3. Signs Classification of
dehydration
Treatment
No signs of
dehydration
No dehydration Follow Plan A
Two of the
following signs
Some dehydration Follow plan B
•Restless, irritable
•Sunken eyes
•Tear absent
•Dry mouth &tongue
•Skin goes slowly
•Thirst, drinks
eagerly
PLAN OF MANAGEMENT
4. Signs Classification of
dehydration
Treatment
Two of the
following signs
Severe
dehydration
Follow plan C
•Unconcious
•Floppy
•Refusal to feed
•Unable to drink
•Very sunken
eyes
•Skin goes back
very slowly
PLAN OF MANAGEMENT
5. PLAN A
Cases with No Signs of Dehydration
fluid loss is <5% of the body weight, children may not
show any clinical signs of dehydration
Correct fluid deficit and ongoing fluid losses
Give HAF or ORS
Plan A involves counselling the child's mother about
the 3 Rules of Home treatment.
GIVE EXTRA FLUID (as much as the child will take)
CONTINUE FEEDING
WHEN TO RETURN
6. PLAN-B
Cases with signs of Some Dehydration
REHYDRATION THERAPY
Amount of ORS to be given in first 4 hrs
Age < 4
months
4 -12
months
12m- 2
yrs
2-6 yrs
Wt (kg) < 6 6 - < 10 10 - <12 12 - 19
ORS(ml) 200-400 400-700 700-900 900-1400
Glass(No.
)
1 - 2 2 - 3 3 – 4 4 - 7
7. PLAN B
Use the child’s age only when we do not know
the weight.
The approximate amount of ORS required (in
ml) can also be calculated by multiplying the
child’s weight (in kg) × 75
Show the mother how to give ORS solution
After 4 hours
Reassess and classify the child for dehydration
Select the appropriate plan to continue treatment
Begin feeding the child in clinic
8. PLAN B
After signs of severe dehydration disappear
& child is able to drink, further therapy should
be continued with ORS as per plan A or B
Before the mother leaves the hospital two
packets of ORS must be given.
9. PLAN C
Cases with signs of Some Dehydration
1% diarrhoea may develop severe dehydration.
Children with severe dehydration must be
admitted.
Child is rehydrated quickly by using I/V infusion.
I/V infusions recommended :
R/L solution
N/S when R/L is not available
1/2 N/S with 5% dextrose is acceptable
Plain glucose is unsuitable solution
10. PLAN C
Reassess the infant every 15-30 min. until a
strong radial pulse is present.
Thereafter, reassess the infant by skin pinch
and level of consciousness at least every 1-
hour
Also give ORS (about 5 ml/kg/hour) as soon
as the infant can drink: usually after 3-4
hours
Reassess the infant after 6 hours & classify
dehydration then choose the appropriate
plan (A,B, or C) to continue treatment
11. PLAN C
After signs of severe dehydration disappear
& child is able to drink, further therapy should
be continued with ORS as per plan A or B
Before the mother leaves the hospital two
packets of ORS must be given.
12. ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY
It is a balanced mixture of glucose and
electrolytes
Almost all deaths from diarrhoea can be
prevented by ORS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Sodium promotes absorption of water from the
intestine
Glucose promotes the absorption of sodium
and water from the intestine
14. LIMITATION OF ORS
Does not reduce the diarrhea stool volume and
duration
Parents are concerned to stop the diarrhea but not
the dehydration due to diarrhea
It is not or less effective in
Shock
An ileus
Intussusception
Carbohydrate intolerance
Severe emesis
High stool output
15. ENTERAL FEEDING AND DIET SELECTION
After rehydration completion, food should be
reintroduced
Continue oral rehydration to replace ongoing
losses
Start breast feeding as soon as possible
Food with complex carbohydrate is preffered
Avoid fatty food or food with simple sugars
(juices, carbonated soda)
Energy density should be 1kcal/grm
16. Energy intake should be 100 kcal/kg/day and
protein intake of 2-3 grm/kg/day.
Milk should not be diluted with water during
any phase of acute diarrhoea.
