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RReelliiaabbiilliittyy--bbaasseedd ddeessiiggnn ooff 
ppiillee ffoouunnddaattiioonnss 
PPrreesseenntteedd bbyy 
DDeesshh RRaajj SSoonnyyookk 
SSiittttaammppaallaamm SSaatthhiisskkuummaarr 
DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff CCiivviill aanndd GGeeoollooggiiccaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg 
NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy 
1122//0088//22000055
DDeessiiggnn MMeetthhooddoollooggiieess 
 WWoorrkkiinngg oorr AAlllloowwaabbllee SSttrreessss DDeessiiggnn ((WWSSDD oorr AASSDD)) 
Q Q Rn ult 
all £ = = 
 LLiimmiitt SSttaatteess DDeessiiggnn 
Q 
FS 
FS 
UUllttiimmaattee LLiimmiitt SSttaattee ((UULLSS)):: 
EEqq.. ((11)) 
FFaaccttoorreedd rreessiissttaannccee ≥≥ FFaaccttoorreedd llooaadd eeffffeecctt 
SSeerrvviicceeaabbiilliittyy LLiimmiitt SSttaattee ((SSLLSS)):: 
DDeeffoorrmmaattiioonn ≤≤ TToolleerraabbllee ddeeffoorrmmaattiioonn ttoo rreemmaaiinn sseerrvviicceeaabbllee 
 LLooaadd aanndd RReessiissttaannccee FFaaccttoorr DDeessiiggnn ((LLRRFFDD)) 
P P(R Q) f = < 
EEqq.. ((22)) 
wwhheerree RR == rreessiissttaannccee aanndd QQ == mmeeaann llooaadd
RReelliiaabbiilliittyy AAnnaallyyssiiss ((Kulhawy, 2002) 
any design methodology that is 
firmly founded on a rigorous 
reliability basis 
aannyy ddeessiiggnn mmeetthhooddoollooggyy tthhaatt 
iinnccoorrppoorraatteess tthhee pprriinncciipplleess ooff 
rreelliiaabbiilliittyy aannaallyyssiiss,, eeiitthheerr eexxpplliicciittllyy oorr 
ootthheerrwwiissee,, iiss ccllaassssiiffiieedd aass rreelliiaabbiilliittyy 
bbaasseedd ddeessiiggnn..
GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall VVaarriiaabblleess 
IInnhheerreenntt vvaarriiaabbiilliittiieess 
MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt uunncceerrttaaiinnttiieess 
TTrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn uunncceerrttaaiinnttiieess
Uncertainty in ssooiill pprrooppeerrttyy eessttiimmaatteess 
((KKuullhhaawwyy aanndd PPhhoooonn,, 22000022))
AAsssseessssmmeenntt ooff RReelliiaabbiilliittyy:: 
NNoorrmmaall RRaannddoomm VVaarriiaabbllee
FFiirrsstt OOrrddeerr RReelliiaabbiilliittyy MMeetthhoodd 
((FFOORRMM)).. 
 EEvvaalluuaatteess tthhee pprroobbaabbiilliittyy ooff ffaaiilluurree 
nnuummeerriiccaallllyy 
 GGiivveess ggoooodd aapppprrooxxiimmaattee ssoolluuttiioonnss ffoorr 
mmoosstt ccaasseess.. ((MMaaddsseenn eett aall..,, 11998866)) 
 aaddoopptteedd bbyy mmaannyy aauutthhoorrss ffoorr ccaalliibbrraattiinngg 
rreelliiaabbiilliittyy--bbaasseedd ddeessiiggnn eeqquuaattiioonnss
TTaarrggeett PPrroobbaabbiilliittyy ooff FFaaiilluurree,, PPTT 
 PPrroobb((QQ<<FF)) sshhoouulldd bbee lleessss tthhaann oorr eeqquuaall ttoo ppTT 
FFiinnddiinngg ppTT:: 
((11)) CCoosstt--bbeenneeffiitt aannaallyyssiiss.. 
nnoott pprraaccttiiccaall ------ eevvaalluuaattiinngg ffaaiilluurree ccoossttss 
((22)) FFaaiilluurree rraatteess eessttiimmaatteedd ffrroomm aaccttuuaall ccaassee 
hhiissttoorriieess.. 
