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Introduction
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances
by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived
elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is
usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning
of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and
also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can
also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from
plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation
process in the absence of oxygen.
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Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature
of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to
our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily
decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly
effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste
plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into
a useful fuel.
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Pyrolysis of waste plastic is a prospective way of conversion of
waste plastic into low-emissive hydrocarbon fuel. Waste plastic
materials viz., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and
polyethylene terephthalate were collected from local
convenience store packing materials. Waste plastic material
pyrolysis was conducted as individual plastics and as mixed
feed in a new laboratory scale batch reactor. Hydrocarbon
molecules from the basic materials are split under the impact
of catalyst inside the reactor in 70–240 °C. The reduction of
process takes place from 500–600 °C to 240 °C in the presence
of catalyst. The analyses of pyrolysis products suggested that
it can be used as a viable alternative to motor fuel.
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It was observed that the yield was better in the case of
individual plastic material as opposed to mixed feed in all
cases except polypropylene under non-catalysed vacuum
process.
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Power Generation Using Fast Pyrolysis Liquids
Power production from biomass derived pyrolysis liquids has been
under development for the past few years. If technically successful, it
would make decentralized bio-energy production possible. Several
technologies and system components have been developed by
academia, R&D organizations, and industrial companies in many
countries. Power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas
turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants. Main results are
reviewed and R&D needs identified for each technology. The analysis
shows that even for the most promising solutions long-term
demonstration has not yet been achieved. Pyrolysis liquid use in gas
turbine plants and in co-firing mode in large power stations are
technically most advanced. Recent work with diesel engines also
appears quite promising.
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Bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis has a wide range of
applications. The major applications include heat and power
generation, liquid fuels, and raw chemical products. The oils
produced can be used directly in energy production by
combustion, although the heating value of bio-oil is lower than
that of fossil fuels (about 40% less than diesel fuel). Basic
modifications on boilers to handle the viscosity of the bio-oil
are needed to accommodate the material as a burning fuel. Bio-
oil produces lower emissions of nitrogen oxide and sulfur gases
when burned, especially when compared to fossil fuel emissions
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The waste to energy technology is investigated to process the
potential materials in waste which are plastic, biomass and
rubber tire to be oil. Pyrolysis process becomes an option of
waste-to-energy technology to deliver bio-fuel to replace fossil
fuel. Waste plastic and waste tire are investigated in this
research as they are the available technology. The advantage
of the pyrolysis process is its ability to handle un-sort and
dirty plastic. The pre-treatment of the material is easy. Tire is
needed to be shredded while plastic is needed to be sorted and
dried. Pyrolysis is also no toxic or environmental harmful
emission unlike incineration.
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Economic growth and changing consumption and production
patterns are resulting into rapid increase in generation of waste
plastics in the world. For more than 50 years the global
production of plastic has continued to rise.
The plastics have become one of the most important and
indispensable materials in our contemporary world. These
plastics are not presently biodegradable and are extremely
troublesome components for land filling. The waste plastics are
known for creating a very serious environmental challenge
because of their huge quantities and the disposal problems caused
by them. The pyrolysis has a wide temperature range and it can be
performed with or without a catalyst. Generally used catalysts for
this process are mordenite, FCC, USY, ZSM-5, etc.
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In pyrolysis (plastic to oil) process, the plastic waste is not
burned. But instead plastic is chemically broken down into
Pyrolysis Oil, Hydrocarbon Gas and Carbon Black. Plastic to oil
is environment friendly technology for disposal of plastic
waste. apc has 10+ years of expertise in installing and
operating state-of-art plastic to oil plants.
Plastic to oil is chemical technology for converting waste
plastic into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black and Hydrocarbon Gas.
This reaction takes place inside pyrolysis reactor. Following
reaction conditions are essential for conversation of plastic to
oil.
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Plastic Pyrolysis Process
Pyrolysis is an advanced technology used in disposing waste
plastics. Adopting such a technology, our waste plastic
pyrolysis plant can convert waste plastics into oil and carbon
black, which are both in high demand in the market. Usually,
the plastic pyrolysis process can be described as follow:
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The global plastic production increased over years due to the
vast applications of plastics in many sectors. The continuous
demand of plastics caused the plastic wastes accumulation in
the landfill consumed a lot of spaces that contributed to the
environmental problem. The rising in plastics demand led to
the depletion of petroleum as part of non-renewable fossil fuel
since plastics were the petroleum-based material. Some
alternatives that have been developed to manage plastic
wastes were recycling and energy recovery method. However,
there were some drawbacks of the recycling method as it
required high labor cost for the separation process and caused
water contamination that reduced the process sustainability.
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Due to these drawbacks, the researchers have diverted their
attentions to the energy recovery method to compensate the
high energy demand. Through extensive research and
technology development, the plastic waste conversion to energy
was developed. As petroleum was the main source of plastic
manufacturing, the recovery of plastic to liquid oil through
pyrolysis process had a great potential since the oil produced
had high calorific value comparable with the commercial fuel.
