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d}n] kof{j/0fsf s]xL cªs k9g] df}sf kfPsf] 5' . k';sf] k|fKt u/]/ klxnf]k6s k9g] df}sf kfPF, cToGt pkof]uL nfUof] .
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sfuh / 5kfOsf] u'0f:t/df eg] ;'wf/ ug'kg]{ b]vsf] 5' . d jg
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dfl;s
Paryawaran Monthly
Vol. 11, No.11, Feb/ Mar 2004
jif{ !!, cªs !@, r}q @)^) k"0ff{ªs $)
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E-mail: eco_nepal@hotmail.com ● /f]rs 1fglj1fg
http://www.econepal.org
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Pp6f xfQL ljB'tLo w/fkd} k/]/ d/]sf] 5 .
ljB'tLo tf/df clNemP / OxnLnf Tofu u/] . xfQLnfO{ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] emfkf ch'{gwf/fl:yt bxLemf]8f ;fd'bflos
yfk]sf] ;f] ljB'tLo w/fkdf k/]/ cfˆg} l5d]sL d/]sf]df jgdf bfp/f vf]Hg uPsf rf/hgf :yfgLoaf;L klg
hfg' s fnfO{ k5' t f] t ePs} xf] n f, d[ t ssf efOsf] slxNo} 3/ kms]{gg . kmfu'g * ut] hªunL xfQLn]
ph'/Lsf cfwf/df k'; ( ut] kqmfp k/L !) lbg ltgLx¿nfO{ df¥of] / nf; ?F3]/} a:of] . xfQLn] 5f]8]/
jGohGt'sf] a9bf] cftªs Û
sf] slt lhDd]jf/ <
lx/f;tdf a;]/ w/f}6Ldf 5'6] klg cbfntdf /x]sf]
– uf]kfnk|;fb b'nfn
uPkl5 aNn tLg lbgdf kl/jf/hgn] s'lxPsf] cj:yfsf]
;/sf/jfbL d'2fsf] km};nf s] x'g] xf] eg]/ cem} ql;t nf; NofP/ clGtd ;+:sf/ ug{ kfP .
l5g, pgL . k|sfzk'/d} xfQLn] cfkmgf] pv' vfP/ gf; lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ If]qsf] a3f]8fdf
u/]kl5 /fdaxfb'/ bfxfnn] yfk]sf] ljB'tLo w/fkdf k/]/ ljut b'O{ dlxgf cjlwdf !@ hgf dflg;nfO{ af3n]
Pp6f xfQL d¥of] . cbfntn] tf]s]sf] %) xhf/ gub vfO;s] s f] 5 . To; If] q sf afl;Gbfdf af3sf]
hl/jfgf a'emfpg g;s]kl5 3/hUuf w/f}6L /fv]/ t cfqmd0faf6 slxn] dl/g] xf] eg]/ ;w}F q:t /xg'kg]{
pgL 5'6], t/ h]yfsf] sfuh psf:g] kL/nf]n] eg] cj:yf 5 . ut df3 dlxgfdf sf7df8f} F g lhssf]
pgnfO{ cem} 5f8]sf] 5}g . ;'g;/Ls} asnf}/L, k~rsGof, blIf0fsfnLdf Pp6f lrt'jf lx+;|s eP/ dflg;dfly
l;/fg6f]nsL dLgf e'h]nn] To; If]qdf xfQLsf] x'n cfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfpg yfn]kl5 /fli6«o lgs'~h
b]lvg yfn]kl5 cfˆgf] wfgsf] esf/L hf]ufpg lah'nLsf] ljefudfkm{t b/af/af6 l;sf/L lemsfP/} dfg'{k¥of] .
kftnf] tf/n] a]l/g . geGb}, k'; @# ut] /flt Pp6f :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] dfl/Psf] lrt'jfnfO{ 6f]n6f]ndf
5fjf;lxt Pshf]8L xfQLn] pgsf] esf/L kmf]g{ yfn] . 3'dfP/ pT;jsf] h:t} /ldtf b]vfP . pQm lrt'jfsf]
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 6

7. jGohGt'sf] /fh
cfqmd0fdf k/]sf Pshgfsf] pkrf/ x'g]qmddf ev{/} kf] y | f kf] y | L dfq afF s L ePsf jgIf] q ;d' b fonfO{
lgwg ePsf] 5 . b]zsf ljleGg If]qdf af3 / lrt'jfsf] ;'lDkPkl5 jg xl/of] b]lvP/ s]xL ;sf/fTds c;/x¿
cfqmd0f lg/Gt/ a9b} uPsf] 5 . o;}qmddf tgx'Fsf] b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g . t/, nf]k eO;s]sf jGohGt' km]l/
dgkfª Onfsfdf af3sf] laulauL a9]sf] 5 eg] s}of}F k}bf x'g] s'/} ePg . ar]v'r]sf jGohGt'nfO{ klg k|fs[lts
v;Lafv|f l;l4O;s]sf 5g . af;:yfg / ef]hgsf] cefj 5 .
