The Nuclear Of Nuclear Power

The Nuclear Of Nuclear Power
Albert Tran
Nuclear power is energy that is produced as a result of a nuclear reaction, either one of two types,
fission or fusion. The type that is used is fission because fusion is almost impossible to achieve due
the conditions needed to have the reaction occur. One place where it is known that fusion can take
place is the sun. When one thinks of nuclear power, they think radiation, however not all nuclear
reactions emit radiation. The reason why all nuclear power is radioactive is due to the fact that
radioactive elements, especially uranium, is used because of it is the easiest to produce a nuclear
fission reaction because it is a large element and it is harder to split smaller elements such as oxygen
or fluorine. Nuclear fission was discovered by a team of German researchers at the Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute in Berlin on the eve of World War II.
In today's day and age, nuclear power can be viewed as dangerous and unreliable, but it is the only
source of baseload power of electricity. Baseload power is the amount of energy that is needed to
meet year–round demands. Not only does nuclear power create a lot of energy to used, but it also
does it reliably without emitting greenhouse gases, like fossil fuel factories. Because of this, nuclear
energy has one of the lowest environmental impacts on land and natural resources of any electricity
source (1). For example, by the year 2013, nuclear power plants have generated a total of
4,058,209,231 Megawatt–hours of energy, which
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Oligopoly Case Digest Analysis
A. Collectively there are four major pieces of legislation that make us the Antitrust Laws: The
Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, the Federal Trade Commission act of 1914 and the
Celler– Kefauver Act of 1950. The purpose of these acts and laws is to regulate trade and commerce
by preventing unlawful restrictions, price fixing and monopolies; their goal is to promote
competition and to encourage the production of quality goods and serves at reasonable prices while
safeguarding the public welfare, while ensuring consumer demand is met via the production and sale
of those goods at reasonably low prices. Enforcement of the antitrust laws depends largely on two
agencies: the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A Monopoly refers to a market where–by there is one or limited suppliers of a given commodity to
the market.
b. An Oligopoly refers to a market structure where–by the suppliers have formed some form of
cartel and are acting in unison. In such a case the suppliers have the power to determine the price of
the commodity and may set any price.
This is where industry regulations come. The regulations discourages the monopolies and
oligopolies from charging unfair prices for their products.
C. Primarily there are two federal and one state regulatory commissions that govern industrial
regulations:
a. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commissions (FERC) formally known as the Federal Power
Commission (FPC) established in 1920 to regulate hydropower dams. Through successive
legislation and legal proceedings. The role of the FERC expanded the regulation to include
jurisdiction over state–to–state electricity sales, wholesale electric rates, hydroelectric licensing,
natural gas pricing, and oil pipeline rates. It also reviews and approves liquefied natural gas (LNG)
terminals, pipelines, and non–federal hydropower projects. The FERC is an independent federal
regulatory agency. ("AllGov –

Nuclear Power Plants and Nuclear Waste
The purpose of a nuclear power plant is to produce electricity for supporting increases in
consumption. Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC) defines nuclear energy as "the energy
released by a nuclear reaction, especially by fission or fusion. In general terms, nuclear energy uses
fuel made from mined and processed uranium to make steam and generate electricity" (ENEC
2011). Nuclear power plant currently producing electricity in the U.S include the Pressurized Water
Reactor and the Boiling Water Reactor. To illustrate the importance of nuclear energy to the United
States, 20% of our nation's electricity production comes from the 104 commercially operating
reactors (Funk and Socacool 2012). However, security issues surrounding nuclear power lead to the
U.S nuclear regulatory agencies imposing strict regulations on the production of nuclear energy.
As a result, development and construction time of a nuclear power plant is a complex process.
Before an applicant can start building a nuclear power plant, it must receive approval from the U.S
Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Previous regulations required that a nuclear power plant was
licensed under a two–step licensing process (NRC 2004). This former process required both a
construction permit and an operating license (NRC 2004). In 1989, the NRC established an
alternative licensing process which formed a joint license between the construction permit and an
operating license (NRC 2004). Following approval from the U.S NRC

Sharon Harris Reaction Paper
In the event of a mass casualty incident, say a hypothetical incident at the Sharon Harris nuclear
facility, there will be a variety of responding parties from local fire and rescue, to the North Carolina
Emergency Management office in Raleigh, to federal assets to including the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission and the military. Finally the private sector will also be involved such as local
businesses and hotels for shelters.
In this hypothetical incident at the Sharon Harris nuclear facility, there is a fire reported in the
turbine room. Sharon Harris has their own fire department on site which will be the first due engine
at the fire, backed up by the Holly Springs and Fuquay–Varina fire departments. At this time the
onsite fire department has determined that there was an accidental radiological release. This
information is then passed up the chain of command to Progress Energy the owners of Sharon
Harris; and Progress Energy will activate their emergency action plans. Progress Energy's plans
includes staff putting on the proper personal protective equipment, contacting the North Carolina
Regional hazardous material team in Raleigh, contacting and activating the North Carolina ... Show
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The Regional Response Team's priority at this time is to decontaminate local first responders and get
them the medical attention they may require, then enter the hot zone find the leak and contain the
leak. Meanwhile the North Carolina Emergency Management office's public information officer will
be receiving information on the event, what the public needs to do, and when the public can expect
the next press release. Further if the state of North Carolina determines that the state's assets cannot
adequately deal with the crisis, then the state will call for federal

US Constitution Then and Now Essay
The United States government was founded on a written set of principles known as the Constitution.
There have only been 17 amendments, or changes, since ratification. While the United States has
evolved with time the role and function of the government, and the way the government guarantees
civil rights and liberties, has also evolved. These changes have resulted from changing or
broadening of the interpretation of the constitution. Although the core of the constitution has not
changed, it has expanded and its interpretation has changed to keep up with societal demands.
Whereas the six functions of government, as articulated in the Preamble remain the same, the
functions have extended to govern issues not a factor during the ... Show more content on
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Since the Constitution was written the government has had a hand in the economy, however the
proverbial hand has grown bigger and stronger. For instance, the Federal Trade Commission, FTC,
came to be around 1913 and its rulings have had varying levels of impact to the economy. FTC
rulings include: do not call legislation, funeral industry regulation, and antitrust rulings in the
petroleum industry. While the structure of the federal government was and still is the executive
branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch, those branches have each taken on many
more responsibilities as needed to keep up with the progression of America. Put in place by the
founding fathers, Federalism was intended to balance the power of the national and state
governments so that the national government could not acquire too much power. The executive
branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch still exist today as when first created, on a
much larger scale. Extensive modification in the executive branch since the late eighteenth century
has been the growth of the number of departments, agencies, and other offices. In 1789, President
George Washington's administration had three main departments: State, Treasury, and War. He had
other offices that included the office of the Attorney General, the lead lawyer of the federal
government. Washington's administration had a few hundred people at the