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Plastic to oil (fuel) conversion technology has gained
prominence primarily due to two factors: forming a reliable
source of alternative energy from an abundant feedstock
having negligible economic value and an eco-friendly disposal
of non-recycled plastics. The rapidly rising volumes of plastic
waste has led to the overriding concern of environmental
hazards to various habitats, particularly humans and aquatic
life. Coupled with this, stringent government regulations
against the disposal of plastics and revised risk assessment
approaches in developing and developed nations have boosted
the market.
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The Asia Pacific market is expected to showcase promising
growth avenues over the forecast period, mainly driven by the
modernizing of different plastic-to-fuel technologies. Countries
such as Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and the UAE, also contribute to
the substantial demand for plastic waste to oil processes.
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Machinery Photographs
CRUSHING UNIT CUTTING MACHINE
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SHREDDING MACHINE
TUBULAR REACTOR
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Project at a Glance
PROJECT AT A GLANCE (` in lacs)
COST OF PROJECT MEANS OF FINANCE
Particulars Existing Proposed Total Particulars Existing
Propose
d Total
Land & Site Development
Exp. 0.00 70.00 70.00Capital 0.00 128.00 128.00
Buildings 0.00 146.00 146.00Share Premium 0.00 0.00 0.00
Plant & Machineries 0.00 197.23 197.23Other Type Share Capital 0.00 0.00 0.00
Motor Vehicles 0.00 8.00 8.00Reserves & Surplus 0.00 0.00 0.00
Office Automation
Equipments 0.00 23.50 23.50Cash Subsidy 0.00 0.00 0.00
Technical Knowhow Fees
& Exp. 0.00 15.00 15.00Internal Cash Accruals 0.00 0.00 0.00
Franchise & Other
Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00
Long/Medium Term
Borrowings 0.00 384.01 384.01
Preliminary& Pre-operative
Exp 0.00 3.00 3.00Debentures / Bonds 0.00 0.00 0.00
Provision for
Contingencies 0.00 16.00 16.00
Unsecured
Loans/Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00
Margin Money - Working
Capital 0.00 33.29 33.29
TOTAL 0.00 512.02 512.02TOTAL 0.00 512.02 512.02
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Project at a Glance
Yea
r
Annualised Boo
k
Valu
e
Debt Divid
end
Retained
Earnings
Payo
ut
Proba
ble
Marke
t Price
P/E
Ratio
Yield
Price/
Book
Value
EPS CEPS Per Share
Per
Share Per Share
No.of
Time
s` ` ` ` ` % ` % ` %
1-
2 4.94 8.95
14.9
4 24.00 0.00
100.0
0 4.94 0.00 4.94 1.00 0.00
2-
3 7.85 11.34
22.7
9 18.00 0.00
100.0
0 7.85 0.00 7.85 1.00 0.00
3-
4 10.72 13.77
33.5
1 12.00 0.00
100.0
0
10.7
2 0.00 10.72 1.00 0.00
4-5 13.50 16.16
47.0
0 6.00 0.00
100.0
0
13.5
0 0.00 13.50 1.00 0.00
5-6 16.16 18.49
63.1
6 0.00 0.00
100.0
0
16.1
6 0.00 16.16 1.00 0.00
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Project at a Glance
Yea
r
D. S. C. R. Debt /
-
Depo
sits
Debt
Equity
as-
Equity
Total
Net
Worth
Retu
rn
on
Net
Wort
h
Profitability Ratio Asset
s
Turno
ver
Ratio
Curre
nt
Ratio
Individ
ual
Cumula
tive
Over
all
GPM PBT PAT Net
Contri
bution
P/V
Ratio
(Number of times)
(Number of
times) % % % % % %
Initi
al 3.00 3.00
1-
2 1.32 1.32 1.61 1.61 2.47
12.66
% 6.31% 4.56%475.64
34.32
% 2.13 0.98
2-3 1.62 1.46 0.79 0.79 1.44
14.59
% 9.36% 6.21%552.33
34.16
% 2.31 1.23
3-4 1.98 1.62 1.98 0.36 0.36 0.86
15.89
% 11.52% 7.43%631.18
34.15
% 2.34 1.55
4-5 2.42 1.79 0.13 0.13 0.53
16.78
% 13.06%8.31%710.02
34.15
% 2.28 1.91
5-6 2.94 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.33
17.37
% 14.15%8.95%788.86
34.15
% 2.16 2.96
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Project at a Glance
BEP
BEP - Maximum Utilisation Year 5
Cash BEP (% of Installed Capacity) 54.73%
Total BEP (% of Installed Capacity) 58.51%
IRR, PAYBACK and FACR
Internal Rate of Return .. ( In %age ) 26.03%
Payback Period of the Project is ( In Years )
2 Years 3
Months
Fixed Assets Coverage Ratio ( No. of times ) 8.068
Major Queries/Questions Answered in the Report?
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1. What is Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing industry ?
2. How has the Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing industry performed so
far and how will it perform in the coming years ?
3. What is the Project Feasibility of Plastic Pyrolysis
(Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing
Plant ?
4. What are the requirements of Working Capital for
setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing plant ?
5. What is the structure of Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion Business and who are the key/major
players ?