NNoo ffoorrmmaall ssyysstteemm eexxiissttss ffoorr tthhee rreeggiissttrraattiioonn 
ooff ffaaiilluurreess.. ((LLeeoonnaarrddss,, 11998822)) 
((33)) AA mmeetthhoodd bbyy EElllliinnggwwoooodd,, eett aall.. ((11998800))..
Applicability ooff FFOORRMM:: AA ccaassee ssttuuddyy 
FFoouunnddaattiioonn ppllaann ffoorr ssttuuddyy ppllaattffoorrmmss ((WW..hh..TTaanngg aanndd RR..BB..GGiillbbeerrtt,, 11999933))
PPiillee yyiieelldd pprroobbaabbiilliittiieess 
((WW..hh..TTaanngg aanndd RR..BB..GGiillbbeerrtt,, 11999933))
System ccoollllaappssee pprroobbaabbiilliittiieess 
((WW..hh..TTaanngg aanndd RR..BB..GGiillbbeerrtt ,,11999933))
LLRRFFDD MMeetthhoodd 
TThhee rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff aannyy ggiivveenn ppiillee iiss ddeessccrriibbeedd bbyy iittss 
probability of failure ppf 
f wwhhiicchh iiss ddeeffiinneedd aass tthhee 
pprroobbaabbiilliittyy tthhaatt tthhee rreessiissttaannccee iiss ssmmaalllleerr tthhaann tthhee 
llooaadd eeffffeecctt.. 
ppf 
f == PP(( rreessiissttaannccee << llooaadd eeffffeecctt)) 
PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee ffuunnccttiioonn ffoorr ssuubbssttrruuccttuurreess:: 
³ å n i i fR h g Q EEqq.. ((33)) 
where Rn = calculated (nominal) resistance; 
∅= resistance factor; Qi = nominal load effect; γi = load 
factor; and η = factor to account for effects of ductility, 
redundancy, and operational importance
LLRRFFDD MMeetthhoodd ((ccoonnttdd..)) 
Reliability index β associated with the linear 
performance function can be calculated using the mean 
value first-order, second moment method (MVFOSM) 
EEqq.. ((44)) 
where QD and QL = nominal values of dead and live loads, 
respectively; λR, λQD, and λQL = bias factors for resistance, dead load, 
and live load, respectively; COVR, COVQD, and COVQL = coefficients 
of variation for resistance, dead load, and live load, respectively; and 
FS = factor of safety in the traditional allowable stress design (ASD).
LLRRFFDD MMeetthhoodd ((ccoonnttdd..)) 
TThhee bbiiaass ffaaccttoorrss:: 
m 
R R 
n 
l = R 
EEqq.. ((55)) 
where Rm = measured value of resistance. In this 
study, Rm is taken to be the measured Davisson 
capacity, whereas Rn is taken to be the predicted 
capacity by any given prediction method
Scales of Pile Foundations 
 AAnn iissoollaatteedd ssiinnggllee ppiillee 
AA ppiillee ggrroouupp 
AA ppiillee ssyysstteemm ccoonnnneecctteedd bbyy 
ssuuppeerrssttrruuccttuurree
Scales of Pile Foundations
RReelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff SSiinnggllee PPiilleess 
 BBeeiinngg ssttuuddiieedd eexxtteennssiivveellyy dduurriinngg tthhee ppaasstt 
ttwwoo ddeeccaaddeess ((ZZhhaanngg eett aall.. 22000011)).. 
 ffoorrmmss tthhee bbaassiiss ffoorr tthhee eevvaalluuaattiinngg tthhee 
rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff ppiillee ggrroouuppss.. ((TTaanngg eett aall.. 11999900)) 
 rreessuullttss ooff mmaajjoorr ssttuuddiieess ((TTaabbllee 11)) 
 TThhee oovveerraallll rraannggee ooff ββss oobbttaaiinneedd bbyy ddiiffffeerreenntt 
rreesseeaarrcchheerrss rraannggeess ffrroomm 11..77 ttoo 33..11
RReelliiaabbiilliittyy ssttaattiissttiiccss ooff ssiinnggllee ppiillee
RReelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff DDrriivveenn PPiillee GGrroouupp 
 DDrriivveenn ppiilleess aarree most often used in groups and 
connected to superstructures. 
 Group effects - the pile-soil cap interaction 
induced by overlapping of stresses in soil and 
changes in the density of the soil around the piles 
due to pile penetration. 
