperature and moisture content
while Poisson's ratio and impact strength increase with increase in temperature and moisture
content.
KEYWORDS
Temperature,

The On The Soil Lacks For Life On Mars Essay
The soil lacks in nutrients. Therefore, greenhouses would have to be built and constructed in a way
that the plants can adapt to the environment in almost a similar way to Earth. This would allow the
plants to grow on Mars and over some time, create food for life on Mars. To have this greenhouse
on Mars it would help grow plants for food, recycling and for replenishing the air. The main
disadvantage to easily growing plants on Mars is the low atmospheric pressure that would make the
plants act as if they are quickly drying out and dying. To get around this issue on Mars, we would
have to be able to control the air pressure in the greenhouse. Scientists have stated that "A
hydroponics system allows the plants to grow without soil, while artificial light ensures the plants
are able to grow efficiently".
The food planted needs to have enough nutrients in its roots to be able to grow and have enough
nutrients for humans to survive. For human survival, we would have to plant enough plants for some
to be used as creating oxygen in the atmosphere and the edible portion to our nutrition. This would
keep us healthy on Mars and be able to survive. Surprisingly enough, the Martian soil contains
nutrients that is even more nourished than some of Earth's soils. This means that the soil doesn't lack
any nutrients to grow food, it is the excessive volume of Perchlorate chemicals which would cause
adverse effects on a human's health. On Mars, as the plant grows, it starts to absorb the

Water Analysis: Freshwater Creek Misconceptions
Freshwater Creek analysis
Water. Popular to common misconception there is only 1 type of water, misconception being
freshwater and saltwater, saltwater is a mixture from churned up sand and salt from the seabed
where freshwater is moss and inland (not connected to the ocean in any way) .Water or otherwise
known as H2O is includes both chemical and physical properties. Water can be identified in 3
different states of matter, solid, liquid and gas, known as ice, water and steam in order to reach these
three states of matter you must allow it to be put under different environmental measures, which is
temperature. To make ice water is to be cooled to 0 degrees Celsius and under, for water you must
keep the temperature in–between 1 and 99 degrees ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results for DO include 12/3/12: 3.2 Mg/L, 13/3/13 29 Mg/L, 14/3/14 66.73 Mg/L or %
saturation? 15/3/15 92% saturation, 15/9/15 85% saturation. I think 66.73 result was % saturation so
that is the result I am using. Recordings of Freshwater Creek on the 22nd of February 2016 show
results of DO in both Mg/L and % saturation, these results are 6.32 Mg/L and 80% saturation and
for air temp 27.13 Degrees Celsius. Resource 4 shows that water and air temperature coincide with
the amount of average/normal Mg/L of DO and Degrees Celsius. For 27.13 Degrees Celsius the
Mg/L should be around 8, since the result is 6.32 Mg/L this is under normal amount, however it is
not at 0 so the water isn't completely contaminated/polluted. The year 2012 DO was at an extremely
low 3.2 Mg/L this could have been a migration of fish such as tilapia which may have caused many
fish to die off, however the next year the Mg/L was at 29 which may have been a direct result of
either migrant fish killing off other fish or flooding which killed fish. A significant trend to result
was the temperature were the temperature only fluctuated by less than 1.5 degree (resource 5)
however that trend is broken due to 2016 results of 27.13 Degrees which is an unusual result due to
the

Microclimate Report Sample
My microclimate report of My Garden
Microclimate is the climate of a small area within a larger area, my garden. I was given the task of
investigating the microclimate of my garden and recording what I found. The warmest place was
site 3 with a temperature of 13 degrees Celsius In site 3 there is a low albedo so heat is absorbed
therefore the temperature is higher here on a warm day the aspect of this site is south west so this
results in this part of the garden being warmer, because places facing the sun are warmer than those
in the shadows, in Britain the sun rises in the east and moves through the south, so at midday the sun
would be directly facing south making my garden hotter. We use this to an advantage by setting
seats up in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Precipitation levels change over my garden with site 1 collecting the most over that night with 5mm
of rainfall and site 9 collecting the lest with 1.2 mm of rainfall. The amount of precipitation in site 5
is mainly due to being under a gutter so all the precipitation would come down the gutter here
therefore we don't use this part of the garden much. Site 9 had the lowest precipitation collected this
is mainly because the precipitation doesn't collect in this location as most of it would falls down
onto the shed and collects there instead as this area doesn't get as much precipitation the tables and
chairs are permanently set up there so the tables don't get too wet if we want to eat on them the next
day and being metal the tables and chairs wont rust as much.
Others parts of my garden have varied microclimate. There was a large range of temperature in my
garden being 6 degrees Celsius and a range of 15mph for the wind speed and 3.8mm range in
precipitation levels. This shows that my garden has a microclimate as the temperatures vary a lot in
my garden especially in the wind speed where some sites got no wind speed and another site
reached speeds of 15mph where there was a canyon effect. My family try to make best use of the
microclimate in are garden by positioning the chairs in the hottest area so we can enjoy the sun and
growing plants in the back