6. What is the total project cost for setting up Plastic
Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion)
Manufacturing Business?
7. What are the operating costs for setting up Waste
Plastic to Oil Conversion plant ?
8. What are the machinery and equipment
requirements for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis
(Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing
plant ?
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9. Who are the Suppliers and Manufacturers of Plant
& Machinery for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Manufacturing plant ?
10. What are the requirements of raw material for
setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing
plant ?
11. Who are the Suppliers and Manufacturers of Raw
materials for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Manufacturing Business?
12. What is the Manufacturing Process of Waste Plastic
to Oil Conversion?
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13. What is the total size of land required for setting up
Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing plant ?
14. What will be the income and expenditures for
Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business?
15. What are the Projected Balance Sheets of Waste
Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing plant ?
16. What are the requirement of utilities and
overheads for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Manufacturing plant?
17. What is the Built up Area Requirement and cost for
setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing
Business?
18. What are the Personnel (Manpower) Requirements
for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing Business?
19. What is the Plant Layout for setting up Waste Plastic
Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business?
20. What is the time required to break-even of Waste
Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business?
21.What is the Break-Even Analysis of Plastic Pyrolysis
(Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing
plant?
22.What are the Project financials of Waste Plastic
Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business?
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23. What are the Profitability Ratios of Waste Plastic
Pyrolysis Manufacturing Project?
24. What is the Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume of
Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing plant?
25. What are the Projected Pay-Back Period and
IRR of Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing plant?
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27. What are the Market Opportunities for setting
up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing plant?
28. What is the Market Study and Assessment for
setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) Manufacturing Business?
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1. PROJECT LOCATION
1.1. DISTRICT PROFILE & GEOTECHNICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION
1.1.1. General
1.1.2. Administrative Set up.
1.1.3. Map
1.1.4. Industrial Scenario of Akola
1.1.5. Large Scale Industries / Public Sector undertakings
2. INTRODUCTION
3. TYPES OF WASTE PLASTIC
3.1. MUNICIPAL PLASTIC WASTES
3.2. INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC WASTES
4. PLASTIC PYROLYSIS OIL
5. EFFECT OF VARIOUS CATALYSTS ON FUEL OIL PYROLYSIS
6. USES & APPLICATIONS
7. PROPERTIES
8. MARKET SURVEY
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8.1. OVERVIEW
8.2. TRENDS
8.3. MARKET POTENTIAL
8.4. REGIONAL OUTLOOK
9. EXPORT & IMPORT: ALL COUNTRIES
9.1. EXPORT: ALL COUNTRIES
9.2. IMPORT: ALL COUNTRIES
10. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
10.1. MATERIALS
10.2. PREPARATION OF CATALYSTS
10.3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS
10.4. ANALYSIS OF NATURAL CATALYSTS
11. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A PYROLYSIS UNIT
11.1. DESIRABLE DESIGN PARAMETERS
11.2. TAGUCHI DESIGN PARAMETER
12. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
12.1. EXPERIMENTAL
12.2. STEPS INVOLVED IN PROCESS
12.3. OBSERVATION TABLES
13. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
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14. DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL PLANT
15. PROCESS FLOW CHART
16. SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
17. SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL
18. PHOTOGRAPHS/IMAGES FOR REFERENCE
18.1. MACHINERY PHOTOGRAPHS
18.2. RAW MATERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
18.3. PRODUCT PHOTOGRAPHS
19. PLANT LAYOUT
Project Financials
• Project at a Glance Annexure
• Assumptions for Profitability workings ………………………..1
• Plant Economics…………………………………………………..2
• Production Schedule………………………………………………3
• Land & Building……………………………………………….……4
Factory Land & Building
Site Development Expenses
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• Plant & Machinery……………………………………………..……..5
Indigenous Machineries
Other Machineries (Miscellaneous, Laboratory etc.)
• Other Fixed Assets………………………………………..........….......6
Furniture & Fixtures
Pre-operative and Preliminary Expenses
Technical Knowhow
Provision of Contingencies
• Working Capital Requirement Per Month……………………….…7
Raw Material
Packing Material
Lab & ETP Chemical Cost
Consumable Store
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• Overheads Required Per Month and Per Annum………….…….…8
Utilities & Overheads (Power, Water and Fuel Expenses etc.)