Corporate Social Responsibility : A Company 's Sense Of...
BusinessDictionary.com (n.d.), defines corporate social responsibility (CSR) as "a company's sense
of responsibility towards the community and environment, both ecological and social, in which it
operates" (para. 1). When expressing citizenship, companies can do so through its waste and
pollution reduction processes, by contributing to educational and social programs, and by earning
adequate returns on the employed resources (BusinessDictionary.com, n.d.). Economic, political,
and civil society are three spheres of human civilization that reveal fundamental principles of
corporate social responsibility. The economic sphere, which deals with businesses and economy of a
society, the political sphere, which deals with government and the laws and rules that mandate and
enforces, and the civil society sphere, which builds civility and community ("Corporate Social
Responsibility–Module Two Overview: Three Spheres of Human Civilization", 2014). Cleco
exhibits corporate social responsibility using the three spheres of human civilization through
stewardship and conservation initiatives, community outreach, and regulatory requirements
throughout its service territory, which includes 23 Louisiana parishes.
In the economic sphere, Cleco has several conservation and public education initiatives relating to
environmental stewardship. One example is Acadia Power Prairie, which includes Cleco Power
LLC, Acadia Power Partners LLC, and the Cajun Prairie Habitat Preservation Society

Improvement Of Technology And Its Use Has Been The...
Improvement of technology and its use has been the foundation for American economics. Although
such innovation does create jobs, customs, and cultures that contribute to the American lifestyle, it
can also create pollution that harms the environment and brings about environmental injustice.
People focus on outcome effects of a certain project. Whether its main goal is for economic gains, to
help improve the way American people live, or even if it is harming the ecosystem in any way, they
will intervene. However, what people don't pay attention to is the tool that is being used to
accomplish such goals that can produce complications as it relates to the environment and injustice
that comes with the utilization of technology. This creates a selective exposure mentality in the
sense that if the tool being used has been here before the person was born or even if the tool is used
to support daily activities within the American household and lifestyle, then in no way should it be
harmful to humans or the environment. There must be a different way in which American citizens
can identify such potential dangers so that disaster can be avoided. One approach is to have
professionals in the related field expose such technologies that people believe are helping them but
instead are causing damage to the environment. As a previous low voltage linemen with seven years
of experience, alongside my father who has been a low voltage linemen for twenty plus years, one
tool that must be

Is The Texas High Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact...
In the United States of America, Texas is one of many states that has been solidly of a republican
and conservative ideology throughout the history and time it has been a state whether it be from
Texas during reconstruction with it conservative Democrats to the switched conservative
Republicans of today. With that being said, Texas compared to other states, spends far less money on
governmental programs and agencies local and statewide whether that be from the Health and
Human Services Commission to the Department of Housing and Community affairs. Still, the public
perception is that the government has been increasingly wasting money on some of these various
state and local agencies, so the Texas legislature has passed the Sunset Act ... Show more content on
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Based on the agency and its policy for waste management and disposal of low level radioactive
waste, I believe that interest groups such as those dealing with business and economic growth would
be likely to support its elimination. Examples of such interest groups might be ones supporting the
Ameren Corporation, or BP of America. I say this because they would consider such an agency as a
nuisance and won't help them support their business of production through the strict rules and
regulations. In opposition, interest groups that would probably support the continuation of this
agency would be those that favor the environment and its relative protection, an example of such
would be the ones representing the City of Dallas, Texas which has the responsibility of caring for
the welfare of its population while providing basic services. Taking on the negative side of the
spectrum, if such an agency would be eliminated, there would be a pile up of such waste, as 90% if
relative waste is that of low level waste and it would result in inadequate management which could
affect people exposed to the radioactive materials and natural resources. The pros however would be
that eliminating such an agency could reduce the spending that the state uses and gets from it

Antitrust Laws Research Paper
A. Collectively there are four major pieces of legislation that make us the Antitrust Laws: The
Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, the Federal Trade Commission act of 1914 and the
Celler– Kefauver Act of 1950. The purpose of these acts and laws is to regulate trade and commerce
by preventing unlawful restrictions, price fixing and monopolies; their goal is to promote
competition and to encourage the production of quality goods and services at reasonable prices
while safeguarding the public welfare, while ensuring consumer demand is met via the production
and sale of those goods at reasonably low prices. Enforcement of the antitrust laws depends largely
on two agencies: the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions (EEOC). Enacted in 1964. is responsible for
enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee
because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or
older), disability or genetic information, (Sex–stereotyping). The laws apply to all types of work
situations, including hiring, firing, promotions, harassment, training, wages, and benefits. EEO
Posters must be posted in a visible location in the workplace where notices to applicants and
employees are typically posted. ("Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions."

A Express Transmission Project Receives Approval From...
TransWest Express Transmission Project receives approval from Nevada PUC General Interest The
Nevada Public Utilities Commission (PUC) granted approval for the $3 billion Trans West Express
project (TWEP). TWEP is a 725 mile 600–kilovolt transmission line carrying 3,000–megawatt of
mostly renewable energy. This project will help deliver high–capacity renewable energy to larger
markets in the west, including utilities in Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and California. The
Department of Energy (DOE) Western Area Power Authority (WAPA) entered into a non–binding
agreement with TransWest to procure a 50 percent equity stake in the transmission project. Under
the current non–binding contractual agreement, TransWest Express, LLC and Western are jointly
developing and maintaining the transmission line. To protect wetlands and wildlife habitat, the
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the DOE's Western Area Power Administration are
preparing an environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy Act for the
TransWest Express Transmission Project. Transwest officials estimate a large portion of the
proposed route is sited on federal land, which is mainly administered by the Bureau of Land
Management and U.S. Forest Service. Developers expect to start the construction in 2017 and
service it in 2020. Sites used: http://www.transwestexpress.net/news/briefs/030410–Western–Area–
Power.shtml

Egt Task 3
3 The numbers of firms that produce identical products or goods which are homogenous are called
market structure. Industrial regulation is the government regulation on an entire industry with the
objective of keeping a close eye on the industry prices and take advantage of consumers. Rules set
by government and agencies that help control the operations of businesses who may demonstrate
monopoly power in their organization. Monopoly may lead to consumers being exploited (higher
prices) and consumers paying way too much for a product. Antitrust laws are federal and state
government laws that regulate the conduct and organization or businesses. This helps promote fair
competition for consumers. There are four main areas involving the ... Show more content on
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Many utilities are monopolies by having the entire market share in certain areas. With deregulation
of these utilities, the market becomes open to competition for market share to begin. In terms of
regulation of monopoly, the government attempts to prevent operations that are against the public
interest, call anti–competitive practices. Likewise, oligopoly is a market condition where there are
minimal distributors that have a major influence on prices and other market factors. This causes
market failure, especially if evidence of collusive behavior by dominant businesses is found. There
are three primary federal and state regulatory commissions that govern industrial regulation. They
include the Federal Power Commission, the Federal Energy Regulation Commission, and the
Natural Gas Act. The Federal Power Commission, which was created in 1930, allowed cabinet
members to coordinate federal hydropower dams and navigable waters that the federal government
owned. Years later, the FPC became The Federal Energy Regulation Commission. The FERC
oversee the transmission of liquefied natural gas, while still overseeing electricity and hydroelectric
projects. The Federal Energy Regulation Commission possess control over electricity, natural gas
pricing, and oil pipeline and non–federal hydropower projects. It is made up of five commissioners
that are approved by the President with approval from the Senate. In 1938, the Natural Gas Act