 System effects - the interaction between groups of 
piles and the superstructure they support. 
 Group effects and system effects - may alter 
significantly the reliability of the foundation.
PPiillee GGrroouupp aanndd SSyysstteemm EEffffiicciieennccyy 
 PPiillee ggrroouupp eeffffiicciieennccyy ((ξ) :: 
- the ratio of the ultimate capacity of a pile group 
to the sum of the capacities of individual piles, 
- a function of pile spacing and group size. 
 PPiillee ssyysstteemm eeffffiicciieennccyy ((χχ)) :: 
- tthhee rraattiioo ooff tthhee llooaadd rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbrriinngg aallll tthhee ppiilleess iinn aa ppiillee ssyysstteemm ttoo 
tthheeiirr uullttiimmaattee ccoommppuutteedd ccaappaacciittyy aanndd tthhee llooaadd rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbrriinngg mmoosstt 
hheeaavviillyy llooaaddeedd ppiillee ttoo tthhee ssaammee ssttaattee ((BBeeaa,, 11998833))..
PPiillee GGrroouupp RReelliiaabbiilliittyy 
EEqq.. ((66)) 
wwhheerree λλXX aanndd λλξξ == bbiiaass ffaaccttoorrss ooff χχ aanndd ξξ rreessppeeccttiivveellyy 
CCOOVV22 
RRGG == ccooeeffffiicciieenntt ooff vvaarriiaattiioonn ooff ppiillee ggrroouupp.. 
λλXX iiss tthhee rraattiioo ooff tthhee ttrruuee aanndd nnoommiinnaall ssyysstteemm ffaaccttoorr 
λλξξ iiss tthhee rraattiioo ooff mmeeaassuurreedd aanndd nnoommiinnaall ggrroouupp 
eeffffiicciieennccyy ffaaccttoorrss
TTaarrggeett RReelliiaabbiilliittyy IInnddeexx CCoonnttdd…… 
 ZZhhaanngg eett aall.. ((22000011)):: ββGG == 22..00 –– 44..11 ((aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh 
AASSDD iiff nnoo ssyysstteemm eeffffeecctt)) 
ββTTGG == 33..00 –– 33..55 ((mmaayy ssuuffffiicciieenntt 
ffoorr ddrriivveenn ppiillee ggrroouuppss)).. 
 BBaarrkkeerr eett aall.. ((11999911)) aanndd WWiitthhiiaamm eett aall.. ((11999977)):: 
ββTTSS == 22..00 –– 22..55 ((ffoorr ssiinnggllee ppiillee)) 
 OOnnccee ββTTGG iiss sseelleecctteedd ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ββTTSS ffoorr ssiinnggllee 
ppiillee ddeessiiggnn ttoo aacchhiieevvee tthhee ttaarrggeett rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff tthhee 
ppiillee ggrroouupp ccaann bbee ccaallccuullaatteedd..
TTaarrggeett RReelliiaabbiilliittyy IInnddeexx 
 BBaasseedd oonn tthhee aabboovvee lliitteerraattuurree rreevviieeww,, iitt 
sseeeemmss rreeaassoonnaabbllee ttoo eessttaabblliisshh tthhee ttaarrggeett 
rreelliiaabbiilliittyy bbeettwweeeenn 22..00 aanndd 33..00 ffoorr ppiillee ggrroouuppss 
aanndd aass hhiigghh aass 33..00 ttoo 33..55 ffoorr ssiinnggllee ppiilleess 
wwhhiicchh iiss ssiimmiillaarr ttoo ssuuggggeesstteedd rraannggee ooff 
NNCCHHRRPP ((22000044))
CCaallccuullaatteedd ββTTSS ttoo AAcchhiieevvee SSyysstteemm 
RReelliiaabbiilliittyy IInnddeexx ooff 33..00 
NNoottee:: DDyynnaammiicc mmeetthhoodd
CCoonncclluussiioonn 
 Uncertainties in loading conditions and capacity 
of the piles influence the reliability of pile 
foundations. 
 Reliability-based LRFD is the only methodology 
that can ensure self-consistency from both 
physical and probabilistic requirements and is 
compatible with the theoretical basis underlying 
structural design 
 Based on the literature review, it seems 
reasonable to establish the target reliability 
between 2.0 and 3.0 for pile groups and as high 
as 3.0 to 3.5 for single piles.