emfkfsf] a'waf/], afx'g8fFuL If]qsf afl;Gbf /fte/ l6g /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/Ifsf ¿kdf ;+/lIft
7f]s/ xfQLsf] uf]7fnf] a:5g . xfQLsf] cftªs emfkf,
] jgIf] q df jGohGt' s f] 3gTj a9L x' g ' c:jfefljs
df]/ª, ;'g;/L / pbok'/sf xf] O g . ;+ / lIft If] q df
hª u n 5] p 5fp;Dd ePsf jGohGt' cfjZos
km}lnPsf] 5 . otf, zfxL cfxf/sf] cefjdf
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hIf]qdf ef} + t fl/P/ ufpF k:g]
af3, u}8f / xfQLn] t ;w}F
F ub{ 5 g . ;+ / lIft If] q df
cftªlst kf5{ g}, h/fof], vf;k| s f/sf jGohGt' s f]
aFbnh:tf cGo jGohGt'n]
] dfq j[ l 4 x' g ' ltgsf
klg afnLgfnL vfP/ b'Mv nflu cfxf/ x' g ] cGo
lbg] ub{5g . lgs'~hIf]q hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf]
cf;kf;df u}8fn] x/]s jif{
+ j[ l 4 gx' g ' jf af;:yfg
@–$ hgf dfG5] dfg' { km/flsnf] gx' g ' h :tf
;fdfGoh:t} eO;s]sf] 5 . sf/0fn] jGohGt'
of] b' O { dlxgf cljwdf ufpF I f] q df k| j ] z ug] { /
x' n d' n b] V bf xs{ g ] cftª l st agfpg] ,
:jfefjsf] u} + 8 fsf] afnLgfnL gf; ug] { ,
cfqmd0fdf k/]/ b'O{hgfsf] dflg;nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg]
Hofg uO;s]sf] 5 . zfxL / Hofg};d]t lng] 36gf
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h / a9]sf] 5 .
k;f{ jGohGt' cf/Ifsf xfQLcftªssf] sf/0f
jGohGt' af/f x'b} ;nf{xLsf ufpF;Dd k:5g . klZrd
F
t/fO{sf ljleGg lhNnfdf xfQLcftªsn] x/]s ;fn
t/fO{sf u}8f, xfQL kfOg] lgs'~hIf]qsf] cj:yf klg Tolt
+
lk/f]Ng] u/]sf] 5 . k"jL{ t/fO{sf emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L
km/s 5}g . xfQLn] v]tLkftL gi6 ug]{, 3/ eTsfpg],
x'Fb} pbok'/ lhNnf;Dd Psy/L xfQLn] ufpF k;]/ nufPsf
9's6L kmf]8/ cGg :jfxf kfg]{ dfq xf]Og, dflg;nfO{ g}
' ]
afnLgfnL laufg]{, 3/6x/f eTsfpg]] / dflg;dfly g}
cfqmd0f u/]/ dfg]{ x'Fbf o:tf jGohGt' kfOg] If]qsf
cfqmd0f u/L dfg]{;Ddsf 36gf x/]s ;fn a9b} uPsf
afl;Gbfn] ;wF} cftªlst x'gkl//x]sf] 5 . ufpF–ufpFdf
'
5g . o; If]qdf latG8f dRrfpg] hªunL xfQLx¿
yflkPsf lah'nLsf w/fkdf k/]/ jGohGt' dfl/Fb}5g .
g] k fnsf hª u ndf :yfoL¿kdf eg] a:b} g g .
jGohGt'sf] lx+;fsf] l;sf/ dflg; klg x'b5g . of] bf]xf]/f]
F } k/fk" j { s fnb] l v g} DofGdf/ x' F b } ef/tsf] cf;fd,
cftªssf] qmd a9bf] 5 . klZrdaª u fnsf] af6f] eP/ g] k fn cfpg] xfQLsf]
lsg lx+;|s aGb}5g jGohGt' < ljr/0f:yn k"jL{v08 r'/]If]q x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;a]nf
s]xL bzscl3;Dd g]kfnsf] b'OltxfOeGbf a9L If]qkmn clxn]h:tf] hªun ljgf; gePsf]n] xfQLnfO{ dg kg]{
hª u nn] 9flsPsf] lyof] . b| " t ultdf ePsf] jg hªunL afF;sf tfdf tyf 3fF;kft o; If]qdf k|z:t
kmF8fgLsf sf/0f …g]kfnsf] wg, xl/of] jgÚ phf8 aGg kfOGYof] . To;tfsf xfQLsf w]/} e'm08 otf cfpg] ub{y] .