EGT1 Task 3
WGU EGT1 Task 3 Student#
In this essay I will discuss a few terms and how their relationships apply between regulation and
market structures, as well as how regulation policies affect the market.
A) There were 4 particular Antitrust Laws that were enacted with the primary purpose of protecting
consumers, striving to achieve fair competition in the market place, and to achieve and allocate
efficiency. The 4 Antitrust Laws that are major pieces of legislation are;
The Sherman Act of 1890
The Clayton Act of 1914
The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 (which also includes an Amendment known as the
Wheeler–Lea Act of 1938)
The Celler–Kefauver Act of 1950 (which is an Amendment to the Clayton Act of 1914)
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Celler–Kefauver Act of 1950 was an amendment to the Clayton Act of 1914 that particularly
had to do with section 7 prohibiting competitive firms from merging and or from similar acts by one
corporation from buying another corporations stock or physical assets (trying to act like a
monopoly) which both lessen competition. The main purpose of this act was to prevent anti–
competitive mergers and to close any loopholes.
B) The intended purpose of Industrial or Economic regulation as applied to Oligopolies and
Monopolistic market structures is used to reduce the market power of both! A government
commission regulates the prices charged by "natural monopolists." Industrial Regulation is
necessary to prevent natural monopolies from charging monopoly rates which may harm consumers/
society. Industrial Regulation tries to establish pricing that will cover production costs and provide a
fair amount of return to businesses. Price=Average Total Cost, where normal profit is accomplished.
(governs pricing, output, & profits in specific industries).
1) An Oligopolistic market structure is a structure where very few large businesses sell a particular
standard Good or differentiated Good, and to whose market entry proves difficult. This in turn, gives
little control over product pricing because of mutual interdependence (with the exception of
collusion among businesses) creating a non–price competition meaning they are the 'price setters'. A
good rule to help classify an

Personnel Security Program
The roots of the U.S. Personnel Security Program can be traced back to the Civil Service Act of
1883 that required applicants for federal employment to possess the requisite character, reputation,
trustworthiness, and fitness for employment. In 1912 the LaFollette Act established protection for
federal employees from being fired from their jobs for arbitrary reasons and imposed a standard of
"just cause" that would promote the "efficiency of the service," a concept later applied to security
clearance determinations. The Hatch Act of 1939 added a prohibition against anyone employed by
the government from being a member of any organization that advocates overthrowing the U.S.
Government. Executive Order 8781 (1941) required fingerprinting of ... Show more content on
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The quota system remained in place until 1999 and significantly increased the backlog of these
cases. The Office of Personnel Management (OPM), which had been created in 1978 to partially
replace the CSC, privatized their Office of Federal Investigations (about 770 employees) resulting in
the creation of the US Investigations Services (USIS) in 1996 under an Employee Stock Ownership
Plan. USIS was awarded a 3–year non–competitive contract to conduct investigations for OPM. The
1997 report of "The Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy" recommended a
full range of changes to the security clearance process to make it more efficient and to address
transparency and due process

U.s. Energy Law And The Federal Water Power Act Of 1920
aIntroduction to U.S. Energy Law
John K Vincent George
UIN: 225004867
Final Project Report
ICPE 609 Introduction to U.S. Energy Law at the Texas A&M – College station
22 October 2016
¬¬
1 TWO CONSTITUTIONAL LAWTHAT ARE IMPLICATED IN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OR
REGULATION. FULLY DISCUSS ONE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THOW EACH LAW
IDENTIFIED APPLIES TO ENERGY AND HOW THE LAW GOVERNS.
Property rights (5TH Amendment)
Endangered Species Act
1. Federal Water Power Act
The Federal Water Power Act of 1920, renamed as Federal Power Act) (FPA) was the first national
policy for the regulation of hydropower development. The purpose of the FPA was to set forth a
comprehensive plan for development of the Nation's water resources that were within the
jurisdiction of the federal government.
2. Property rights (5TH Amendment)
No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken
for public use, without just compensation.
3. Endangered Species Act
Endangered species should be protected and given priority against energy projects. Projects should
implement measures to protect the endangered species.
4. Water quality certification requirements of the Clean Water Act
Following case describes how the energy laws governs the energy related projects.
PLATTE RIVER WHOOPING CRANE CRITICAL HABITAT MAINTENANCE TRUST V. FERC
This case involved a

National Infrastructure Protection Plan For Implementing...
There are certain regulatory agencies that have oversite of the national grid. These agencies ensure
the power companies adhere to the rules and regulations set forth in enacted bills as well as employ
security best practices to limit the risk of intrusion from cyber–attacks (Li et al., 2012). The federal
agencies that have the greatest amount of oversite on the power grid are the Department of
Homeland Defense (DHS), The Department of Energy (DOE) and the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC).
Department of Homeland Security
DHS is tasked with creating a national infrastructure protection plan for all critical infrastructure in
the country. The plan is designed to ensure critical infrastructure is safe, secure and reliable enough
to prevent, withstand or neutralize deliberate efforts by terrorist to exploit or destroy the power grid
(Li et al., 2012). The plan also details procedures for strengthening national preparedness as well as
providing timely responses to cyber–attacks. The goal of DHS is to ensure the power grid employs
static methods in its operations that allow it to quickly respond and recover from a catastrophic
event (Kuder et al., 2010).
Department of Energy
The DOE was established to organize disjointed regulatory processes and create a national energy
plan (Kuder et al., 2010). One of the main functions of the DOE is to monitor and report on the
security of the smart grid. The primary objective of the reports are to provide data that may be