The Metabolic Rate Of Goldfish
Introduction
To determine the metabolic rate of a goldfish two different methods can be applied, direct or indirect
calorimetry. Direct calorimetry analyzes the exothermic reaction when ATP is produced by
measuring the amount of heat that is released. Meanwhile, indirect calorimetry measures the amount
of carbon dioxide or oxygen because both are components of aerobic respiration, a process which
repeatedly supplies more ATP to match the demands of metabolic rate of an organism. Evidently,
metabolic rate is the cumulative sum of energy used by all the cells. Most of this energy comes from
regulating homeostasis, locomotion and thermoregulation. On the other hand, ectotherms like
goldfish have a slight difference in their metabolic rates because their internal temperature directly
correlates with the temperature of their environment. For this reason, ectotherms use less energy
because they do not need to worry about thermoregulation, maintaining constant body temperature.
However, temperature, size, amount of light and stimulus are factors that can affect metabolism of
goldfish. Thus, this experiment will measure the metabolic rate of goldfish through in direct
calorimetry. Furthermore, the amount of oxygen in the chamber reveals the amount of cellular
respiration of the organism. While also, test the effects of decreasing oxygen, and later increasing
the heat on the metabolic rate of goldfish. I hypothesize that an increase in temperature will increase
their metabolic rate

Does Body Size Affect Endotherms Metabolic Rates?
We have noticed in other experiments that smaller animals have a higher surface–to–volume (SA/V)
ratios than larger animals with a lower SA/V. After reviewing through articles, we hypothesized that
endotherms with small bodies will have a higher metabolic rate than endotherms with large bodies.
We tested this by making 6 clay cubes (different sizes) and placed them in ice for 10 minutes and
measured them in 2–minute intervals. Our results supported our hypothesis because the larger clay
with the smallest SA/V had the slowest cooling rate while the smallest cube with the higher SA/V
had the fastest cooling rate.
Introduction
In this lab, we are going to try to answer the question, Does body size affect endotherms metabolic
rates? This question is very controversial among scientists. They've only agreed on one thing, there
are different scalings between animals, but they don 't know how that affects metabolism and why
(Hoppler and Weibel 2005). Some scientist's studies show that body size in endotherms does affect
metabolism rate due to SA/V ratios. The ratios affect the endotherms metabolism based on how high
or low the SA/V ratio is. An animal with a larger SA/V ratio puts off more heat to their
environment. This results in smaller animals having to burn through their food more to maintain
their body temperature ("Unit 4 Demos More on Metabolic Rate"). What led us to the formation of
our experiment was the experiment performed in the article Smith et al. (2015). In

Specific Environmental Effects Of Environmental Effects On...
Laboratory 7: Environmental Effects on Enzyme Activity
BI–185–03
BY
Charlie Kane
10/24/17
Abstract
During this experiment we tested the effects that specific environmental conditions have on the
enzyme, peroxidase. Through this experiment we developed an understanding of enzymes and their
functions. By exposing the enzymes to different environments, we observed a changed in their
activity. In order for us to measure these changes we used the technique of spectrophotometry,
meaning we used a spectrophotometer, which measures the amount of light a chemical can absorb.
In our findings we discovered that certain environmental factors such as pH, temperature, boiling do
have an affect on enzyme activity. In conclusion the five null hypothesis were proven to be
incorrect.
Introduction
Enzymes are biological catalysts that carry thousands of chemical reactions that occur in living
cells. They could be found in every living thing. Enzymes increase the rate at which chemical
reactions occur. A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required.
They are proteins made up of several amino acids. Each enzyme is different due to its structure, it
all has different amino acid sequence. An enzymes ability to function depends on it's environment.
These factors include temperature, denaturation, pH, the size , the shape, and the amount of
enzymes present. Enzymes performs best at ph7. That is the same pH as blood , the more enzymes
stray away from pH7 the weaker it becomes , the active site gets damaged. This makes the enzyme
not active, no longer functional. When it comes to temperature enzymes at a certain temperature
have maximum activity. As temperature increases the enzyme activity also increases. When
enzymes reach their maximum activity level and the temperature is still increasing it will start to
decline (denaturation). The rate of reaction also depends on how much enzymes are present. We
tested 5 hypothesis which were the amount of enzyme does not alter the rate of a reaction. pH does
not influence the rate of an enzyme reaction. Temperature does not influence the rate of an enzyme
activity. Boiling an enzyme before a reaction does not influence enzyme activity. The