k'Uof] . To;tfsf oqtq b]Vg kfOg] jGohGt' clwsfªz clxn] xfQLsf] ;ªVof klg 36b} uPsf] 5 eg] eLdsfo
:yfgaf6 nf]k g} eP, st} nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'u] . z/L/sf xfQLnfO{ k' U g] cfxf/sf] cefj a9 b f] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
kof{ j /)f ÷ 7

8. jGohGt'sf] /fh
g]kfnsf] k"jL{ t/fO{sf] h+unIf]qdf jif]{gL ^)–&) j6f ePsf] ;'OFsf] kfof] eg] To;}sf nflu 3/ eTsfpF5 .
xfQLsf] x'n b]vfkg]{ eP klg o; If]qdf %–^ j6f xfQL cfˆgf] nfdf] ;' F 8 3/leq l5/fP/ xfQLn] dlb/f -
dfq jif}{el/ /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . hfF8/S;L_ eP–gePsf] ;d]t a'‰b5 . jf:tjdf xfQLn]
hªunL jGohGt'nfO{ b]zsf] ;Ldf / gbLgfnfn] klg dlb/f cf}lw dgk/fpF5 . t;y{, dlb/f ePsf] yfxf
5]Sb}g, g cf]]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug{ glbg] s'g} k|sf/sf] s[lqd kfPkl5 xfQLn] latG8f dRrfP/} eP klg lkpg] ub{5 .
cj/f] w g} v8f ul/Psf] 5 . pko' Q m af;:yfg / dlb/fn] n6 7 ePsf] xfQL af} n fxfh:t} x' G 5 /
cfxf/sf] cefjn] 3' d Gt] xfQL s;/L klqmOG5 < v] t af/Ldf nufOPsf] afnL
aGg afWo oxfF cfpg] hªunL xfQLnfO{ ;bfOPsf !%–@) xfQLsf] ;xfotfn] tyf 3/uf]7 eTsfP/ ljWj+;
hª u nL xfQL df} ; dsf 5]s/ w]/} 7"nf] 3]/faGb kfl/G5 . glhs–glhs ub}{ 5]pdf ug] { dfq xf] O g, dflg;nfO{
]
cfwf/df a;fOF ;g]{ ub{5g . k'ukl5 a]xf]; kfg]{ cf}iflwsf] l;l/Gh aGb'ssf] ;xfotfn] ;d] t cfqmd0fsf] l;sf/
]
k|foh;f] kfgL kg{ yfn]kl5 xflgG5 . a]xf]; ePsf] xfQLnfO{ kmnfdsf ;fªnf jf agfpg] ub{5 .
ef/tsf] cf;fddf xfQLnfO{ n67fn] afFlwG5 / vfgkfg sd lbP/ sdhf]/ kf/]kl5 k|foh;f] cfˆgf] e'm08sf] g]t[Tj
cfxf/sf] cefj x' G 5 / cGo xfQLsf] ;xfotfn] ;bfpg] sfd ul/G5 . efn] xfQLn] g} ub{ 5 .
ebf}–c;f]hlt/ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ;Ldfleq k:b5g . t/, of}gcfsfªIffn] pGdQ ePsf efn] xfQLdf a9L ;'/f] /
oxfFsf] hªundf klg pko'Qm af;:yfg / cfxf/sf] sdL emu8fn' k|j[lQ b]vfkb{5 . t;y{, ufpF k;]/ ljWj+; ubf{
kfPkl5 ufpF k;]/ latG8f dRrfpF5g . qmf]]wL :jefjsf klg efn] xfQL g} cu'jf aGb5 .
hªunL xfQLn] hªundf dfG5]nfO{ b]v]kl5 cfqmd0f
ufpF k;]sf] xfQL v]bg cfuf]sf] k'N7f]n] nv]6g], l6g
ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 .
76fpg], zªv k'mSg], 3G6L ahfpg], xNnf ug]{h:tf sfo{
u}“8f, xfQLcftªssf cGo If]q ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/, o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ slxn]sfxLF
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hjl/kl/ x'b} af/f, k;f{ / ;nf{xL;Ddsf …gfªnf] 76fP/ xfQL t;f{pg'Ú dfq x'g] ub{5g . o;f]
F
ufpFx¿df k;]/ zfxL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf k;f{ ubf{ xfQL emg pQ]lht eP/ yk ljWj+; ug{ pBt x'G5 .