Milk can also be given as milk cereal mixture
e.g. dalia, milk-rice mixture.
This technique reduces the lactose load &
preserving energy density.
ENTERAL FEEDING AND DIET SELECTION
17. ENTERAL FEEDING AND DIET SELECTION
To make foods-energy dense some of
preparation are:-
- Khichri with oil
- Rice with curd & sugar
- Mashed banana with milk or curd
- Mashed potatoes with oil.
18. ZINC SUPPLEMENTS
10 mg/kg in infants <6 months and 20 mg/kg
in >6 months of age.
Benefits of zinc therapy
Reduced duration and severity
prevent recurrence
reduction of inappropriate use of antibiotics
19. ANTIBIOTICS IN DIARRHOEA
Indication
Suspected cholera with severe dehydration
Bloody diarrhoea
Associated non gastrointestinal infection
Severely malnurished or immunocompromised
child
Specific infection
20. PROBIOTICS
It means bacteria associated with beneficial effects
for humans and animals.
Can inhibit the growth and adhesion of a range of
entero-pathogens
Indicated in
- Treatment and prevention of acute diarrhoea
caused by rotavirus in children
- Antibiotic associated diarrhoea
Probiotic strains
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium
lactis BB-12
22. ADDITIONAL THERAPY
Antiemetics like ondansetron can be useful
during rehydration therapy.
Racecadotril an enkephalinase inhibitor is
found useful to reduce stool output
23. Exclusive Breast Feeding
Bottle feeding should be avoided
Improved personal hygiene and sanitation
Wash Hand
Eat clean Food
Drink clean water
Immunization e.g. Measles, Rota virus
Vit. A - Prophylactic doses
Better Nutrition
Improved case management
PREVENTION OF DIARRHOEA
24. ROTA VIRUS VACCINATION
Rotashield vaccine -1999
Withdrawn because of its association with
intussuscption
Two new oral, live attenuated rotavirus vaccines were
licensed in 2006 with very good safety and efficacy
The first dose administered between ages 6-10
weeks .
subsequent doses at intervals 4-10 weeks.
Vaccination should not be initiated before 6weeks
and after 12 weeks of age.
All doses should be administered before 32 weeks.
25. ROTA VIRUS VACCINATIONRota Rix vaccine Rota Teq vaccine
Oral, live attenuated
Oral, live attenuated,
pentavalent vaccine. Contains
5 live reassortant rotaviruses
2 dose schedule
3 dose schedule
1st dose - 2 month of
age
at 2 month of age
2nd dose- 4 month 4 month of age
…………………………
6 month of age
26. NATIONAL DIARRHOEAL DISEASE CONTROL
PROGRAMME
National ORT Programme was incepted in 1985- 86
From 1992-93 the programme has become a part of
CSSM Programme.
CSSM programme become a part of RCH
programme in 1997
In RCH Programme, policy of IMCI was adopted
Strategy of IMCI was to address all children and not
only sick children
IMCI focused on life threatening illnesses-diarrhoea,
Pneumonia, Measles, Malaria etc.
27. IMNCI
Since 2003 - DDCP included in IMNCI which
includes
Neonates of 0-7 days
Incorporating national guidelines on
diarrhoea,
ARI ,Malaria, Anaemia, Vit. A
supplementation
& Immunizations
28. STRATEGIES OF IMNCI
Ensure standard case management of
diarrhoea by training of medical and other health
personnel.
Promote standard case management practices
among private practitioners through IMA and
IAP.
Improve maternal knowledge on home
management and recognition of danger signs of
diarrhoea for immediate medical care.
29. CASE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
CLASSIFICATION:
PINK :
Child needs referral ( Inpatient care)
YELLOW :
Child needs specific treatment, provide it at
home (e.g. Antibiotics, ORS)
GREEN :
Child needs no medicine, give home care
30. LIMITATIONS OF IMNCI
Outpatient Facility Based
Community activities not given adequate
focus
Vertical initiatives in Non IMNCI districts
sorely lacking