Theu.s. Army Corps Of Engineers
During the early 1940s President Franklin D. Roosevelt commissioned "the Manhattan Engineer
District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers" to start the creation of the United States wartime atomic
bombs (Findlay & Hevly, 2011, p. XI). Dubbed the Manhattan Project, the area of Hanford,
Washington became the new plutonium factory after the federal government acquired "670–square–
mile reservation" (Findlay & Hevly, 2011, p. XI). This reservation was made up of private land
holdings, but became condemned for the government to start its build. Near the mid–1940s the first
reactor, Hanford's B, started producing plutonium, then was shortly followed by three more
plutonium reactors (Findlay & Hevly, 2011, p. XI). In order to keep the secrecy of the ... Show more
On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb is used in war on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, followed
by Nagasaki on August 6, 1945 (Findlay & Hevly, 2011, p. XI). Both atomic bombs were fueled by
the plutonium from the Manhattan Project. Death counts from Hiroshima ranged from 99,000 to
166,000, and 60,000 to 80,000 for Nagasaki from the debris, blast, heat, and radiation (Listwa,
2012). However, these counts did not factor in the rescue workers who entered the areas breathing in
radioactive dust, nor had appropriate clothing and radiation gamma readers like present day to view
levels of radiation. Between the United States and the Japanese government research and continued
healthcare are conducted by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. This foundation estimates
that after the bombings between the second and sixth year there was an increase in leukemia cases,
especially children (Listwa, 2012). Research continues to follow leukemia incidences, cancer in
registries, and children of the survivors.
Plutonium production continued through the Cold War, with a new reactor built in 1959 (United
States Department of Energy, 2016). From the start of creation to postwar there were no governing
"federal or state standards of tolerable radiation exposure levels" that could be enforceable by law
(American Public Health Association, 2017). Instead the companies that were placed in

Analysis Of U.s. Energy Law
Introduction to U.S. Energy Law
John K Vincent George
UIN: 225004867
Final Project Report
ICPE 609 Introduction to U.S. Energy Law at the Texas A&M – College station
22 October 2016
¬¬
1 TWO CONSTITUTIONAL LAWTHAT ARE IMPLICATED IN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT OR
REGULATION. FULLY DISCUSS ONE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THOW EACH LAW
IDENTIFIED APPLIES TO ENERGY AND HOW THE LAW GOVERNS.
Property rights (5TH Amendment)
Endangered Species Act
1. Federal Water Power Act
The Federal Water Power Act of 1920, renamed as Federal Power Act) (FPA) was the first national
policy for the regulation of hydropower development. The purpose of the FPA was to set forth a
comprehensive plan for development of the Nation's water resources that were within the
jurisdiction of the federal government.
2. Property rights (5TH Amendment)
No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken
for public use, without just compensation.
3. Endangered Species Act
Endangered species should be protected and given priority against energy projects. Projects should
implement measures to protect the endangered species.
4. Water quality certification requirements of the Clean Water Act
Following case describes how the energy laws governs the energy related projects.
PLATTE RIVER WHOOPING CRANE CRITICAL HABITAT MAINTENANCE TRUST V. FERC
This case involved a

The Impact of the New Wave of Financial Regulation for...
Energy Policy 47 (2012) 468–477 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Energy Policy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol The impact of the new wave of financial
regulation for European energy markets Luuk Nijman n School of Public Policy, University College
London, London, WC1H 9QU, UK H I G H L I G H T S c c c c c The European Commission has
put forward a set of financial legislation to stabilize both financial markets and energy prices. This
article assesses the impact of this financial regulation on energy markets. It shows that the
theoretical and empirical effects of key elements in this legislation are ambiguous. It argues that, if
enacted, particular market parties such as energy companies ... Show more content on
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This article addresses the question whether, in light of the potential implications for energy markets,
the proposed changes to financial legislation will have the effects the European Commission desires.
L. Nijman / Energy Policy 47 (2012) 468–477 469 This question derives its relevance from three
aspects. First, the academic literature has generally focussed on the appropriate regulatory design for
specific markets, for instance in relation to the liberalization of European energy markets or the
stability of financial markets. As also noted by Diaz–Rainey et al. (2011), little research has been
done regarding cross–market effects of financial regulation on energy markets. Now that the line
between the traditional financial and energy markets has become blurred, the link between the two
deserves more attention. Second, it may prove useful not just to point out which aspects of energy
trading may come under financial regulation, but to take the analysis one step further and examine
how participants in the energy markets are likely to react to the incentives this new legislation offers
them. The success of regulation hinges on how market participants adapt their behaviour to it, not
just the substance of the legislation itself. Third, to the extent that these proposals are motivated by
electoral calls for a strong response to financial instability and

Egt1 Task 3
EGT–1 Task 3 Revised A. Summarize the four major pieces of legislation collectively known as the
Antitrust laws. United States antitrust law is a collection of federal and state government laws,
which regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair
competition for the benefit of consumers. The four major pieces of legislation known as the
Antitrust Laws include: The Sherman Act, The Clayton Antitrust Act, The Federal Trade
Commission, and the Celler–Kefauver Act. The Sherman Act was created in 1890 had two major
provisions which was to prohibit conspiracies to restrain trade and also to outlaw monopolization. In
1914 the Clayton Act was passed to expand off of the Sherman Act. The Clayton ... Show more
Since monopolies have no competition they have complete control over pricing and production.
(McConnell 195) C. Explain the major functions of the three primary federal and state regulatory
commissions that govern industrial regulation. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or
FERC (1930) is an independent agency that regulates the interstate transmission of natural gas,
electricity, oil pipelines, and water–powered sites. FERC also reviews proposals to build liquefied
natural gas (LNG) terminals and interstate natural gas pipelines as well as licensing hydro power
projects.(2) The Federal Communication Commission or FCC (1934) regulates interstate and
international communications by telephones, televisions, cable televisions, radios, telegraph, CB
radios, and satellite in over 50 states. The FCC is directed by five commissioners who are appointed
by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S Senate.(3) The State Public Utility
Commissions is represented by NARUC which is responsible for utility services (electricity, gas
telephones) in different states.(4) The reasoning behind the three is to control pricing so the public
can benefit from the economies of scale that occur with monopolies and do so in a way that provides
a fair return for those producers. Specifically, this intent is covered in the public interest theory of
regulation which protects consumers from unfair

