Indian nationalism refers to the many underlying forces that defined the principles of the indian independence movement, and strongly continue to influence the politics of India, as well as being the heart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society. Indian nationalism often imbibes the consciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied the broaderIndian subcontinent and influenced a part of Asia, known as Greater India. British Crown rule was established in India, ending a century of control by the East India Company. The life and death struggle that preceded this formalisation of British control lasted nearly two years, cost £36 million, and is variously referred to as the 'Great Rebellion', the 'Indian Mutiny' or the 'First War of Indian Independence'. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more commonly known as ‘Mahatma’ (meaning ‘Great Soul’) was born in Porbandar, Gujarat, in North West India, on 2nd October 1869, into a Hindu Modh family. His father was the Chief Minister of Porbandar, and his mother’s religious devotion meant that his upbringing was infused with the Jain pacifist teachings of mutual tolerance, non-injury to living beings and vegetarianism. Jabir In Champaran, a district in state of Bihar, tens of thousands of landless serfs, indentured labourers and poor farmers were forced to grow indigo and other cash crops instead of the food crops which was necessary for their survival. These goods were bought from them at a very low price. Suppressed by the ruthless militias of the landlords (mostly British), they were given measly compensation, leaving them in extreme poverty. Now in the throes of a devastating famine, the British levied an oppressive tax which they insisted on increasing in rate. Without food and without money, the situation was growing progressively unlivable and the peasants in Champaran revolted against conditions in indigo plant cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and in 1916 at (Turkaulia). Raj Kumar Shukla, an indigo cultivator, persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to go to Champaran and theChamparan Satyagraha began. Gandhi arrived in Champaran 10 April 1917 with a team of[1] eminent lawyers:[2] Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, AnugrahNarayaSinhaand others including Acharyakripalani In 1919 Gandhi, with his weak position in Congress, decided to broaden his political base by increasing his appeal to Muslims. The opportunity came in the form of the Khilafatmovement,a worldwide protest by Muslims against the collapsing status of the Caliph, the leader of their religion. The Ottoman Empire had lost the World War and was dismembered, as Muslims feared for the safety of the holy places and the prestige of their religion.[61] Although Gandhi did not originate the All-India Muslim Conference,[62] which directed the movement in India, he soon became its most prominent spokesman and attracted a strong base of Muslim support with local chapters in all Muslim

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Nationalism In India

2. Establishment of British Rule:
 The British East India company arrived in India for the sake of market and
business by taking the permission from the Mughal emperors.
 Soon, it got command over India and India started to be under the control of
British rulers for the centuries to come.
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Common Sufferings:

4. 1857 Revolt
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Sporadic Uprisings:

5. Arrival Of Gandhi(1915):
 Gandhiji was born in Porbandar, Gujarat on 2nd Oct 1869
 The Indian people called Gandhiji 'Mahatma', meaning Great
Soul. At the age of 13 Gandhi married Kasturba, a girl the same
age. Their parents arranged the marriage. Gandhi had four
children. Gandhi studied law in London and returned to India in
1891 to practice. In 1893 he took on a one-year contract to do
legal work in South Africa.
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6. Gandhiji – The father of the Nation
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7.  Satyagraha loosely translated as "insistence on truth"- satya (truth); agraha (insistence) "soul
force" or "truth force" is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category
generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term "satyagraha" was coined and
developed by Mahatma Gandhi.
 He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles
in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Nelson Mandela's struggle in South
Africa under apartheid, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s campaigns during the civil rights movement in the
United States, and many other social justice and similar movements. Someone who practices
satyagraha is a satyagrahi.
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Satyagraha:

8. Satyagraha(Contd):
 Gandhi envisioned satyagraha as not only a tactic to be used in acute
political struggle, but as a universal solvent for injustice and harm. He felt
that it was equally applicable to large-scale political struggle and to one-on-one
interpersonal conflicts and that it should be taught to everyone.
 He founded the Sabarmati Ashram to teach satyagraha. He asked
satyagrahis to follow the following principles (Yamas described in Yoga
Sutra):
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9.  Truth — this includes honesty, but goes beyond it to mean living fully in accord with and in
devotion to that which is true
 Non-stealing
 Chastity (Brahmacharya) — this includes sexual chastity, but also the subordination of other
sensual desires to the primary devotion to truth
 Non-Possession (not the same as poverty)
 Body-labor or bread-labor
 Control of the palate
 Fearlessness
 Equal respect for all religions
 Economic strategy such as boycotts (Swadeshi)
 Freedom from Untouchability
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Satyagraha(Contd):