CCoonncclluussiioonn ccoonnttdd…… 
 Values of the target reliability index βTS for single 
piles required to achieve a specified target 
reliability index βTG for pile groups can be 
calculated for several pile capacity prediction 
methods. 
 Both group effects and system effects can result 
in added reliability of a pile system over that of 
single piles. 
 There is a need of further research in the 
reliability based design for the full range of 
geotechnical design in order to achieve a rational 
and practical design solution .
TThhaannkk yyoouu 
ffoorr 
yyoouurr aatttteennttiioonn
RReeffeerreenncceess 
BBeeaa,, RR.. GG.. ((11998833)).. ‘‘‘‘CChhaarraacctteerriizzaattiioonn ooff tthhee rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff ooffffsshhoorree ppiilleess ssuubbjjeecctteedd ttoo aaxxiiaall 
llooaaddiinnggss..’’’’ PPrroocc..,, AASSCCEE SSttrruuccttuurraall.. CCoonnggrreessss,, NNeeww YYoorrkk.. 
KKuullhhaawwyy,, FF..HH.. && PPhhoooonn,, KK..KK.. ((22000022)).. ““OObbsseerrvvaattiioonn oonn ggeeootteecchhnniiccaall rreelliiaabbiilliittyy--bbaasseedd 
ddeessiiggnn ddeevveellooppmmeenntt iinn NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaa..”” FFoouunnddaattiioonn DDeessiiggnn CCooddeess 
aanndd SSooiill IInnvveessttiiggaattiioonn iinn vviieeww ooff IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall HHaarrmmoonniizzaattiioonn aanndd 
PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee,, 3311--4488.. 
PPhhoooonn,, KK.. KK.. && KKuullhhaawwyy,, FF.. HH.. ((11999999aa)).. ““CChhaarraacctteerriizzaattiioonn ooff ggeeootteecchhnniiccaall vvaarriiaabbiilliittyy..”” 
CCaannaaddiiaann GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall Joouurrnnaall,, 3366((44)),, 661122--662244.. 
KKiimm,, KK..J..,, RRaahhmmaann,, MM..SS..,, GGaabbrr,, MM..AA..,, SSaarriiccaa,, RR..ZZ..,, && HHoossssaaiinn,, MM..SS.. ((22000055)).. 
““RReelliiaabbiilliittyy bbaasseedd ccaalliibbrraattiioonn ooff rreessiissttaannccee ffaaccttoorrss ffoorr aaxxiiaall ccaappaacciittyy ooff dd rriivveenn 
pplliieess..”” GGeeoo--ffrroonnttiieerrss CCoonnffeerreennccee,, AAuussttiinn,, TTeexxaass,, 773355--774466.. 
NNaattiioonnaall CCooooppeerraattiivvee HHiigghhwwaayy RReesseeaarrcchh PPrrooggrraamm ((NNCCHHRRPP)).. ((22000044)).. LLooaadd aanndd 
RReessiissttaannccee FFaaccttoorr DDeessiiggnn ((LLRRFFDDII ffoorr ddeeeepp ffoouunnddaattiioonnss.. NNCCHHRRPP rreeppoorrtt 
550077,, TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn rreesseeaarrcchh bbooaarrdd ooff tthhee NNaattiioonnaall AAccaaddeemmiieess,, WWaasshhiinnggttoonn,, 
DD..CC.. 
TTaanngg,, WW..HH.. && GGiillbbeerrtt,, RR..BB.. ((11999933)).. ““CCaassee ssttuuddyy ooff ooffffsshhoorree ppiillee ssyysstteemm rreelliiaabbiilliittyy..”” 
OOffffsshhoorree TTeecchhnnoollooggyy CCoonnffeerreennccee,, HHuussttoonn,, TTeexxaass,, 667777-- 668866 
ZZhhaanngg,, LL.. ((22000044)).. ““RReelliiaabbiillttyy vveerriiffiiccaattiioonn uussiinngg pprrooooff ppiillee llooaadd tteesstt..”” Joouurrnnaall ooff 
GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall aanndd GGeeooeennvviirroonnmmeennttaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg,, AASSCCEE,, 113300((1111)),, 11220033--11221133.. 
