2. Learning Objectives
To understand the major changes that take place
during synthesis and transformation.
To avoid making mistakes when changing the
words and sentences in synthesis and
transformation.
3. Introduction
Synthesis means 'combine'.
Transformation means 'change'.
During Synthesis and Transformation (ST), you
must combine sentences and change words.
We will explore these two processes in more
details.
4. Synthesis or Combining
Combining involves the knowledge of using
different connectors to combine two sentences
together.
Connectors that are easier to use are
coordinating conjuctions – FANBOYS.
Subordinating conjunctions that form complex
sentences are harder to use.
Q:Which type do you think will appear more
often in tests and examinations?
5. Learning Activity 1
With a partner, decide which Set you want to
do and combine your answers later.
• Whom Neither
• Since Yet
• In spite of No sooner
• In order to Neither nor
• Much to lest
(Set A) (Set B)
6. Learning Activity Answers (Set A)
1) Yesterday, I spoke to a man whom is my new
colleague.
2) He had not met Tom since he graduated from
college.
3) In spite of his diligence, he did not pass his test
with flying colours.
4) In order to recover as soon as possible, Kali
followed the doctor's advice strictly.
5) Much to his displeasure, John discovered that
he was disqualified from the contest.
7. Learning Activity Answers (Set B)
1) Neither of them likes to go out with Sam as he
is rather domineering.
2) Exercise is a simple yet effective way to lose
weight.
3) No sooner had Alice drunk her coffee, the
waitress offered to refill her cup.
4) Neither Rose nor her sisters have received the
news.
5) The bakery sale was held indoors lest it rain.
8. Transformation or Changing
The more difficult part is the transformation or
the changing of words when synthesis occur.
Two changes occur most frequently in the new
sentence:
1) Aspects of Verb – how the action is done
2) Parts of Speech – the role of the word
These two also form two most important rules
you must check under IMPIGS in I(Items – Parts
of Speech) and G (Grammar – Verb Aspects).
9. Learning Activity 2 (Aspects of Verb)
Recap the different aspects of verb by
explaining the sentences below:
• The hunter has killed the tiger. (perfect)
• The tiger is killing the hunter. (continuous)
• Hunters will kill tigers. (future)
• Tigers have been killing hunters. (perfect
continuous)
• The hunter kills tigers. (simple present)
10. Learning Activity 2 Answers
Recap the different aspects of verb by
explaining the sentences below:
• The hunter has killed the tiger. (period of time,
completed action)
• The tiger is killing the hunter. (just started,
ongoing)
• Hunters will kill tigers. (happening soon)
• Tigers have been killing hunters. (period of
time, ongoing action)
• The hunter kills tigers. (habitual killing)
11. Learning Activity 3
Change the following words to different parts
of speech:
• Heart
• Dead
• Success
• Complete
• Decide
• Strong
12. Learning Activity Answers
Change the following words to different parts
of speech:
• Heart – hearty, heartened, heartening
• Dead – die, deadly, death, dying, died
• Success – successful, succeeded, succeding
• Complete – completed, completion, completing
• Decide – deciding, decided, decision, decisive
• Strong – strongly, strengthen, strengthened,
strengthening.
Note the common suffixes that appear.
13. Discussion
What is the one important knowledge area in
combination of sentences?
What are the two important changes to a word
during transformation?
How do we avoid making mistakes in these 3
areas of knowledge?
14. In Summary
We must be knowledgeable of the different
subordinating conjunctions when combining
sentences.
We must also be skillful in changing the words
into their different parts of speech and verb
forms when combining sentences.
Apply IMPIGS to check our answers once our
written sentences are completed. Also, we may
read it a few times to see if they sound right.