10.  harbour no anger
 suffer the anger of the opponent
Rules for Satyagraha Campaign
 never retaliate to assaults or punishment; but do not submit, out of fear of punishment or assault, to
an order given in anger
 voluntarily submit to arrest or confiscation of your own property
 if you are a trustee of property, defend that property (non-violently) from confiscation with your life
 do not curse or swear
 do not insult the opponent
 neither salute nor insult the flag of your opponent or your opponent’s leaders
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11. Rules for Satyagraha Campaign(Contd):
 if anyone attempts to insult or assault your opponent, defend your opponent (non-violently) with
your life
 as a prisoner, behave courteously and obey prison regulations (except any that are contrary to
self-respect)
 as a prisoner, do not ask for special favourable treatment
 do not take sides in such quarrels, but assist only that party which is demonstrably in the right;
in the case of inter-religious conflict, give your life to protect (non-violently) those in danger on
either side
 avoid occasions that may give rise to communal quarrels
 do not take part in processions that would wound the religious sensibilities of any community
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12. Rules for Satyagraha Campaign(CONTD):
 as a prisoner, do not fast in an attempt to gain conveniences whose deprivation does not
involve any injury to your self-respect
 joyfully obey the orders of the leaders of the civil disobedience action
 do not pick and choose amongst the orders you obey; if you find the action as a whole
improper or immoral, sever your connection with the action entirely
 do not make your participation conditional on your comrades taking care of your dependents
while you are engaging in the campaign or are in prison; do not expect them to provide such
support
 do not become a cause of communal quarrels
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13. Photo Gallery- Satyagraha
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14. Gandhiji addressing the gathering
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15. Gandhiji discussing various issues
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16. Gandhiji discussing various issues
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17. Gandhiji going ahead to break the salt law
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18. Gandhiji picking up salt to break the law
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19. Gandhiji moving ahead with the others
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20. Events led to the NCM
 In 1916 Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to struggle against the
oppressive plantation system.
 In 1917 he organised a satyagraha to support the farmers of Kheda in
Gujarat.
 In 1918 he went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha amongst the cotton
mill workers.
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21. Khilafat issue:
 After the first world war the Ottoman empire was defeated by the Britain.
 A very harsh peace treaty was imposed on the ottoman empire head –the
spiritual head khalifa.
 The British humiliated the khalifa and the feelings of the Indian Muslims.
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Images of khalifas:

23. Khilafat Movement - Photos
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24.  To defend the temporal powers of khalifa,a khilafat committee was formed in
Bombay in March 1919.
 Two young Muslim brothers ,Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali discussed with
Gandhi to make it a mass movement
 Gandhi used this opportunity to bring the Muslims under a unified mass
movement.
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The Ali brothers:

25.  This Rowlatt Act was enacted in the year 1919.
 According to this act the British government has all powers to repress the
political activities , and allowed the detention of the political prisoners
without a trail for two years.
 Gandhi led a various rallies in various cities. these movements were largely
supported by the workers and the peasants.
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Rowlatt Act:

26. Infamous Jallianwalabagh massacre:
 On 13 April this massacre took place. on that day a large crowd gathered in
Jallianwalabagh.
 Some came to protest against the government and others came to celebrate
Baishaki.
 Dyer entered the area blocked the exits and opened fire, killing hundreds.
 His statement was that “TO PRODUCE A MORAL EFFECT”
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27. Image of Jallianwalabagh:
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28. Photo of General Dyer
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29. View of Gandhi:
 In the famous book HIND SWARAJ written in 1909 Mahatma Gandhi declared
that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and
had survived only because of this cooperation.
 if Indians refused to cooperate ,the British rule in India would collapse like a
house of playing cards within a year and swaraj would come.
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30. Launch of Non-co-operation
Movement:
 The launch of NCM was started with the idea of Gandhi in the Congress
session of Calcutta in 1920 where he convinced other leaders to start a non-co-
operation movement in support of Khilafat movement as well as for
swaraj.
 Finally in 1920 at the Congress session of Nagpur in December a
compromise was worked out and the NCM was adopted.
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31. Non-co-operation Movement- Photos
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32. Non-co-operation Movement- Photos
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33. Non-co-operation Movement- Photos
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34. The measures that supported the NCM:
 Burning of the foreign cloth and the usage of swadeshi garments.
 Picketing of the liquor shops and following the Gandhian ideas.
 Widespread usage of khadi to sysmbolise that the Indians are boycotting the
foreign cloth.
 Boycotting of the schools, courts and the government jobs.
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35. Participants view:
Peasants view:-
In Awadh the peasants organised a sabha called Awadh kisan sabha under
the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra and Jawaharlal Nehru.
Planter’s view :-
Under the inland emigration act the planters were not allowed to leave the
tea plantations .On hearing the NCM the planters escaped from the
plantations but later they were caught and punished. Theyss believed that
Gandhi raj come in India.
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36. Participants view(Contd):
 Tribal’s view:-
In the Gudem hills of AP a militant guerilla
movement in 1920’s.Due to their dissatisfaction
towards the fact that the britishers were not
allowing the tribals into the forests the rebellion
was started. This revolt was led by Alluri Sita
Ramaraju.
 Though the tribals believed the ideas of Gandhi they followed a violent way to
attack the British.
 But in 1924 Alluri Sita Ramaraju was arrested and
the Gudem rebellion ended.
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37. Photo of Alluri Sita Ramaraju:
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38. Reasons for calling of NCM:
 The support from the base had been lost completely. The strong support from the farmers
and the industrial workers was gradually withdrawn .
 The Chauri Choura movement on Feb 1 1922
Led to huge violence. The people burnt the police station in that area and killed nearly
20 police officers. Due to Gandhi had to halt the movement.
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39. Images of Chauri Chaura movement
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40. Images of Chauri Chaura movement
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41. Images of Chauri Chaura movement
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42. Important events after 1924
 The major event was that the prices of the agricultural products have been
fallen drastically in 1926 due to the world wide economic depression and
finally the prices collapsed in the year 1930.
 In 1927 the Simon Commission was set up.The Simon commission arrived
India in the year 1928.The Simon commission was greeted by the Indians with
the slogan “GO BACK SIMON”
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43. Images of Simon Commission
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44. Other events after 1924:
 In 1929 in the month of December under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru,
the Lahore Congress session formalized the demand of ‘PURNA SWARAJ” or
full independence for India.
 It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the
Independence day when the people were about to take their pledge, but due
to less attraction of the people Gandhi had to find other way to abstract the
idea of freedom in the minds of the people.
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45. Image of Lahore Congress:
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