Royalty and Other Charges
Selling and Distribution Expenses
• Salary and Wages …………………………………………....……..9
• Turnover Per Annum ……………………………………….....…10
• Share Capital…………………………………………………….....11
Equity Capital
Preference Share Capital
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• Annexure 1 :: Cost of Project and Means of Finance
• Annexure 2 :: Profitability and Net Cash Accruals
 Revenue/Income/Realisation
 Expenses/Cost of Products/Services/Items
 Gross Profit
 Financial Charges
 Total Cost of Sales
 Net Profit After Taxes
 Net Cash Accruals
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• Annexure 3 :: Assessment of Working Capital requirements
 Current Assets
 Gross Working Capital
 Current Liabilities
 Net Working Capital
 Working Note for Calculation of Work-in-process
• Annexure 4 :: Sources and Disposition of Funds
• Annexure 5 :: Projected Balance Sheets
 ROI (Average of Fixed Assets)
 RONW (Average of Share Capital)
 ROI (Average of Total Assets)
• Annexure 6 :: Profitability Ratios
 D.S.C.R
 Earnings Per Share (EPS)
 Debt Equity Ratio
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• Annexure 7 :: Break-Even Analysis
 Variable Cost & Expenses
 Semi-Variable/Semi-Fixed Expenses
 Profit Volume Ratio (PVR)
 Fixed Expenses / Cost
 B.E.P
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• Annexure 8 to 11 :: Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume
 Resultant N.P.B.T
 Resultant D.S.C.R
 Resultant PV Ratio
 Resultant DER
 Resultant ROI
 Resultant BEP
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• Annexure 12 :: Shareholding Pattern and Stake Status
 Equity Capital
 Preference Share Capital
• Annexure 13 :: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks
 Determined Capacity P.A of Products/Services
 Achievable Efficiency/Yield % of Products/Services/Items
 Net Usable Load/Capacity of Products/Services/Items
 Expected Sales/ Revenue/ Income of Products/ Services/ Items
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• Annexure 14 :: Product wise Domestic Sales
Realisation
• Annexure 15 :: Total Raw Material Cost
• Annexure 16 :: Raw Material Cost per unit
• Annexure 17 :: Total Lab & ETP Chemical Cost
• Annexure 18 :: Consumables, Store etc.
• Annexure 19 :: Packing Material Cost
• Annexure 20 :: Packing Material Cost Per Unit
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• Annexure 21 :: Employees Expenses
• Annexure 22 :: Fuel Expenses
• Annexure 23 :: Power/Electricity Expenses
• Annexure 24 :: Royalty & Other Charges
• Annexure 25 :: Repairs & Maintenance Expenses
• Annexure 26 :: Other Manufacturing Expenses
• Annexure 27 :: Administration Expenses
• Annexure 28 :: Selling Expenses
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• Annexure 29 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (Total)
• Annexure 30 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (P & M)
• Annexure 31 :: Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (Total)
• Annexure 32 :: Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (P &
M)
• Annexure 33 :: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans
• Annexure 34 :: Tax on Profits
• Annexure 35 :: Projected Pay-Back Period and IRR
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Scope of the Report
The report titled “Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic
Feasibility Report on Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion)
provides an insight into Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) market in India with focus on uses and applications,
Manufacturing Process, Process Flow Sheets, Plant Layout and Project
Financials of Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) project.
The report assesses the market sizing and growth of the Indian Plastic
Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Industry. While expanding a
current business or while venturing into new business, entrepreneurs
are often faced with the dilemma of zeroing in on a suitable
product/line. And before diversifying/venturing into any product, they
wish to study the following aspects of the identified product:
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• Good Present/Future Demand
• Export-Import Market Potential
• Raw Material & Manpower Availability
• Project Costs and Payback Period
We at NPCS, through our reliable expertise in the project
consultancy and market research field, have demystified the
situation by putting forward the emerging business opportunity
in the Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) sector
in India along with its business prospects. Through this report
we have identified Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil
Conversion) project as a lucrative investment avenue.
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Niir Project Consultancy Services (NPCS)
can provide Detailed Project Report on
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion.
Production of Oil from Waste Plastics
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Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
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Requirement collection
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Contact us
NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23845886
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView
https://goo.gl/VstWkd
www.entrepreneurindia.co
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https://www.facebook.com/NIIR.ORG
https://www.youtube.com/user/NIIRproject
https://plus.google.com/+EntrepreneurIndiaNewDelhi
https://twitter.com/npcs_in
 https://www.pinterest.com/npcsindia/
www.entrepreneurindia.co
Follow us
For more information, visit us at:
www.niir.org
www.entrepreneurindia.co
www.entrepreneurindia.co

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Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion

  • 2. www.entrepreneurindia.co Introduction Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen.
  • 3. www.entrepreneurindia.co Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
  • 4. www.entrepreneurindia.co Pyrolysis of waste plastic is a prospective way of conversion of waste plastic into low-emissive hydrocarbon fuel. Waste plastic materials viz., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate were collected from local convenience store packing materials. Waste plastic material pyrolysis was conducted as individual plastics and as mixed feed in a new laboratory scale batch reactor. Hydrocarbon molecules from the basic materials are split under the impact of catalyst inside the reactor in 70–240 °C. The reduction of process takes place from 500–600 °C to 240 °C in the presence of catalyst. The analyses of pyrolysis products suggested that it can be used as a viable alternative to motor fuel.
  • 5. www.entrepreneurindia.co It was observed that the yield was better in the case of individual plastic material as opposed to mixed feed in all cases except polypropylene under non-catalysed vacuum process.
  • 6. www.entrepreneurindia.co Power Generation Using Fast Pyrolysis Liquids Power production from biomass derived pyrolysis liquids has been under development for the past few years. If technically successful, it would make decentralized bio-energy production possible. Several technologies and system components have been developed by academia, R&D organizations, and industrial companies in many countries. Power plant technologies addressed are diesel engines, gas turbines, and natural gas/steam power plants. Main results are reviewed and R&D needs identified for each technology. The analysis shows that even for the most promising solutions long-term demonstration has not yet been achieved. Pyrolysis liquid use in gas turbine plants and in co-firing mode in large power stations are technically most advanced. Recent work with diesel engines also appears quite promising.