Amylase Breakdown Of Starch Lab Report
Temperature and its effect on Bacillus licheniformis (bacteria) and Aspergillus oryzae (fungal)
amylase breakdown of starch
Isidro Planell
Panther ID: 5164085
General Biology lab 1 – U06
Emmanuel Gonzalez
Pablo Gonzalez
Abstract: The experiment's goal was to study the effects of temperature and the rate of breakdown of
starch by fungal and bacterial amylase. In order to conduct this experiment four samples were taken
from both specimen and placed in four different temperatures. After a period of time a portion of the
sample was taken and added to a portion of starch which was then mixed with iodine. Iodine reacts
with starch to produce a change in color in the iodine from a brown to a dark purple. This serves as
a method of measuring the breakdown of the starch by the amylase by comparing the color of iodine
when mixed with starch and comparing it with the added amylase. It was also noted that because
both specimen reacted differently with the temperature change, it was concluded that thy had
differing optimal temperatures (Bacillus licheniformis reacting with an optimal temperature of 55
degrees Celsius while Aspergillus oryzae reacted optimally with a temperature of 25 degrees
Celsius). In order to conduct the experiment, samples from both specimens were taken and placed in
four test tubes all with a different temperature. Iodine was then taken and placed into a spot plate
labeled with the type of amylase and corresponding

University Of Phoenix MaterialUnderstanding Business Research
University of Phoenix Material Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Grunig,
Quiz 1 Match the letter of the answers on the right to the questions on the left. Each answer can be
used more than once. Questions Answers A Self–Administered Survey B Telephone Interview C
Independent variable D Moderating variable E Intervening variable F Dependent variable G
Exploratory study H Content validity I Criterion–related validity J Critical Path Method K Ex Post
Facto Evaluation L Cross–sectional study M Internal Consistency N Equivalence O Stability P
Longitudinal Study Q Construct validity 1 What type of validity is being assessed in the following
example? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A scale conversion is calculated and the measurements from each thermometer are examined to see
how closely correlated they are. _M___ Multiple Choice Select the best answer and enter it in the
blank. EXAMPLE __C_ What color is the sky? A) brown B) pink C) blue D) green 4 _D___ A
researcher has designed a study to test the effects of different types of individual psycho–therapy on
people's levels of anxiety. She has randomly placed people into one of three groups: a behavioral
treatment group, a psycho–dynamic treatment group, or a no–treatment control group. She then
measures people's level of anxiety after the treatment. Which of the following is a true statement?
A) The treatment group is the dependent variable; anxiety is the independent variable. B) Anxiety is
the dependent variable; behavioral treatment is the independent variable. C) Behavioral treatment is
the dependent variable; anxiety is the independent variable. D) Anxiety is the dependent variable;
the treatment group is the independent variable. 5 _B___ Two studies are conducted to compare the
experiences of seniors living in high–rise public housing to those of seniors living in townhouses
with subsidized rent. The first study interviews 40