What Are The Pros And Cons Of Enron
6.
In the beginning right after the bankruptcy filing in 2001 the FBI assigned two agents to investigate
and within weeks, they had a crew of 45, many were hand–picked from field offices around the
country for their expertise in traversing even the most convoluted paper trails. In January 2002,
agents executed a consent search of Enron's corporate headquarters, and in February 2002, Enron's
board of directors issued findings from its own internal investigation. Financial analysts combed
through hundreds of bank and brokerage accounts and with what they found they secured restraining
orders, seizing more than $168 million in assets and supporting insider trading charges. Enron used
many dummy companies to hide its debt. A few were: RADR – A ... Show more content on
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After passing the full senate vote July 15,2002 it went to the conference committee. The committee
approved it on July 24, 2002. It was passed on July 30, 2002. Some pros: It discloses crucial
information to shareholders, it emphasizes the need for internal controls. A few of the cons are: It is
costly; it results in increased audit cost. Here are how the sections are laid out. Section 302 –
requires corporate management to certify that financial statements have been reviewed by them, and
that those statements are accurate and truthful. Section 401 – requires financial information to
include disclosures on any relevant off–balance sheet obligations that may exist. Section 404 –
requires management to indicate whether or not the internal control procedures of the company are
sufficient and effective. That said, this has costly implications for companies that are publicly traded
as it requires lots of resources to establish and maintain the internal controls required by the law.
Small companies are being disproportionately burdened because auditors are not tailoring their
procedures to the client. Section 409 – requires management to update the public when significant
financial matters when they happen rather than wait for the quarterly or annual report to do so.
Section 802 – imposes penalties for violations of SOX rules, which include fines or time spent in
jail. Section 1107 – Is the probation against employee

Electricity Policy Reform and Responsible Government in...
With many different religious, ethnic, and social groups, the Republic of India is a unique and
diverse state. Since gaining independence, India has faced a challenge of encouraging the variegated
people within its borders to embrace and celebrate a common Indian identity even while nurturing
their distinct cultures and traditions. This diversity is reflected throughout social and political
challenges in Indian society. Although the different federal states are given a certain amount of
leeway to accommodate for the population's heterogeneity, the central government maintain a great
amount of power for purpose of holding the nation together. As India has developed, one of its
focuses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In general, however, the Indian government still maintains a great amount of control over the
electricity sector. Its centralized control over the sector remains largely intact and is directly
accountable by the government to the people, thus indicative of a responsible government. With an
annual population growth of 1.3 percent (United Nations 2013), India's energy needs are growing,
especially in regards to electricity. Because new energy gains require multiples of power use, for the
Indian economy to expand, electricity production has to rise more rapidly than total output. Thus far,
areas of India remain in the dark: the "rise of 122 percent in [electric] generation [has been]
insufficient for continued expansion" (DeVotta, 138). Still, the electricity sector has grown
substantially since independence. Installed capacity in 1950 was 1,713 megawatts; by 2002 it had
grown to 104,918 megawatts (Kale 2004). However, per capita annual electricity consumption,
which increased from approximately 13 kilowatt–hours in 1951 to 365 kilowatt–hours in 2001,
remains low. At the federal level, India's government has initiated a major policy initiative to make
electricity generation and supply commercially viable. As part of the 2001 Energy Conservation Act,
the government outlined an ambitious plan for achieving 100 percent village–level electrification by
the end of 2007 and total household

South Carolina Public Service Commission (ORS)
WHAT: The Office of Regulatory Staff is commonly referred to as ORS. ORS has singular
responsibility for the inspection, auditing and examination of all public utilities within the state of
South Carolina. By statute, ORS is directed to represent the public interest of South Carolina and all
South Carolinians in utility regulation for each major public industry including the electric, natural
gas, telecommunications, water, wastewater and transportation industries. ORS is authorized to
represent the state in front the Public Service Commission ("PSC"), the court system, the South
Carolina General Assembly and any federal regulatory body necessary to support the above
mentioned industries and the citizens of the state. In addition, perhaps ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Politically, companies that collect these fees are asking members of the General Assembly if this is
still necessary as there are multiple options beyond land lines. ORS is working on a report that is
due no later than 2018 on the necessity of Universal Service Fund. This report will likely set the
tone for legislation in the General Assembly.
KEY POINT: The universal Service Fund is going to continue to be a hot button item in the
legislature with little action before 2018. The governor could choose to lead or sit out this issue as
the General Assembly is going to be torn and divided over the issue of keeping, changing or killing
the fund. This is not a major issue for the general public at this time and unless picked up by the
media is likely to be a political issue and not a public

Controversial Aspects of Decommissioning the Edwards Dam
Controversial Aspects of Decommissioning the Edwards Dam In 1991 the Edwards Manufacturing
Company, owner of the Edwards Dam on the Kennebec River in Augusta, ME, applied to the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for a renewal of their license to operate a privately
owned hydroelectric dam. Their application was denied; Edwards Manufacturing Company was
required to come up with a plan for the enacting and financing of decommissioning the dam, as well
as the restoration of the river. This was the first time in history that the federal government ordered a
privately owned hydroelectric dam destroyed against the wishes of the owner. Numerous factors
were involved which eventually led to this decision, namely the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are a number of environmental advantages that would occur upon decommissioning the
Edwards Dam, most notably the rejuvenation of fish populations and the resulting increase in
numbers of the osprey and bald eagles which feed upon them. Historically, the Kennebec River
provided extensive top–quality breeding grounds for all ten species of anadromous fish native to the
northeastern U.S., a distinction that the Kennebec River alone could boast of. Anadromous fish
make their home in the ocean but embark upon the tough journey upstream once a year to lay their
eggs. Since the erection of the Edwards Dam in 1837, and the subsequent construction of more than
a hundred dams upstream of the Edwards, these fish have been effectively blocked off from prime
spawning grounds. The removal of the dam would open up fifteen miles of these grounds, seventeen
miles total before encountering the next obstruction, making this the longest uninterrupted stretch of
high quality breeding grounds north of the Hudson River (Howe,1998). The possibility of freeing
such a considerable amount of breeding grounds had conservationists up in arms over the matter of
renewing the operation license of the Edwards Manufacturing

Renewable Energy : Alternative Energy
Alternative energy includes forms that can be continuously renewed without the concern of the
supply running out. Over the last two centuries, renewable energy has become much more popular,
worldwide. Forms of renewable energy most popularly include solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
Laws and regulations are constantly created to improve the forms of energy we use and the amount
in which each form creates. Alternative energy is also referred to as renewable, and received its
name from being the alternative to the traditional forms which include the burning of coal, wood
and oil, which are considered nonrenewable. The environmental impact of nonrenewable energy is
much more severe and permanent than that of the newer forms. Due to the ... Show more content on
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Nonrenewable energy includes burning coal, wood, nuclear power, and crude oil or petroleum.
Nonrenewable energy is limited in the environment and causes much harm to it as has been shown
through the last two centuries with the depletion of natural resources such as oil, coal, the pollution
of our water supply, and the deforestation cause by the logging of trees, as well as the environment.
The carbon dioxide emissions have increased significantly since the production of nonrenewable
energy has been created. Alternative energy sources cause very little harm to the environment
compared to that of their competitors. By using alternative energy, the earth refrains from losing its
forests, and degrading its water supply, and the earth, on return will obtain better environments for
its inhabitants. Once the instillation of the source, whether it be solar panels for solar energy, wind
turbines for the collection of wind energy, or dams for the use of hydroelectric power, the
environmental damage is miniscule. Wind energy makes up for over four percent of overall energy
in 2013, according to the Environmental Information Administrations Short Term Energy Outlook.
Solar energy is the most popular alternative form of energy, especially within residential areas. Solar
panels are easily installable on roofs of homes facing the angle at which the hottest form of the sun
is portrayed, making them easy for individuals homes to use. Silicon photovoltaic cells