  • 7. www.entrepreneurindia.co Bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis has a wide range of applications. The major applications include heat and power generation, liquid fuels, and raw chemical products. The oils produced can be used directly in energy production by combustion, although the heating value of bio-oil is lower than that of fossil fuels (about 40% less than diesel fuel). Basic modifications on boilers to handle the viscosity of the bio-oil are needed to accommodate the material as a burning fuel. Bio- oil produces lower emissions of nitrogen oxide and sulfur gases when burned, especially when compared to fossil fuel emissions
  • 8. www.entrepreneurindia.co The waste to energy technology is investigated to process the potential materials in waste which are plastic, biomass and rubber tire to be oil. Pyrolysis process becomes an option of waste-to-energy technology to deliver bio-fuel to replace fossil fuel. Waste plastic and waste tire are investigated in this research as they are the available technology. The advantage of the pyrolysis process is its ability to handle un-sort and dirty plastic. The pre-treatment of the material is easy. Tire is needed to be shredded while plastic is needed to be sorted and dried. Pyrolysis is also no toxic or environmental harmful emission unlike incineration.
  • 9. www.entrepreneurindia.co Economic growth and changing consumption and production patterns are resulting into rapid increase in generation of waste plastics in the world. For more than 50 years the global production of plastic has continued to rise. The plastics have become one of the most important and indispensable materials in our contemporary world. These plastics are not presently biodegradable and are extremely troublesome components for land filling. The waste plastics are known for creating a very serious environmental challenge because of their huge quantities and the disposal problems caused by them. The pyrolysis has a wide temperature range and it can be performed with or without a catalyst. Generally used catalysts for this process are mordenite, FCC, USY, ZSM-5, etc.
  • 10. www.entrepreneurindia.co In pyrolysis (plastic to oil) process, the plastic waste is not burned. But instead plastic is chemically broken down into Pyrolysis Oil, Hydrocarbon Gas and Carbon Black. Plastic to oil is environment friendly technology for disposal of plastic waste. apc has 10+ years of expertise in installing and operating state-of-art plastic to oil plants. Plastic to oil is chemical technology for converting waste plastic into Pyrolysis Oil, Carbon Black and Hydrocarbon Gas. This reaction takes place inside pyrolysis reactor. Following reaction conditions are essential for conversation of plastic to oil.
  • 11. www.entrepreneurindia.co Plastic Pyrolysis Process Pyrolysis is an advanced technology used in disposing waste plastics. Adopting such a technology, our waste plastic pyrolysis plant can convert waste plastics into oil and carbon black, which are both in high demand in the market. Usually, the plastic pyrolysis process can be described as follow:
  • 13. www.entrepreneurindia.co The global plastic production increased over years due to the vast applications of plastics in many sectors. The continuous demand of plastics caused the plastic wastes accumulation in the landfill consumed a lot of spaces that contributed to the environmental problem. The rising in plastics demand led to the depletion of petroleum as part of non-renewable fossil fuel since plastics were the petroleum-based material. Some alternatives that have been developed to manage plastic wastes were recycling and energy recovery method. However, there were some drawbacks of the recycling method as it required high labor cost for the separation process and caused water contamination that reduced the process sustainability.
  • 14. www.entrepreneurindia.co Due to these drawbacks, the researchers have diverted their attentions to the energy recovery method to compensate the high energy demand. Through extensive research and technology development, the plastic waste conversion to energy was developed. As petroleum was the main source of plastic manufacturing, the recovery of plastic to liquid oil through pyrolysis process had a great potential since the oil produced had high calorific value comparable with the commercial fuel.
  • 15. www.entrepreneurindia.co Plastic to oil (fuel) conversion technology has gained prominence primarily due to two factors: forming a reliable source of alternative energy from an abundant feedstock having negligible economic value and an eco-friendly disposal of non-recycled plastics. The rapidly rising volumes of plastic waste has led to the overriding concern of environmental hazards to various habitats, particularly humans and aquatic life. Coupled with this, stringent government regulations against the disposal of plastics and revised risk assessment approaches in developing and developed nations have boosted the market.
  • 16. www.entrepreneurindia.co The Asia Pacific market is expected to showcase promising growth avenues over the forecast period, mainly driven by the modernizing of different plastic-to-fuel technologies. Countries such as Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and the UAE, also contribute to the substantial demand for plastic waste to oil processes.
