The document discusses different types of engineering materials including metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and advanced materials. Metals are classified as ferrous or non-ferrous based on their iron content. Ceramics are inorganic compounds made from metallic and nonmetallic elements that are crystalline solids. Polymers are organic compounds made from repeating molecular units that give them properties like flexibility. Composites consist of a matrix reinforced with materials like fibers to produce materials with high strength to weight ratios. Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, nanomaterials, and smart materials that respond to stimuli.

1. ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS: MR 221
Lecture #2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut 71516,
Egypt.

2. OUTLINE
1. Introduction to Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composites
and Advanced materials.
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3. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
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Solid materials classes
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites
Advanced materials
Semiconductors
Biomaterials
Smart Materials
(Based on chemical makeup and atomic structure)

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PROPERTIES OF METALS, POLYMERS AND CERAMICS
http://www.sembach.com/corrosion.html

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METALS
All metals belong to one of these two groups.
 Ferrous metals are metals, which are mainly made of iron with
small amounts of other metals or elements added in order to give the
correct properties. Almost all ferrous metals are magnetic and can be
picked up with a magnet. These metals rust or oxidise if not treated as
they contain iron.
 Non-Ferrous metals are those metals, which do not contain iron.
These metals are not magnetic and cannot be attracted by a magnet.
Examples of these are aluminium, copper, lead, zinc and tin. These
metals do not oxidise as they do not contain iron.

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 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner.
and are relatively dense in comparison to the ceramics and polymers. The
range of metallic materials covers most of the Periodic Table,
structure of copper crystals
METALS

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METALS
 The freely-moving or delocalization of bonding electrons leads to classical
metallic properties such as luster (surface light reflectivity),
electrical and thermal conductivity, ductility (i.e., capable of large amounts of
deformation without fracture), malleablle and high tensile strength, relatively
stiff and strong and are resistant to fracture.
Bonding in a metal––metallic bonding
Luster Gold

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CERAMICS
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they
are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
structure of quartz
(SiO2)
Si atom
most common ceramics are crystalline but
Glass is amorphous
Oxygen atoms

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Important examples:
Alumina (Al2O3)
Diamond (C)
Silica (SiO2)
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Silicon nitride (Si3N4)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Zirconia (ZrO2)
More complex compounds such as hydrous aluminum silicate
(Al2Si2O5(OH)4),the main ingredient in most clay products (e.g., porcelain),.
CERAMICS

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CERAMICS
Extreme hardness
Ceramic Si3N4 bearing parts
Electrical insulation properties
High hardness and low density
Corrosion resistance
Used in extreme environments

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CERAMICS
ceramic materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and
electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities), and are more resistant to
high temperatures and harsh environments than are metals and polymers

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CERAMICS
Abrasive
for oil drilling Diamond cutting tool

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CERAMICS
Biological compatibility
dental restoration bone implants

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CERAMICS
Corrosion and wear resistance
laboratory glassware

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CERAMICS
extreme brittleness

16. Dr. Osama Abdelaal, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Assiut University, Egypt.
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CERAMICS
Comparison metals v ceramics
Ceramics
Metals

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CERAMICS
Traditional ceramics
Quartz: is the most common form of crystalline silica
Fused silica (Glass) is a noncrystalline form of silicon dioxide

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CERAMICS
Traditional ceramics
Cements

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CERAMICS
Advanced ceramics
newer ceramics are
being engineered
to have improved
resistance to fracture

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POLYMERS
Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are
organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other
nonmetallic elements (i.e., O, N, and Si).
Poly mer
many repeat unit (building blocks)
C C C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Polyethylene (PE)
Cl
Cl Cl
C C C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)
H
H
H
H
H H
Polypropylene (PP)
C C C C C C
CH3
H
H
CH3
CH3H
repeat
unit
repeat
unit
repeat
unit
Carbon chain backbone

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POLYMERS
Plastics can be further classified as;
•Thermoplastic
•Thermoset
•Elastomers

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POLYMERS
extremely ductile
Stress-strain curve for amorphous plastic

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POLYMERS
ADVANCED POLYMERS
 Ultrahigh molecular
weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE)
 Molecular weight
ca. 4x106 g/mol
 Excellent properties for
variety of applications
 bullet-proof vest, golf ball
covers, hip joints, etc.
UHMWPE
Adapted from chapter-
opening photograph,
Chapter 22, Callister
7e.

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 A composite is a combination of two or more
chemically distinct materials whose physical
characteristics are superior to its constituents
acting independently.
 Because of their high strength/stiffness to weight
ratio they are widely used in the;
• Aerospace industry
• Offshore structures
• Boats
• Sporting goods
COMPOSITES

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 Examples of composites include;
• Reinforced Plastics
• Ceramic-matrix
• Metal-Matrix
• Laminates
Kevlar, taffeta polyester sails
Glass reinforced plastic hull
Carbon reinforced plastic
Thrust chamber for rocket
Combustion chamber of jet engine
Cylinder linings
Cylinder linings
Outer skin panels & fuselage A380
COMPOSITES

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ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials utilized in device or product that operates or
functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles, including electronic
equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players), computers, fiber-optic systems,
spacecraft,
aircraft, and military rocketry applications are sometimes termed advanced
materials.
•Semiconductors
•Biomaterials
•Nanomaterials
•smart material

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A smart material can be described as a
material that has a useful response to
external influences or stimuli.
There are many examples of smart materials in everyday
use that are not modern developments they include;
•Metal springs
•Light bulbs self regulate because as
The filament temperature increases
their resistance rises
•Ancient civilisations have long used
porous ceramics for self regulating cooling Wine Cooler
ADVANCED MATERIALS

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•Shape memory polymers and alloys
•Piezoelectric Materials
Sensors, musical cards, motors, actuators, clocks
Other more modern examples of smart
materials include;
ADVANCED MATERIALS

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Other more modern examples of smart
materials include;
•Shape memory polymers and alloys
Heat shrink tubing and packaging
Automatic actuators – open/close greenhouse windows
Thermostats for heating control
•Smart Wire
Actuators, linear, angular and rotary
Anthromorphic actuation – human like robotic motion
•Smart Link Silicone
Allows rotary motion between shafts up to 3600
•Smart Fluids
Motion control gel – CD tray opening/closing, camera lenses
Ferro fluids – earthquake dampers in buildings, hard disks
•Piezoelectric Materials
Sensors, musical cards, motors, actuators, clocks
•Chameleon Colours
Car paints, printing inks, packaging