Unknown Microbiology Report
The purpose of the following study is to determine where the two unknown bacteria acquired in
Microbiology lab should be classified in regards to temperature, pH level, and osmoregularity. It is
important to classify bacteria in order to identify them. Identification of bacteria is important
because they are not only useful but potentially dangerous as well. The identification of bacteria can
lead to breakthroughs in healthcare regarding treatment of old and new diseases alike. Identifying
bacteria can also be used in many other areas from better crop production through microbial
pesticides to biological warfare. Their uses are endless as are their abilities to evolve and adapt to
changing environments. That is why it is so important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the temperature test each bacteria was placed on a nutrient agar and incubated for either 10, 20,
30, 40, or 50 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. During the pH test, each organism was placed on four
agars varying in pH level from pH 2, 4, 6 and 8 and incubated near 37 degrees Celsius for 48 hours.
For the osmotic pressure test, each organism was placed on four agars one each containing 2%, 5%,
8%, and 11% NaCl concentration levels. These were incubated near 37 degrees Celsius for 48 hours.
The results of the tests are recorded in Tables 1, 2, and 3. All tests were performed according to the
instructions provided in Leboffe & Pierce(1). The biochemical tests used on both unknowns and the
ubiquity are:
1. Temperature
2. Osmolarity
3. pH
Results:
Table 1 The Effect of Temperature on Microbial Growth
Organism 10 degrees Celsius 20 degrees Celsius 30 degrees Celsius 40 degrees Celsius 50 degrees
Celsius Classification
Uninoculated Culture NG NG NG NG NG
UK–R 1 6 7 4 NG Mesophile
UK–W 1 5 6 4 2 Mesophile
UB–1 4 4 5 3 NG Mesophile
Table 2 The Effect of pH on Microbial Growth
Organism pH 4 pH 6 pH 8 ph 10 Classification
Uninoculated Culture NG NG NG NG
UK–R 4 7 8 4 Neutrophile
UK–W 4 6 8 4 Neutrophile
UB–1 1 2 5 3 Neutrophile

Table 3 The Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Microbial Growth
Organism 2% 5% 8% 11% Classification
Uninoculated Culture NG NG NG NG
UK–R 4 3 3 0 Non–halophile
UK–W 4 2 1 0 Non–halophile
UB–1 4 7 3 2 Halophile

The Celsius Scale Of Temperature
Anders Celsius was born in 1701 in Uppsala, Sweden. He created the Celsius scale of temperature
in 1742. When he created the Celsius scale, 0 degrees was the boiling point of water and 100
degrees the freezing point. The Celsius system stayed this way until Jean Pierre Cristin, a french
man, flipped the Celsius system to how it is today. That is with 100 degrees being boiling point and
0 degrees being the freezing point. Anders Celsius died in 1744. He was 42 years old. Celsius had
made a great step in scientific work with the Celsius scale. When the Celsius scale was first
invented, fixed temperature points were unheard of, meaning that no one understood that one
temperature was the boiling or freezing point of every cup of water. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The transportation industry wants to know how to melt ice on the road faster. The food industry
wants to keep things frozen longer during transportation. The freezing and melting point of a liquid
or solid, depending, may seem like it would be the same science, but it is not. Small differences can
be observed. One point is that you can not heat an object above melting point without it melting. It
is, however, possible to cool some liquids to a temperature below their freezing point without them
turning solid. This process is called supercooling. Supercooling a liquid is possible because particles
in a solid become packed in a normal structure that is a characteristic of a certain substance. Some
solids form easily. Other solid substances do not form easily. Because it is hard to heat metals to a
temperature above melting point,and easy to cool them to a point below freezing, melting point
becomes a distinguishing factor of the metals.
The boiling point of a liquid is when a liquid is heated to such a temperature that the vapor pressure
is enough so that bubbles form inside the liquid. At the boiling point liquid begins to turn to gas. A
liquid will boil until all of the liquid has evaporated. The normal boiling point of water, as stated
earlier, is 100°C. But, as altitude increases, the boiling point is lowered.
Adding salt to a frozen matter is to upset the balance between freezing and melting. The salt causes
fewer molecules to

Porcelain Tiles : A Long And Complicated Manufacturing...
Introduction Porcelain tiles have a long history of being one of the favorite flooring materials in the
average household, due to its durable character, low maintenance, wide range of styles as well as
resistance to wear and tear. Porcelain tiles are a branch of ceramic tiles that is made in a slightly
different method with different ingredients, the manufacture process of the tiles involves clays and
other components fired together at intense temperatures to produce porcelain tiles. Originated in
China, as the time goes on the demand for porcelain products like china crockery increased and
became more popular. The popularity of porcelain grew as it began to spread through the world,
slowly many countries began to manufacture porcelain. In the early 1700s they began being used in
momentous buildings like churches and parliaments. Although this is a simple–looking traditional
product, there is a long and complicated manufacturing process behind it. Extraction: The
manufacturing process of porcelain tiles begins with raw materials. The basic components of
porcelain are clays and flints or feldspar, which are extracted by miners from minefields and
quarries. The extraction process could only be taken place when it is surveyed by geologists and
determined the possibility of the site which contain the particular type of soil and minerals which
are usually nearby water, for instance lakes, rivers, caves, ravines and underwater. The extraction
process could be taken place in