  • 19. www.entrepreneurindia.co Project at a Glance PROJECT AT A GLANCE (` in lacs) COST OF PROJECT MEANS OF FINANCE Particulars Existing Proposed Total Particulars Existing Propose d Total Land & Site Development Exp. 0.00 70.00 70.00Capital 0.00 128.00 128.00 Buildings 0.00 146.00 146.00Share Premium 0.00 0.00 0.00 Plant & Machineries 0.00 197.23 197.23Other Type Share Capital 0.00 0.00 0.00 Motor Vehicles 0.00 8.00 8.00Reserves & Surplus 0.00 0.00 0.00 Office Automation Equipments 0.00 23.50 23.50Cash Subsidy 0.00 0.00 0.00 Technical Knowhow Fees & Exp. 0.00 15.00 15.00Internal Cash Accruals 0.00 0.00 0.00 Franchise & Other Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00 Long/Medium Term Borrowings 0.00 384.01 384.01 Preliminary& Pre-operative Exp 0.00 3.00 3.00Debentures / Bonds 0.00 0.00 0.00 Provision for Contingencies 0.00 16.00 16.00 Unsecured Loans/Deposits 0.00 0.00 0.00 Margin Money - Working Capital 0.00 33.29 33.29 TOTAL 0.00 512.02 512.02TOTAL 0.00 512.02 512.02
  • 20. www.entrepreneurindia.co Project at a Glance Yea r Annualised Boo k Valu e Debt Divid end Retained Earnings Payo ut Proba ble Marke t Price P/E Ratio Yield Price/ Book Value EPS CEPS Per Share Per Share Per Share No.of Time s` ` ` ` ` % ` % ` % 1- 2 4.94 8.95 14.9 4 24.00 0.00 100.0 0 4.94 0.00 4.94 1.00 0.00 2- 3 7.85 11.34 22.7 9 18.00 0.00 100.0 0 7.85 0.00 7.85 1.00 0.00 3- 4 10.72 13.77 33.5 1 12.00 0.00 100.0 0 10.7 2 0.00 10.72 1.00 0.00 4-5 13.50 16.16 47.0 0 6.00 0.00 100.0 0 13.5 0 0.00 13.50 1.00 0.00 5-6 16.16 18.49 63.1 6 0.00 0.00 100.0 0 16.1 6 0.00 16.16 1.00 0.00
  • 21. www.entrepreneurindia.co Project at a Glance Yea r D. S. C. R. Debt / - Depo sits Debt Equity as- Equity Total Net Worth Retu rn on Net Wort h Profitability Ratio Asset s Turno ver Ratio Curre nt Ratio Individ ual Cumula tive Over all GPM PBT PAT Net Contri bution P/V Ratio (Number of times) (Number of times) % % % % % % Initi al 3.00 3.00 1- 2 1.32 1.32 1.61 1.61 2.47 12.66 % 6.31% 4.56%475.64 34.32 % 2.13 0.98 2-3 1.62 1.46 0.79 0.79 1.44 14.59 % 9.36% 6.21%552.33 34.16 % 2.31 1.23 3-4 1.98 1.62 1.98 0.36 0.36 0.86 15.89 % 11.52% 7.43%631.18 34.15 % 2.34 1.55 4-5 2.42 1.79 0.13 0.13 0.53 16.78 % 13.06%8.31%710.02 34.15 % 2.28 1.91 5-6 2.94 1.98 0.00 0.00 0.33 17.37 % 14.15%8.95%788.86 34.15 % 2.16 2.96
  • 22. www.entrepreneurindia.co Project at a Glance BEP BEP - Maximum Utilisation Year 5 Cash BEP (% of Installed Capacity) 54.73% Total BEP (% of Installed Capacity) 58.51% IRR, PAYBACK and FACR Internal Rate of Return .. ( In %age ) 26.03% Payback Period of the Project is ( In Years ) 2 Years 3 Months Fixed Assets Coverage Ratio ( No. of times ) 8.068
  • 23. Major Queries/Questions Answered in the Report? www.entrepreneurindia.co 1. What is Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing industry ? 2. How has the Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing industry performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years ? 3. What is the Project Feasibility of Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing Plant ? 4. What are the requirements of Working Capital for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing plant ?
  • 24. 5. What is the structure of Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Business and who are the key/major players ? 6. What is the total project cost for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing Business? 7. What are the operating costs for setting up Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion plant ? 8. What are the machinery and equipment requirements for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing plant ? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 25. 9. Who are the Suppliers and Manufacturers of Plant & Machinery for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing plant ? 10. What are the requirements of raw material for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing plant ? 11. Who are the Suppliers and Manufacturers of Raw materials for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business? 12. What is the Manufacturing Process of Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 26. www.entepreneurindia.co 13. What is the total size of land required for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing plant ? 14. What will be the income and expenditures for Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business? 15. What are the Projected Balance Sheets of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing plant ? 16. What are the requirement of utilities and overheads for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing plant? 17. What is the Built up Area Requirement and cost for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business?