ZZhhaanngg,, LL..,, TTaanngg,, WW..HH..,, NNgg CChhaarrlleess,, WW..WW.. ((22000011)).. ““RReelliiaabbiillttyy ooff aaxxiiaallllyy llooaaddeedd ddrriivveenn 
ppiillee ggrroouuppss..”” Joouurrnnaall ooff GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg,, AASSCCEE,, 112277((1122)),, 11005511-- 
11006600..

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Reliability-based design of pile foundations

  • 1. RReelliiaabbiilliittyy--bbaasseedd ddeessiiggnn ooff ppiillee ffoouunnddaattiioonnss PPrreesseenntteedd bbyy DDeesshh RRaajj SSoonnyyookk SSiittttaammppaallaamm SSaatthhiisskkuummaarr DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff CCiivviill aanndd GGeeoollooggiiccaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg NNeeww MMeexxiiccoo SSttaattee UUnniivveerrssiittyy 1122//0088//22000055
  • 2. DDeessiiggnn MMeetthhooddoollooggiieess  WWoorrkkiinngg oorr AAlllloowwaabbllee SSttrreessss DDeessiiggnn ((WWSSDD oorr AASSDD)) Q Q Rn ult all £ = =  LLiimmiitt SSttaatteess DDeessiiggnn Q FS FS UUllttiimmaattee LLiimmiitt SSttaattee ((UULLSS)):: EEqq.. ((11)) FFaaccttoorreedd rreessiissttaannccee ≥≥ FFaaccttoorreedd llooaadd eeffffeecctt SSeerrvviicceeaabbiilliittyy LLiimmiitt SSttaattee ((SSLLSS)):: DDeeffoorrmmaattiioonn ≤≤ TToolleerraabbllee ddeeffoorrmmaattiioonn ttoo rreemmaaiinn sseerrvviicceeaabbllee  LLooaadd aanndd RReessiissttaannccee FFaaccttoorr DDeessiiggnn ((LLRRFFDD)) P P(R Q) f = < EEqq.. ((22)) wwhheerree RR == rreessiissttaannccee aanndd QQ == mmeeaann llooaadd
  • 3. RReelliiaabbiilliittyy AAnnaallyyssiiss ((Kulhawy, 2002) any design methodology that is firmly founded on a rigorous reliability basis aannyy ddeessiiggnn mmeetthhooddoollooggyy tthhaatt iinnccoorrppoorraatteess tthhee pprriinncciipplleess ooff rreelliiaabbiilliittyy aannaallyyssiiss,, eeiitthheerr eexxpplliicciittllyy oorr ootthheerrwwiissee,, iiss ccllaassssiiffiieedd aass rreelliiaabbiilliittyy bbaasseedd ddeessiiggnn..
  • 4. GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall VVaarriiaabblleess IInnhheerreenntt vvaarriiaabbiilliittiieess MMeeaassuurreemmeenntt uunncceerrttaaiinnttiieess TTrraannssffoorrmmaattiioonn uunncceerrttaaiinnttiieess
  • 5. Uncertainty in ssooiill pprrooppeerrttyy eessttiimmaatteess ((KKuullhhaawwyy aanndd PPhhoooonn,, 22000022))
  • 6. AAsssseessssmmeenntt ooff RReelliiaabbiilliittyy:: NNoorrmmaall RRaannddoomm VVaarriiaabbllee
  • 7. FFiirrsstt OOrrddeerr RReelliiaabbiilliittyy MMeetthhoodd ((FFOORRMM))..  EEvvaalluuaatteess tthhee pprroobbaabbiilliittyy ooff ffaaiilluurree nnuummeerriiccaallllyy  GGiivveess ggoooodd aapppprrooxxiimmaattee ssoolluuttiioonnss ffoorr mmoosstt ccaasseess.. ((MMaaddsseenn eett aall..,, 11998866))  aaddoopptteedd bbyy mmaannyy aauutthhoorrss ffoorr ccaalliibbrraattiinngg rreelliiaabbiilliittyy--bbaasseedd ddeessiiggnn eeqquuaattiioonnss
  • 8. TTaarrggeett PPrroobbaabbiilliittyy ooff FFaaiilluurree,, PPTT  PPrroobb((QQ<<FF)) sshhoouulldd bbee lleessss tthhaann oorr eeqquuaall ttoo ppTT FFiinnddiinngg ppTT:: ((11)) CCoosstt--bbeenneeffiitt aannaallyyssiiss.. nnoott pprraaccttiiccaall ------ eevvaalluuaattiinngg ffaaiilluurree ccoossttss ((22)) FFaaiilluurree rraatteess eessttiimmaatteedd ffrroomm aaccttuuaall ccaassee hhiissttoorriieess.. NNoo ffoorrmmaall ssyysstteemm eexxiissttss ffoorr tthhee rreeggiissttrraattiioonn ooff ffaaiilluurreess.. ((LLeeoonnaarrddss,, 11998822)) ((33)) AA mmeetthhoodd bbyy EElllliinnggwwoooodd,, eett aall.. ((11998800))..