Brands Of Water Lab
For this experiment, 4 different brands of water that ranged from different prices were tested along
with tap water from the city of West Quincy. The 4 different brands of water that were used were,
Aquafina, Poland Springs, Fiji, and 7/11 Brand Water. A graduated cylinder, many pH paper/strips,
ten [10] Lead Water Testing Kits, ten [10] Sodium test Strips, two [2] Bacteria Test Kits, ten [10]
Test Tubes along with 10 Test Tube Stoppers, two [2] test tube racks, multiple paper towels, one [1]
roll of tape, one [1] pen/pencil, and one [1] refrigerator were used for the experiment. First, the
bottles of water, multiple paper towels, the graduated cylinder, ten [10] test tubes along with five
[10] test tube stoppers, one [10] test tube rack, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1 Q–tip was then swirled around in the water in a test tube for each different type of water for 1
minute and the Q–tip was observed for any changes in color. The Q–tip was then rinsed by tap water
from the sink as instructed by the kit's instructions and properly disposed of. This was done for all
the different types of water in both environments. Then for the tap water in both environments,
bacteria was tested using the test kits. Using a dropper pipette provided by the kit, water was
collected, and placed into a vial that contained a solution known as 'purple reagent' at the bottom.
The vial was gently swirled and then placed on a table for 5 minutes and was undisturbed. The vial
was then swirled again and a test strip that was also provided by the kit was placed into the test vial
with the arrows on the test strip point down. The vial was undisturbed for 10 minutes, and the test
strip was then observed for reddish lines within 1 minute after the 10 minutes. The test strip, vial,
and dropper pipette were not rinsed, and were properly disposed of after

The Effects Of Climate Change On Canada 's Agriculture
Climate Change will positively impact Canada 's Agriculture Thesis: Climate change will negatively
impact Canada 's Agriculture due to heavy rainfall, droughts, irrigation problems, pesticide issues
and not enough nutrients available? Intro
Agriculture is highly dependent upon weather and climate in order to produce the food necessary to
sustain human life. North America is the world's largest and most productive supplier of food and
fiber (3). Canada is the second largest country in the world however it only contains five percent of
land that is suitable for farming (7). This small farming area is divided in two different zones. The
first zone is the great Prairies located in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba and the mixed Wood
Plains of the St. Lawrence River and the second zone is the Great Lakes regions (7). Approximately
80% of Canada's major farming is done the Prairies (7). There have been several recent studies that
indicate most regions of Canada to warm up during the next 60 years (3). The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 projected that global average temperature to increase by
1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (3). Ironically, this would be the largest increase in global mean
temperature in the last 10, 000 years (3). According to the comprehensive Canada Country Study
(CCS) all the Global Climate Model (GCM) indicates Canada will be impacted with the most
warming (7). The impacts of this climate change will be greatly reflected on the

A Short Note On The And Chemical Spill
1.A. Eye wash is used in the case of a chemical splash to the eyes. According to the lab information,
if a person gets chemicals in his or her eyes, that person should begin to flush their eyes with water
for 15–30 minutes. The best way to accomplish flushing the eyes is to flush outward. B. Fire
blankets can be used in the laboratory to extinguish small fires, or protect oneself in the case of a
fire. One should not attempt to extinguish a large fire with a fire blanket, but should evacuate the
area immediately. C. Safety showers are used if there is a chemical spill or fire. In this case, the
person affected should stand under the shower for a minimum of 15–30 minutes. This is done to
effectively flood the body of harmful substances. D. Chemical spill kits contain items that should be
used incase of chemical spills. For example, if an acidic chemical is spilled, then a base will be used
to neutralize that chemical. Chemical spill kits are meant for surfaces not skin. E. Biological spill
solution includes a 10% bleach solution. This is used to disinfect working areas. This solution
should definitely be used when working with organisms that can cause disease. Individuals working
with such organisms should protect and cover his or her skin. 2. A. A broken glass container should
be used to discard any broken glass as well as coverslips. For example, a broken beaker should be
discarded into a broken glass container to eliminate any possible injury

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