  • 27. 18. What are the Personnel (Manpower) Requirements for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing Business? 19. What is the Plant Layout for setting up Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business? 20. What is the time required to break-even of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business? 21.What is the Break-Even Analysis of Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing plant? 22.What are the Project financials of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Business? www.entepreneurindia.co
  • 28. 23. What are the Profitability Ratios of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Manufacturing Project? 24. What is the Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume of Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing plant? 25. What are the Projected Pay-Back Period and IRR of Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing plant? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 29. 27. What are the Market Opportunities for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing plant? 28. What is the Market Study and Assessment for setting up Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Manufacturing Business? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 31. www.entrepreneurindia.co 1. PROJECT LOCATION 1.1. DISTRICT PROFILE & GEOTECHNICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION 1.1.1. General 1.1.2. Administrative Set up. 1.1.3. Map 1.1.4. Industrial Scenario of Akola 1.1.5. Large Scale Industries / Public Sector undertakings 2. INTRODUCTION 3. TYPES OF WASTE PLASTIC 3.1. MUNICIPAL PLASTIC WASTES 3.2. INDUSTRIAL PLASTIC WASTES 4. PLASTIC PYROLYSIS OIL 5. EFFECT OF VARIOUS CATALYSTS ON FUEL OIL PYROLYSIS 6. USES & APPLICATIONS 7. PROPERTIES 8. MARKET SURVEY
  • 32. www.entrepreneurindia.co 8.1. OVERVIEW 8.2. TRENDS 8.3. MARKET POTENTIAL 8.4. REGIONAL OUTLOOK 9. EXPORT & IMPORT: ALL COUNTRIES 9.1. EXPORT: ALL COUNTRIES 9.2. IMPORT: ALL COUNTRIES 10. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 10.1. MATERIALS 10.2. PREPARATION OF CATALYSTS 10.3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS 10.4. ANALYSIS OF NATURAL CATALYSTS 11. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF A PYROLYSIS UNIT 11.1. DESIRABLE DESIGN PARAMETERS 11.2. TAGUCHI DESIGN PARAMETER 12. MANUFACTURING PROCESS 12.1. EXPERIMENTAL 12.2. STEPS INVOLVED IN PROCESS 12.3. OBSERVATION TABLES 13. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
  • 33. www.entrepreneurindia.co 14. DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL PLANT 15. PROCESS FLOW CHART 16. SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY 17. SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL 18. PHOTOGRAPHS/IMAGES FOR REFERENCE 18.1. MACHINERY PHOTOGRAPHS 18.2. RAW MATERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 18.3. PRODUCT PHOTOGRAPHS 19. PLANT LAYOUT
  • 34. Project Financials • Project at a Glance Annexure • Assumptions for Profitability workings ………………………..1 • Plant Economics…………………………………………………..2 • Production Schedule………………………………………………3 • Land & Building……………………………………………….……4 Factory Land & Building Site Development Expenses www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 35. • Plant & Machinery……………………………………………..……..5 Indigenous Machineries Other Machineries (Miscellaneous, Laboratory etc.) • Other Fixed Assets………………………………………..........….......6 Furniture & Fixtures Pre-operative and Preliminary Expenses Technical Knowhow Provision of Contingencies • Working Capital Requirement Per Month……………………….…7 Raw Material Packing Material Lab & ETP Chemical Cost Consumable Store www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 36. • Overheads Required Per Month and Per Annum………….…….…8 Utilities & Overheads (Power, Water and Fuel Expenses etc.) Royalty and Other Charges Selling and Distribution Expenses • Salary and Wages …………………………………………....……..9 • Turnover Per Annum ……………………………………….....…10 • Share Capital…………………………………………………….....11 Equity Capital Preference Share Capital www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 37. • Annexure 1 :: Cost of Project and Means of Finance • Annexure 2 :: Profitability and Net Cash Accruals  Revenue/Income/Realisation  Expenses/Cost of Products/Services/Items  Gross Profit  Financial Charges  Total Cost of Sales  Net Profit After Taxes  Net Cash Accruals www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 38. www.entrepreneurindia.co • Annexure 3 :: Assessment of Working Capital requirements  Current Assets  Gross Working Capital  Current Liabilities  Net Working Capital  Working Note for Calculation of Work-in-process • Annexure 4 :: Sources and Disposition of Funds
  • 39. • Annexure 5 :: Projected Balance Sheets  ROI (Average of Fixed Assets)  RONW (Average of Share Capital)  ROI (Average of Total Assets) • Annexure 6 :: Profitability Ratios  D.S.C.R  Earnings Per Share (EPS)  Debt Equity Ratio www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 40. • Annexure 7 :: Break-Even Analysis  Variable Cost & Expenses  Semi-Variable/Semi-Fixed Expenses  Profit Volume Ratio (PVR)  Fixed Expenses / Cost  B.E.P www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 41. • Annexure 8 to 11 :: Sensitivity Analysis-Price/Volume  Resultant N.P.B.T  Resultant D.S.C.R  Resultant PV Ratio  Resultant DER  Resultant ROI  Resultant BEP www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 42. • Annexure 12 :: Shareholding Pattern and Stake Status  Equity Capital  Preference Share Capital • Annexure 13 :: Quantitative Details-Output/Sales/Stocks  Determined Capacity P.A of Products/Services  Achievable Efficiency/Yield % of Products/Services/Items  Net Usable Load/Capacity of Products/Services/Items  Expected Sales/ Revenue/ Income of Products/ Services/ Items www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 43. • Annexure 14 :: Product wise Domestic Sales Realisation • Annexure 15 :: Total Raw Material Cost • Annexure 16 :: Raw Material Cost per unit • Annexure 17 :: Total Lab & ETP Chemical Cost • Annexure 18 :: Consumables, Store etc. • Annexure 19 :: Packing Material Cost • Annexure 20 :: Packing Material Cost Per Unit www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 44. • Annexure 21 :: Employees Expenses • Annexure 22 :: Fuel Expenses • Annexure 23 :: Power/Electricity Expenses • Annexure 24 :: Royalty & Other Charges • Annexure 25 :: Repairs & Maintenance Expenses • Annexure 26 :: Other Manufacturing Expenses • Annexure 27 :: Administration Expenses • Annexure 28 :: Selling Expenses www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 45. • Annexure 29 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (Total) • Annexure 30 :: Depreciation Charges – as per Books (P & M) • Annexure 31 :: Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (Total) • Annexure 32 :: Depreciation Charges - as per IT Act WDV (P & M) • Annexure 33 :: Interest and Repayment - Term Loans • Annexure 34 :: Tax on Profits • Annexure 35 :: Projected Pay-Back Period and IRR www.entrepreneurindia.co