  • 9. Applicability ooff FFOORRMM:: AA ccaassee ssttuuddyy FFoouunnddaattiioonn ppllaann ffoorr ssttuuddyy ppllaattffoorrmmss ((WW..hh..TTaanngg aanndd RR..BB..GGiillbbeerrtt,, 11999933))
  • 10. PPiillee yyiieelldd pprroobbaabbiilliittiieess ((WW..hh..TTaanngg aanndd RR..BB..GGiillbbeerrtt,, 11999933))
  • 11. System ccoollllaappssee pprroobbaabbiilliittiieess ((WW..hh..TTaanngg aanndd RR..BB..GGiillbbeerrtt ,,11999933))
  • 12. LLRRFFDD MMeetthhoodd TThhee rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff aannyy ggiivveenn ppiillee iiss ddeessccrriibbeedd bbyy iittss probability of failure ppf f wwhhiicchh iiss ddeeffiinneedd aass tthhee pprroobbaabbiilliittyy tthhaatt tthhee rreessiissttaannccee iiss ssmmaalllleerr tthhaann tthhee llooaadd eeffffeecctt.. ppf f == PP(( rreessiissttaannccee << llooaadd eeffffeecctt)) PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee ffuunnccttiioonn ffoorr ssuubbssttrruuccttuurreess:: ³ å n i i fR h g Q EEqq.. ((33)) where Rn = calculated (nominal) resistance; ∅= resistance factor; Qi = nominal load effect; γi = load factor; and η = factor to account for effects of ductility, redundancy, and operational importance
  • 13. LLRRFFDD MMeetthhoodd ((ccoonnttdd..)) Reliability index β associated with the linear performance function can be calculated using the mean value first-order, second moment method (MVFOSM) EEqq.. ((44)) where QD and QL = nominal values of dead and live loads, respectively; λR, λQD, and λQL = bias factors for resistance, dead load, and live load, respectively; COVR, COVQD, and COVQL = coefficients of variation for resistance, dead load, and live load, respectively; and FS = factor of safety in the traditional allowable stress design (ASD).
  • 14. LLRRFFDD MMeetthhoodd ((ccoonnttdd..)) TThhee bbiiaass ffaaccttoorrss:: m R R n l = R EEqq.. ((55)) where Rm = measured value of resistance. In this study, Rm is taken to be the measured Davisson capacity, whereas Rn is taken to be the predicted capacity by any given prediction method
  • 15. Scales of Pile Foundations  AAnn iissoollaatteedd ssiinnggllee ppiillee AA ppiillee ggrroouupp AA ppiillee ssyysstteemm ccoonnnneecctteedd bbyy ssuuppeerrssttrruuccttuurree
  • 16. Scales of Pile Foundations
  • 17. RReelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff SSiinnggllee PPiilleess  BBeeiinngg ssttuuddiieedd eexxtteennssiivveellyy dduurriinngg tthhee ppaasstt ttwwoo ddeeccaaddeess ((ZZhhaanngg eett aall.. 22000011))..  ffoorrmmss tthhee bbaassiiss ffoorr tthhee eevvaalluuaattiinngg tthhee rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff ppiillee ggrroouuppss.. ((TTaanngg eett aall.. 11999900))  rreessuullttss ooff mmaajjoorr ssttuuddiieess ((TTaabbllee 11))  TThhee oovveerraallll rraannggee ooff ββss oobbttaaiinneedd bbyy ddiiffffeerreenntt rreesseeaarrcchheerrss rraannggeess ffrroomm 11..77 ttoo 33..11
  • 19. RReelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff DDrriivveenn PPiillee GGrroouupp  DDrriivveenn ppiilleess aarree most often used in groups and connected to superstructures.  Group effects - the pile-soil cap interaction induced by overlapping of stresses in soil and changes in the density of the soil around the piles due to pile penetration.  System effects - the interaction between groups of piles and the superstructure they support.  Group effects and system effects - may alter significantly the reliability of the foundation.
