3. LAHARS
Lahars - Also called ash runoff, these are mud
streams composed of pyroclastic materials
saturated with water, the source of which are
snow covers and glaciers that melt during
eruptions, intense rainfall accompanying
eruptions, and crater lakes.
Lahars cause great damage due to their high
transport force and high speed.
4. PYROCLASTIC AVALANCHES
Pyroclastic Avalanches - also called pyroclastic streams, they are a
turbulent mixture of pyroclastic materials and incandescent gas,
rolling rapidly down the slopes of a volcano. Like fiery clouds,
pyroclastic avalanches cause significant loss of life, damage to
infrastructure, farmland and vegetation.
5. LAW EFFUSIONS
When the lava temperature drops below
the freezing point, the lava flows, which
can reach a distance of up to 80 km
from the crater, stop. Effusions of lawa
cause damage similar to those caused
by pyroclastic avalanches; they are
rarely dangerous to humans
6. TSUNAMI
caused by eruptions of both
submarine and land volcanoes;
they are produced by the violent
discharge of pyroclastic materials
into the sea or by volcanic
earthquakes.
7. EARTHQUAKE
They are much weaker than tectonic quakes.
They are caused by the movement of magma in
the Earth's crust, explosions in a volcanic crater,
lava flows, etc. volcanic processes. These
quakes generally precede an eruption (by
several hours, days or even months) or occur in
its first stages.
9. SOIL ENRICHMENT
Volcanic eruptions disperse
the ash over wide areas around
the eruption site. And depending
on the chemistry of the magma it
exploded from, this ash will
contain different amounts of
nutrients in the soil.
10. VOLCANIC
FORMATIONS
In addition to dispersing ash over large
areas of land, volcanoes also push
material to the surface, which can lead to
the formation of new islands. For
example, the entire chain of the
Hawaiian Islands was formed by the
continuous eruption of one volcanic hot
spot. For hundreds of thousands of
years, these volcanoes disrupted the
ocean's surface, becoming habitable
islands, and the rest stopped during long
sea voyages.
11. VOLCANIC MINERALS
AND STONES
Another benefit to volcanoes is the
precious gems, minerals, and building
materials they provide for eruptions. For
example, stones such as pumice
volcanic ash and perlite (volcanic glass)
are mined for a variety of commercial
purposes. These include acting as an
abrasive in soaps and household
cleaners. Volcanic ash and pumice are
also used as lightweight aggregates in
cement production.
12. DEGASSING AND
CREATING AN
ATMOSPHERE
the most beneficial aspect of volcanoes is the role they play in
creating a planet's atmosphere. In short, the Earth's
atmosphere began to form after it was formed 4.6 billion
dollars ago, when volcanic degassing led to the formation of
gases collected in the Earth's interior to collect around the
planet's surface. Initially, this atmosphere consisted of
hydrogen sulfide, methane, and 10 to 200 times more carbon
dioxide than today's atmosphere.
