This document discusses periodic functions and their key characteristics. It begins by determining whether given relations are functions and analyzing periodic functions. It defines periodic functions as repeating patterns of y-values at regular intervals and identifies their cycle, period, and amplitude. Examples are provided to analyze periodic functions and determine whether given functions are periodic or not. The document concludes by finding the period and amplitude of an oscilloscope graph showing alternating electric current.

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Exploring Periodic Data

2. Exploring Periodic Data
Determine whether each relation is a function.
1. {(2, 4), (1, 3), (–3, –1), (4, 6)} 2. {(2, 6), (–3, 1), (–2, 2)}
3. {(x, y)| x = 3} 4. {(x, y)| y = 8}
5. {(x, y)| x = y2} 6. {(x, y)| x2 + y2 = 36}
7. {(a, b)| a = b3} 8. {(w, z)| w = z – 36}

3. Exploring Periodic Data
1. {(2, 4), (1, 3), (–3, –1), (4, 6)}; yes, this is a function because each element of
the domain is paired with exactly one element in the range.
2. {(2, 6), (–3, 1), (–2, 2)}; yes, this is a function because each element of the
domain is paired with exactly one element in the range.
3. {(x, y)| x = 3}; no, this is not a function because it is a vertical line and fails
the vertical line test.
4. {(x, y)| y = 8}; yes, this is a function because it is a horizontal line and passes
the vertical line test.
Solutions

4. Exploring Periodic Data
Solutions (continued)
5. {(x, y)| x = y2}; no, this is not a function because an element of the domain is
paired with more than one element in the range.
Example: 4 = 22 and 4 = (–2)2
6. {(x, y)| x2 + y2 = 36}; no, this is not a function because it is a circle and fails
the vertical line test.
7. {(a, b)| a = b3}; yes, this is a function because each element of the domain is
paired with exactly one element in the range.
8. {(w, z)| w = z – 36}; yes, this is a function because each element of the
domain is paired with exactly one element in the range.

5. Vocabulary
Periodic Function: a repeating pattern of y-values (outputs) at regular intervals.
Cycle: One complete pattern of the function. A cycle can occur at any point on
the graph of the function
Period: the horizontal length of one cycle of the function.
Amplitude: half of the distance between the minimum and maximum values of
the function.
Amplitude
Period Period

6. Exploring Periodic Data
Analyze this periodic function. Identify one cycle in two different ways.
Then determine the period of the function.
Begin at any point on the graph.
Trace one complete pattern.
The beginning and ending x-values of each
cycle determine the period of the
function.
Each cycle is 7 units long. The period of the function is 7.

7. Exploring Periodic Data
Determine whether each function is or is not periodic. If it is, find the period.
a.
The pattern of y-values in one section repeats exactly in other sections.
The function is periodic.
Find points at the beginning and end of one cycle.
Subtract the x-values of the points: 2 – 0 = 2.
The pattern of the graph repeats every 2 units, so the period is 2.

8. Exploring Periodic Data
(continued)
b.
The pattern of y-values in one section repeats exactly in other sections.
The function is periodic.
Find points at the beginning and end of one cycle.
Subtract the x-values of the points: 3 – 0 = 3.
The pattern of the graph repeats every 3 units, so the period is 3.

9. Exploring Periodic Data
Find the amplitudes of the two functions in
Additional Example 2.
a. amplitude = (maximum value – minimum value) Use definition of
The amplitude of the function is 2.
amplitude.
12
= [2 – (–2)] Substitute. 12 = (4) = 2 Subtract within parentheses and simplify. 12

10. Exploring Periodic Data
(continued)
b. amplitude = (maximum value – minimum value) Use definition of
The amplitude of the function is 3.
amplitude.
12
= [6 – 0] Substitute. 12
= (6) = 3 Subtract within parentheses and simplify. 12

11. Exploring Periodic Data
The oscilloscope screen below shows the graph of the alternating
current electricity supplied to homes in the United States. Find the
period and amplitude.
1 unit on the t-axis = 1 s
360

12. One cycle of the electric current occurs from 0 s to 1 s.
60
The maximum value of the function is 120, and the minimum is –120.
1
60
1
60
period = – 0 Use the definitions.
= Simplify.
12
12
amplitude = [120 – (–120)]
= (240) = 120
The period of the electric current is 1 s. The amplitude is 120 volts.
60