Crumbling Infrastructure In The United States
Crumbling Infrastructure in the United States In the United States, utility systems (water, gas, and
electric), highways, and bridges are in critical shape due to poor maintenance, adverse weather
conditions, needed technological upgrades, and a lack of financial security.
Kroft, Steve "Falling Apart: America's Neglected Infrastructure." Reporter Interview. 23 Nov. 2014
This interview will provide a firsthand look from Ray LaHood who was the secretary of
transportation during the first Obama administration. This looks at the political views and
constraints around rebuilding roads and bridges. There are around 70,000 bridges and thousands of
miles of roadways that need repair. One of the main issues is, politicians do not want to spend ...
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This will grade the physical condition of structures and the need for investment. With this article
being from 2013, it will provide a recent look at overdue maintenance. From the grade the nation
received, we can plan for long–term and financially responsible repairs. As a whole in 2013,
America received a G.P.A of a D+.
"US Infrastructure Public–Private Partnerships: Ready for Takeoff?" Kennedy School Review. Web.
7 July 2015. This journal will look at the economy as a whole and what that means for the growing
cost of infrastructures. Should we be combining public and privately owned utilities? Will federal
funding be enough to sustain our nation? By defining the pros and cons of combining public and
private, these questions can be answered. By the start of the next decade, this current state could
drastically change.
"Welcome to Denver Water." Welcome to Denver Water. Web. 23 June 2015. The Denver Water
Board will provide a specific look at a rapidly growing system of water supply. What does planning
look like to support the growing population. This will shed light on how well a single city is keeping
up with water demands. How will the supply stay constant and will that supply keep the quality that
people are used to? This will also look at our recreational

Federal Bureaucracy
What is a federal bureaucracy? According to American Government: Roots and Reform federal
bureaucracy is defined as the thousands of federal government agencies and institutions that
implement and administer federal laws and programs. When the bureaucracy was first created it
contained only three small departments; State, Treasury, and War. Over time the Executive branch
and bureaucracy have grown significantly, now employing over three million people. This began
with people getting fed up with the dismal living situations of the early 20th century. They began
looking to the government to regulate living and working conditions, as well as child labor and food
processing. But the bureaucracy really took off with FDR's New Deal. With all of the ... Show more
Bureaucracy is able to act independent from the president and Congress, and has quasi–legislative
and quasi–judicial powers. The size of the federal government has been debated in every
presidential election for the last 35 years. Some people think that the bureaucracy has grown too
large and too powerful. Americans sometimes get frustrated with the slow process of bureaucracies.
For example the DMV is a place that most people dread having to visit. Between long lines, endless
paperwork, and employees who don't always know what they're doing, the whole process can be
rather

Essay on Natural Gas Market Evolution in US
Natural Gas Market Evolution in US
Introduction
In terms of primary energy consumption, United States of America is world's second largest country
. It is about 19.5% of the world's share. US consumed 69.7 billion cubic feet per day against the
production of 65.7 Billion cubic feet per day in 2012 . Crude oil consumption and production of US
in 2012 stood at 18.5 and 8.9 million barrels per day respectively. Looking at statistics, it can be said
that US is fairly independent as far as Natural gas is concerned. Natural gas accounted for 27% of
the primary energy consumed in US .To reach such a level, the natural gas market underwent a lot of
reforms. The case presents the evolution of gas market which consumes nearly 20% of natural gas in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the pipelines crossed the borders of states, the jurisdiction problem arose leading to regulatory
gap. From 1911 to 1928, the interstate pipelines were left unregulated. During the same period a
series of judgments from Supreme Court were declared stating that the state governments cannot
regulate these interstate pipelines, as it violates a commerce clause in Constitution . This resulted in
entry of the Federal government to fill the regulatory gap.
Meanwhile in electric utility sector which has a large number of companies developed very complex
pyramid ownership holding patterns. A company is in holding of another company and which in turn
is in holding of another company which is in turn is in holding by another company. With
conflicting interests in top management, end customers prices were peaking high and operations
were became inefficient. Based on Federal trade commission's report on the situation, federal
government passed the Public Utility Holding Company Act 1935 (PUHCA) , which specified rules
for the holding patterns for utility companies. This act's purview also included the natural gas
utilities, but nothing was stated regarding the interstate pipelines.
In 1938, the Federal Government passed the Natural Gas Act (NGA) for regulating the interstate
pipelines. The act added the interstate natural gas pipelines to the Federal Power Commission's
(FPC) (now FERC) jurisdiction. The FPC regulated two major areas.
1. The rates charged

The Sherman Act Of 1890
A Sherman Act of 1890 The Sherman Act of 1890 as referenced in McConnell and Campbell (2011),
consists of two main regulations; Section 1 "Every contract, combination in the form of a trust or
otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign
nations is declared to be illegal." Section 2 "Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to
monopolize, or combine or conspire with any person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade
or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony"
(as later amended from "misdemeanor"). (p.375) The historical context of the Sherman Act lies in
the corporate climate of the United States during the time period preceding the creation of these
antitrust laws. At that time the market was dominated by several monopolies in industries such as
railroads, tobacco production, meatpacking and coal mining. The US Government determined the
monopolies did not provide enough fair competition in those industries to provide protection of
consumers. The Sherman Act of 1890 created the legislation to declare the existing monopolies
illegal and made violation of the Act a felony, essentially deeming the existing monopolies in
violation of the law. These two regulations made common practices such as price fixing and market
divisions illegal. The Sherman Act would open the doors for individuals and government agencies
such as the U.S

Fracking Of The United States
Alexi Taylor Monday, December 1, 2014 Dr. Gray Final Paper Fracking in the United States
Hydraulic fracking in the United States is a current environmental hazard that has to be addressed by
the American people and by the federal government. Fracking in America has opened up millions of
acres of lands that were once not economically viable to produce oil and gas. While the Bureau of
land Management has paved the way for hydraulic fracturing on public lands, there is a need for
retaliation. Fracking is a dirty method of extracting gases and oils at the price of numerous
environmental, safety, and health hazards. The environment is not a means of income when rather it
is the capital for future generations. Currently fracking is being disputed at state and federal levels.
Farmers around the country have been affected by this issue where fracking companies disturb the
surrounding environment to a point that nearby neighbors are affected so much where their drinking
water becomes contaminated and undrinkable. Who becomes responsible to support these everyday
farmers to contend against these well–off oil fracking companies? In some cases these farmers don't
have the resources to win the legal disputes against these large fracking barons. Small family farms
are disappearing at a fast rate, and one more variable thrown in will make these small family farm
disappear that much faster. Even if the victims were to triumph in one court case what happens after
when they plug