  • 20. PPiillee GGrroouupp aanndd SSyysstteemm EEffffiicciieennccyy  PPiillee ggrroouupp eeffffiicciieennccyy ((ξ) :: - the ratio of the ultimate capacity of a pile group to the sum of the capacities of individual piles, - a function of pile spacing and group size.  PPiillee ssyysstteemm eeffffiicciieennccyy ((χχ)) :: - tthhee rraattiioo ooff tthhee llooaadd rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbrriinngg aallll tthhee ppiilleess iinn aa ppiillee ssyysstteemm ttoo tthheeiirr uullttiimmaattee ccoommppuutteedd ccaappaacciittyy aanndd tthhee llooaadd rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo bbrriinngg mmoosstt hheeaavviillyy llooaaddeedd ppiillee ttoo tthhee ssaammee ssttaattee ((BBeeaa,, 11998833))..
  • 21. PPiillee GGrroouupp RReelliiaabbiilliittyy EEqq.. ((66)) wwhheerree λλXX aanndd λλξξ == bbiiaass ffaaccttoorrss ooff χχ aanndd ξξ rreessppeeccttiivveellyy CCOOVV22 RRGG == ccooeeffffiicciieenntt ooff vvaarriiaattiioonn ooff ppiillee ggrroouupp.. λλXX iiss tthhee rraattiioo ooff tthhee ttrruuee aanndd nnoommiinnaall ssyysstteemm ffaaccttoorr λλξξ iiss tthhee rraattiioo ooff mmeeaassuurreedd aanndd nnoommiinnaall ggrroouupp eeffffiicciieennccyy ffaaccttoorrss
  • 22. TTaarrggeett RReelliiaabbiilliittyy IInnddeexx CCoonnttdd……  ZZhhaanngg eett aall.. ((22000011)):: ββGG == 22..00 –– 44..11 ((aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh AASSDD iiff nnoo ssyysstteemm eeffffeecctt)) ββTTGG == 33..00 –– 33..55 ((mmaayy ssuuffffiicciieenntt ffoorr ddrriivveenn ppiillee ggrroouuppss))..  BBaarrkkeerr eett aall.. ((11999911)) aanndd WWiitthhiiaamm eett aall.. ((11999977)):: ββTTSS == 22..00 –– 22..55 ((ffoorr ssiinnggllee ppiillee))  OOnnccee ββTTGG iiss sseelleecctteedd ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg ββTTSS ffoorr ssiinnggllee ppiillee ddeessiiggnn ttoo aacchhiieevvee tthhee ttaarrggeett rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff tthhee ppiillee ggrroouupp ccaann bbee ccaallccuullaatteedd..
  • 23. TTaarrggeett RReelliiaabbiilliittyy IInnddeexx  BBaasseedd oonn tthhee aabboovvee lliitteerraattuurree rreevviieeww,, iitt sseeeemmss rreeaassoonnaabbllee ttoo eessttaabblliisshh tthhee ttaarrggeett rreelliiaabbiilliittyy bbeettwweeeenn 22..00 aanndd 33..00 ffoorr ppiillee ggrroouuppss aanndd aass hhiigghh aass 33..00 ttoo 33..55 ffoorr ssiinnggllee ppiilleess wwhhiicchh iiss ssiimmiillaarr ttoo ssuuggggeesstteedd rraannggee ooff NNCCHHRRPP ((22000044))
  • 24. CCaallccuullaatteedd ββTTSS ttoo AAcchhiieevvee SSyysstteemm RReelliiaabbiilliittyy IInnddeexx ooff 33..00 NNoottee:: DDyynnaammiicc mmeetthhoodd
  • 25. CCoonncclluussiioonn  Uncertainties in loading conditions and capacity of the piles influence the reliability of pile foundations.  Reliability-based LRFD is the only methodology that can ensure self-consistency from both physical and probabilistic requirements and is compatible with the theoretical basis underlying structural design  Based on the literature review, it seems reasonable to establish the target reliability between 2.0 and 3.0 for pile groups and as high as 3.0 to 3.5 for single piles.