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  • 47. • This report helps you understand the viability of the project by disclosing details like machinery required, project costs and snapshot of other project financials • The report provides a glimpse of government regulations applicable on the industry • The report provides forecasts of key parameters which helps to anticipate the industry performance and make sound business decisions www.entrepreneurindia.co
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  • 49. Scope of the Report The report titled “Market Survey cum Detailed Techno Economic Feasibility Report on Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) provides an insight into Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) market in India with focus on uses and applications, Manufacturing Process, Process Flow Sheets, Plant Layout and Project Financials of Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) project. The report assesses the market sizing and growth of the Indian Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) Industry. While expanding a current business or while venturing into new business, entrepreneurs are often faced with the dilemma of zeroing in on a suitable product/line. And before diversifying/venturing into any product, they wish to study the following aspects of the identified product: www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 50. • Good Present/Future Demand • Export-Import Market Potential • Raw Material & Manpower Availability • Project Costs and Payback Period We at NPCS, through our reliable expertise in the project consultancy and market research field, have demystified the situation by putting forward the emerging business opportunity in the Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) sector in India along with its business prospects. Through this report we have identified Plastic Pyrolysis (Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion) project as a lucrative investment avenue. www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 51. Tags www.entrepreneurindia.co Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries,
  • 52. www.entrepreneurindia.co Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Feasibility report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Free Project Profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Download free project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project report for bank loan, Project report for bank finance, Project report format for bank loan in excel, Excel Format of Project Report and CMA Data, Project Report Bank Loan Excel, Production of Oil from Waste Plastic by Pyrolysis Process, Converting Waste Plastics into a Resource, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Production, Converting Plastic Back to Oil
  • 53. Niir Project Consultancy Services (NPCS) can provide Detailed Project Report on Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis https://goo.gl/5rd15q https://goo.gl/Rc7VBM https://goo.gl/CvD9Kh www.entrepreneurindia.co
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  • 59. And before diversifying/venturing into any product, they wish to study the following aspects of the identified product:  Good Present/Future Demand  Export-Import Market Potential  Raw Material & Manpower Availability  Project Costs and Payback Period The detailed project report covers all aspect of business, from analyzing the market, confirming availability of various necessities such as Manufacturing Plant, Detailed Project Report, Profile, Business Plan, Industry Trends, Market Research, Survey, Manufacturing Process, Machinery, Raw Materials, Feasibility Study, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue, Plant Economics, Production Schedule, www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 60. www.entrepreneurindia.co Working Capital Requirement, uses and applications, Plant Layout, Project Financials, Process Flow Sheet, Cost of Project, Projected Balance Sheets, Profitability Ratios, Break Even Analysis. The DPR (Detailed Project Report) is formulated by highly accomplished and experienced consultants and the market research and analysis are supported by a panel of experts and digitalized data bank. We at NPCS, through our reliable expertise in the project consultancy and market research field, have demystified the situation by putting forward the emerging business opportunity in India along with its business prospects……Read more
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  • 66. o Project Identification o Detailed Project Reports/Pre-feasibility Reports o Market Research Reports o Business Plan o Technology Books and Directory o Industry Trend o Databases on CD-ROM o Laboratory Testing Services o Turnkey Project Consultancy/Solutions o Entrepreneur India (An Industrial Monthly Journal) www.entrepreneurindia.co What do we offer?
  • 67. o We have two decades long experience in project consultancy and market research field o We empower our customers with the prerequisite know-how to take sound business decisions o We help catalyze business growth by providing distinctive and profound market analysis o We serve a wide array of customers , from individual entrepreneurs to Corporations and Foreign Investors o We use authentic & reliable sources to ensure business precision www.entrepreneurindia.co How are we different ?
  • 68. Our Approach www.entrepreneurindia.co Requirement collection Thorough analysis of the project Economic feasibility study of the Project Market potential survey/research Report Compilation
  • 69. Contact us NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES 106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall, New Delhi-110007, India. Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955 Mobile: +91-9811043595 Fax: +91-11-23845886 Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView https://goo.gl/VstWkd www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 71. For more information, visit us at: www.niir.org www.entrepreneurindia.co www.entrepreneurindia.co