National Subnational Integration On Energy And Climate...
LITERATURE REVIEW
National–Subnational Integration on Energy and Climate Change Policies
Case: Rajasthan
Guide
Dr. Minal Pathak
SONALI VYAS
PP0009713
M.Plan II yr.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Background of the study 2
1.2 Rationale and Justification 3
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Scope 5
1.6 Methodology 5
2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Defining policy integration 6
2.2 Governance in India 7
2.3 Policy Instruments in India 8
2.4 Stakeholders in Energy Sector 11
2.5 Global Practices 11
3 Energy Sector in India 14
Reference 16
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
India like all the developing countries is faced with sustaining its rapid economic growth while

dealing with global threat of climate change. A warming trend is projected for all the four regions
under focus by INCCA. It is indicated that the annual mean surface air temperature may rise from
1.7°C to 2°C by 2030's. To counter that reducing emissions and increasing energy efficiency are
recurring themes in India's development philosophy which reflects in our policies, missions/
programmes at national, state and local level.
Rapidly increasing energy demand and growing concern about economic and environmental
consequences call for effective and thorough energy governance in India. (Ahn & Gracyzk, 2012)
To understand the dynamics of the energy policy framework governing India's energy sector, it is
essential to comprehend the policy objectives and context in

The Effects Of Radiation On Public Health
The Effects of Radiation in the Environment on Public Health
Introduction
Radiation in the environment is widespread and a necessary process for the existence of life. We
encounter it from natural sources like the sun or from modern technology such as computed
tomography better known as CT scan, and nuclear power plants. Radiation from sunlight is essential
but too much of it can be harmful, just as the use of radiation in CT scans. Computed tomography
can provide lifesaving information about disease but can also cause disease.
One of the topics that every so often pops–up in the news is radioactive waste management and
protecting the public against the hazards of radioactive waste from power plants and other facilities
that produce radioactive waste. People want to know where is this waste disposed and/or stored and
who has access this material. Many of the concerns center around the dangers of radioactive leaks
and exposure; consequently, most people do not want this material in their neighborhood. Another
concern is the use of waste material as nuclear weapons by terrorists.
The disposal and managing of radioactive waste is extremely complicated, not only because of the
dangers hazardous waste poses, but also because of the strict compliance the management of this
waste must undergo. If radioactive hazardous waste is compliant with the regulations of all the
governing federal agencies, it does not pose an environmental public health risk.
This paper will discuss

The Texas Railroad Commission And The American Economy Essay
The Texas Railroad Commission What does one think about when they hear the words Texas
Railroad Commission? Many things may come to mind but it's really only two things and those are
natural gas and oil. Which happened to be one of Texas biggest assets year round. It is one of the
largest bodies in all of the country which gives it such a large influence on the supply and prices of
oil in the country. When the commission first came about its original purpose was to oversee the
railroads. When James Hogg lead the Populist–style resentment for the railroads he won his election
in 1890 and became governor mainly based on the fact that, he had promised to have the railroads
regulated. "The Texas Railroad Commission evolved from its founding in 1891 to a multi–divisional
regulatory commission that oversaw not only railroads but also a number of other industries central
to the modern American economy: petroleum production, natural gas utilities, and motor carriers."
(Childs, 2005) The state simultaneously amended the constitution to allow such a body. With this
being established it gave jurisdiction over the operation of railroads, rates, wharves, terminals and
express companies. "Governor Hogg 's first appointments were John H. Reagan (chairman), Judge
William Pinckney McLean, and Lafayette L. Foster. In 1894 the legislature made the agency
elective, the three commissioners henceforth serving six–year, overlapping terms in Austin."
(Prindle, 1991) Despite the occasional

United States 's Comprehensive Law And Regulations
1. Executive Summary In the absence of federal legislation, states have the liberty to address climate
change and formulate policies that mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Texas and California
have similar deregulated energy markets and economic goals, yet have pursued different policies,
providing a fitting opportunity for Texas to analyze, compare and consider California's
comprehensive law and regulations designed to mitigate GHG emissions. Key focus areas include
electricity generation and use , transportation, and industry . Given the comprehensive focus of
energy policies, this report specifically emphasizes electricity generation and use. , Texas has been
successful in becoming a key leader in the energy market. Nevertheless, implementing market–
driven regulations similar to California's cap–and–trade program could provide additional benefits,
especially in view of federal expectations to reduce Texas's CO2 emissions by about 40 percent.
This report provides an overview of California's current efforts and challenges, especially those
associated with its cap–and–trade program. The biggest challenge for Texas to adapt cap–and–trade
regulation seems to lie within perception and attitude of its residents. Californian's enthusiasm and
investment is evident in the lawsuits aimed at maintaining stringent standards. Additionally,
litigations challenges with the interstate commerce dormant clause in mind could cause costly and
cumbersome delays to an

Government Regulation
The purpose of this paper is to assess different types of government regulations, how those
regulations affect current market structures while defining the different types of market structures
and finally what provisions and laws have been put in place to protect consumers and society from
big business and firms choices.
Industrial regulation is the government's attempt to enact laws designed to prevent firms from
participating in bad monopolistic practices and to promote competition in the market space. The
reason industrial regulation exists is to keep an eye on firms by making sure monopolies don't start,
however if they do or currently exist regulations are put in place to monitor prices and products to
make sure society and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Economic theory justifies natural monopolies on the basis that consumers can benefit from a
monopoly so long as restrictions are put into place surrounding output and high prices of goods by
the monopoly. Consumers benefit by being able to purchase a desired product at lower per–unit
costs. To provide an example of how natural monopolies are established most often would be
surrounding public utilities, such as water, gas and electricity services. It makes more sense for the
city or state to
take on these responsibilities rather than having multiple firms in the market driving up price and
providing lesser goods/services per firm. Economic theory supports monopoly in industries like
public transportation and the postal service.
Beginning in the late 1800s government began to enact four major pieces of legislation collectively
known as the Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act of 1890 is the founding legislation which states that
any firm or individual operating in restraint of trade is committing an illegal act and secondly any
person or firm attempting to monopolize or conspire has committed a felony. The first piece of
legislation is the Clayton Act of 1914 which directly builds on the Sherman Act by specifying what
specific acts are in restraint of trade and attempts at monopolization. Sections of the act outlaw price
discrimination, tying contracts, purchase of stock of a rival firm that would cause less competition
an d
interlocking