  • 26. CCoonncclluussiioonn ccoonnttdd……  Values of the target reliability index βTS for single piles required to achieve a specified target reliability index βTG for pile groups can be calculated for several pile capacity prediction methods.  Both group effects and system effects can result in added reliability of a pile system over that of single piles.  There is a need of further research in the reliability based design for the full range of geotechnical design in order to achieve a rational and practical design solution .
  • 27. TThhaannkk yyoouu ffoorr yyoouurr aatttteennttiioonn
  • 28. RReeffeerreenncceess BBeeaa,, RR.. GG.. ((11998833)).. ‘‘‘‘CChhaarraacctteerriizzaattiioonn ooff tthhee rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff ooffffsshhoorree ppiilleess ssuubbjjeecctteedd ttoo aaxxiiaall llooaaddiinnggss..’’’’ PPrroocc..,, AASSCCEE SSttrruuccttuurraall.. CCoonnggrreessss,, NNeeww YYoorrkk.. KKuullhhaawwyy,, FF..HH.. && PPhhoooonn,, KK..KK.. ((22000022)).. ““OObbsseerrvvaattiioonn oonn ggeeootteecchhnniiccaall rreelliiaabbiilliittyy--bbaasseedd ddeessiiggnn ddeevveellooppmmeenntt iinn NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaa..”” FFoouunnddaattiioonn DDeessiiggnn CCooddeess aanndd SSooiill IInnvveessttiiggaattiioonn iinn vviieeww ooff IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall HHaarrmmoonniizzaattiioonn aanndd PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee,, 3311--4488.. PPhhoooonn,, KK.. KK.. && KKuullhhaawwyy,, FF.. HH.. ((11999999aa)).. ““CChhaarraacctteerriizzaattiioonn ooff ggeeootteecchhnniiccaall vvaarriiaabbiilliittyy..”” CCaannaaddiiaann GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall Joouurrnnaall,, 3366((44)),, 661122--662244.. KKiimm,, KK..J..,, RRaahhmmaann,, MM..SS..,, GGaabbrr,, MM..AA..,, SSaarriiccaa,, RR..ZZ..,, && HHoossssaaiinn,, MM..SS.. ((22000055)).. ““RReelliiaabbiilliittyy bbaasseedd ccaalliibbrraattiioonn ooff rreessiissttaannccee ffaaccttoorrss ffoorr aaxxiiaall ccaappaacciittyy ooff dd rriivveenn pplliieess..”” GGeeoo--ffrroonnttiieerrss CCoonnffeerreennccee,, AAuussttiinn,, TTeexxaass,, 773355--774466.. NNaattiioonnaall CCooooppeerraattiivvee HHiigghhwwaayy RReesseeaarrcchh PPrrooggrraamm ((NNCCHHRRPP)).. ((22000044)).. LLooaadd aanndd RReessiissttaannccee FFaaccttoorr DDeessiiggnn ((LLRRFFDDII ffoorr ddeeeepp ffoouunnddaattiioonnss.. NNCCHHRRPP rreeppoorrtt 550077,, TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn rreesseeaarrcchh bbooaarrdd ooff tthhee NNaattiioonnaall AAccaaddeemmiieess,, WWaasshhiinnggttoonn,, DD..CC.. TTaanngg,, WW..HH.. && GGiillbbeerrtt,, RR..BB.. ((11999933)).. ““CCaassee ssttuuddyy ooff ooffffsshhoorree ppiillee ssyysstteemm rreelliiaabbiilliittyy..”” OOffffsshhoorree TTeecchhnnoollooggyy CCoonnffeerreennccee,, HHuussttoonn,, TTeexxaass,, 667777-- 668866 ZZhhaanngg,, LL.. ((22000044)).. ““RReelliiaabbiillttyy vveerriiffiiccaattiioonn uussiinngg pprrooooff ppiillee llooaadd tteesstt..”” Joouurrnnaall ooff GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall aanndd GGeeooeennvviirroonnmmeennttaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg,, AASSCCEE,, 113300((1111)),, 11220033--11221133.. ZZhhaanngg,, LL..,, TTaanngg,, WW..HH..,, NNgg CChhaarrlleess,, WW..WW.. ((22000011)).. ““RReelliiaabbiillttyy ooff aaxxiiaallllyy llooaaddeedd ddrriivveenn ppiillee ggrroouuppss..”” Joouurrnnaall ooff GGeeootteecchhnniiccaall EEnnggiinneeeerriinngg,, AASSCCEE,, 112277((1122)),, 11005511-- 11006600..