The Natural Gas Of Gas Essay
Natural gas liquefaction goes back to the 19th century when Michael Faraday, a British chemist and
physicist, experimented with liquefying different types of gases including natural gas. Liquefied
natural gas (LNG) is an odorless, colorless, non–toxic, non–corrosive and non–flammable form of
methane. "The first liquefied natural gas plant was built in West Virginia in 1912" (Dominion). The
LNG was first produced in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1939. In the 1950s and 1960s, the ocean–going trade
in international LNG began. In 1969, the first LNG terminal and commercial liquefaction facility in
the world in the United States began operations in Kenai, Alaska. The Kenai Peninsula LNG plant,
operated by ConocoPhillips, is one of the oldest and constantly operated LNG plants in the world. In
order for natural gas to be exported overseas, it must first be turned into liquefied natural gas,
attested and a safe process that requires the construction and operation of new facilities.
The US government has a deep history of regulating different aspects of natural gas, including LNG,
in interstate commerce. In 1938, Congress passed the Natural Gas Act, which granted the Federal
Power Commission (FPC) exclusive jurisdiction over the import and export of natural gas. The
federal government had been reorganized since 1938. To this day, the function of protecting the
"public interest" for natural gas imports and exports has been allocated between two federal entities
which are the FERC and DOE.

EGT1 Task3
EGT1 Task 3
Bachelor of Science, Business Management
Student ID:
Mentor:
The scope of this paper is to break down and define social regulation, industrial regulation, and
natural monopolies by explaining how they have impacted society and why they exist. It is also the
intent to summarize the Antitrust Laws, explain the major functions of the five primary federal
regulatory commissions that govern social regulation, and identify three main regulatory
commissions of industrial regulation.
Industrial Regulation is a type of regulation where the government concerns itself with public
services such as public utilities and how much the consumers are charged by companies for the
services provided. Industrial regulation is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social regulatory commissions often dictate the required conditions that are to be met for production
environments and products in order to protect employees as well as consumers.
A natural monopoly is an industry in which one business already exists is not economical because
the competing business would not be able to reduce their prices as low as the price of the natural
monopoly and therefore wouldn't be profitable. Natural monopolies are established when multiple
firms startup costs are too high to enter the industry. The public interest theory of regulation, or
economic theory of regulation states that industrial regulation is essential in maintaining a natural
monopoly. Natural monopolies turning into a regular monopoly charging monopoly prices can be
harmful to society. Something that everyone most generally uses or needs like public resources i.e.
electricity and water. Almost every person in our society requires these resources. The initial cost for
creating a firm that can provide these services is high. Some startup cost can include power stations
as well as power lines, labor costs, the cost of producing the power, and many other costs. These
naturally occurring costs can often bar entry or discourage entry into the industry. In the event that a
firm does make it into the industry and starts producing these public resources such as

Power System Economics, Power Flow, And Distributed Energy...
1.1 Overview The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief introduction about this work and to
introduce various topics such as power system economics, power flow techniques, distributed
energy resources, and transactive energy used in this work. Restructuring of power Market over the
years and its current status in US is introduced first. Major government acts which paved way for
deregulation in power market and the current status of deregulation is discussed. Next, existing
power market structure and classification of energy market into Day Ahead Market and Real Time
market is examined. This is followed by Locational Marginal Pricing (which is the pricing scheme
used to charge customers), Economic Dispatch, Optimal Power Flow, and Distributed Energy
Resources. Transactive Energy framework and various transactive energy markets which is still in
the planning phase are reviewed next. The next section deals with historic review of economic
dispatch, optimal power flow, LMP and Distributed Energy Resources. Finally, scope and
contribution of this work is presented in next section. 1.1.1 Restructuring of Power Market In the
mid part of the twentieth century, the cost of electricity kept on declining as utilities started to build
larger power plants, with increased efficiency and reduced production costs. Increased electric
demand required more and larger plants, which reduced costs further as well as increasing the utility
rate base. Consumers had abundant, low cost power;

Economic Significance Of Renewable Energy Policy
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY
OF GUJARAT'S SOLAR POLICY
I. Introduction
The transition to a greener energy regime in India is driven by both external factors, like energy
prices, market developments, political culture and the emphasis on climate change, as well as by
internal factors like the goal to achieve long term energy security and the need for enhancing access
to energy. The early emphasis on renewable energy in India was primarily on the wake of energy
security concerns mooted during the global oil crisis around 1970s. Commission of Additional
Sources of Energy (CASE) in 1981 was set up by Government of India (GoI) as one of the early
response to such a crisis. CASE was transformed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is argued that policy reforms initiated during the past two decades have transformed India's energy
sector from a predominantly government owned system to a system largely driven by market
elements. This is also evident in the case of renewable energy where the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) identifies the development of renewable energy in India across various
phases: 1970s as research phase, 1980s as demonstration phase and 1990s onwards as
commercialization phase with greater participation of private sector entities.
The renewable sources of power in India still constitute a small portion of the entire power
production of the country, with the total installed capacity of 32,000 MW (which is about 12% of the
total installed capacity). Out of the total installed capacity, solar energy constitutes about 10 %
(3200 MW). The solar potential of the country is huge. It is estimated that about 12.5 % of India's
landmass, which is about 413,000 square kilometers, can be exploited to harness solar energy. The
country on an average enjoys 300 sunny days with an average hourly solar radiation of about 200
MW/square kilometer. The major recent initiative in the solar space is the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission (JNNSM) launched in 2010 by the Central

Market Competition
Industrial regulations are those regulations in which "the government commissions regulate the
price charged by natural monopolists". (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p. 382)
These regulations exist to ensure that natural monopolies are not charging consumers monopoly
prices which in turn hurt the consumers as well as society as a whole. Industrial regulations affect
the market by its regulation of the natural monopolies which in turn protects the markets consumers.
These regulations also allow for a fair profit to the natural monopoly by setting a fair rate, protecting
its consumers, but also a "fair return to the enterprises". (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p. 382) In terms
of market structure, entities that are affected by industrial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This particular Act prevents firms from acquiring the "physical assets of another firm when the
effect would be reduced competition". (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p 376) In addition, the Celler–
Kefauver Act of 1950 prohibits anticompetitive mergers. (McConnell & Brue, 2008, p 376)
The three main regulatory commissions of industrial regulation include the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the State Public Utility
Commissions. Each regulatory commission regulates a particular area. The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission regulates the interstate transmission of natural gas, oil, and electricity. This
is accomplished by setting the rates/charges of the interstate transmission and sale. (Federal
Register) The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and foreign
communications through different types of media including internet, telephone, radio, and satellite.
This commission governs this area through "assigning frequency, power, and call sign for radio" as
well as the regulation of areas of media that may be "deemed indecent or illegal". (Encyclopedia of
Business) Finally, the State Public Utility Commission regulates public utility services. Although
individual states have their own State Public Utility Commissions their ultimate goals are to ensure
that customers receive reliable and reasonably priced

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