jGohGt' cf/Ifsf u}8f / xfQLn] cftªlst kfg]{ u/]sf 5g . xfQLsf] cfqmd0f / Iflt
F
t/, xsf{pbf efUg] :jefjsf] u}8fsf] ljr/0fIf]q xfQLsf]
F F
g]kfn clw/fHod} ;a}eGbf a9L xfQL cftªlst ufpF
h:tf] w]/} km/flsnf] x'bg . u}8f g]kfndf zfxL lrtjg
F} F
ljsf; ;ldlt emfkfsf] afx'g8fFuL /x]sf] 5 . To;f] t
/fli6«o lgs'~h / zfxL alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hIf]qdf dfq
emfkfs} a' w af/] , zlgZr/] , ch' { g wf/f, zflGtgu/,
kfOg] x'bf o; hGt'n] o;} If]qj/k/ dfq ljWj+; jf hgwgsf]
F
v'b'gfaf/L, xf]S;], rf/cfnL, bds, w'nfaf/Lnufot
xflg ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L, zfxL alb{of /fli6«o df]/ªsf hªun5]p5fpsf ;'Gb/k'/, OGb|k'/, a]naf/L,
lgs'~h / ;'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/Ifdf kfOg] xfQLn] klg pnf{af/L x'Fb} ;'g;/Lsf dw'jg, k|sfzk'/, a/fxIf]q,
:jefj}n] To; If]qsf ufpFx¿df a9L b'Mv lbg] ub{5g . dx]Gb|gu/, l;+l3of, 8'd|fxf, ef]qmfxf, klZrd s'zfxf,
xfQLsf] :jefj xfQLn] dfG5] s;/L df5{ < nf} s L, O6x/L, k~rsGof,
xfQLsf] :d/0fzlQm lji0f'kfb'sf / pbok'/ lhNnfsf
t;f{pg vf]Hbf xfQL t;{Fb}g . qmf]wL xfQLn]
t] l hnf] x' G 5 . PskN6 dfG5]nfO{ b]Vof] eg] nv]65 . e]6of] eg] ;'F8n] xl8of, ufO{3f6, kmQ]k'/ / lqo'uf
lxF 8 ] s f] af6f] slxNo} RofKk ;dfpF5 / v'§fn] 6]s]/ r'F8fP/ b'O{ 6'qmf gu/kflnsf;Ddsf a[xt If]qsf
gla;{g] x'Fbf xfQL k|foh;f] kf5{ . cg'xf/df s'Nr]/ lxF85 . slxn]sfxLF xfQL dflg; xfQLcftª s sf] kL8f
k'/fg} af6f]af6 dfq lxF8g] cfk"mn] df/]sf] nf;nfO{ @–# lbg ?F3]/ klg a:5 . ef]Ug ljjz x'Fb} cfPsf 5g .
ub{ 5 . t;y{ , w] / } h ;f] sf] ; L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If
cj:yfdf cfkmgf] lxF8g] af6f]df agfOPsf 3/6x/f / cf;kf;sf] If]qdf af;:yfg / cfxf/sf] vf]hLdf cfOk'usf ]
nufOPsf afnLgfnL g} xfQLsf] ljWj+;sf] l;sf/ aGg] xfQLn] sf];L gbLdf cfxfn v]Ng dg k/fpF5g . t/, ToxfF
]
ub{5g . klg pko'Qm cfxf/sf] cefj xFbf 5]p5fpsf v]taf/L /
'
xfQLn] g'gsf] vf]hL ub{5 . ufpF k;]sf] xfQLn] g'g u|fdL0fIf]qdf k:5g / ls;fgsf pv', s]/f, wfg, ux'F cflb
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 8

9. jGohGt'sf] /fh
afnL dfq xf]Og, esf/L kmf]// e08f/0f ul/Psf cGg;d]t
] xfQL v]bg l6g 76fOG5
vfg] / gi6 ug]{ ub{5g . emfkfsf] k"jf]{Q/If]qsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf hªunL
cflwsfl/s tYofªs geP klg lj;+ @)#$ ;fnb]lv xfQLn] ufpF k;]/ a9L b'Mv lbg] ub{5g . oL If]qdf xfQLsf]
xfn;Dd xfQLsf] cfjthfjt a9]kl5 /fte/ k6sf k8sfpg], l6g 76fpg],
zªv ahfpg] ul/G5 . o;
cfqmd0faf6 @) hgfeGbf
k| r ngn] aflx/af6 uPsf]
a9L dflg;sf] Hofg gf} n f] dfG5] n fO{ oxfF s f]
uO;s]sf] 5 eg] ;of}F 3fOt] /flqhLjg cgf} 7 f] nfUg'
ePsf 5g . o; cjlwsf] c:jfefljs xf]Og . o;nfO{
ef}lts Iflt klg lgs} 7"nf] xfQLcftªsaf6 aRg] :yfgLo
5 . t/, ljut jif{ s f ;ts{tfsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf]
t' n gfdf o; jif{ 5 . o; If]qdf s]/f, ;'kf/L,
xfQLcftª s af6 a9L Iflt gl/jnsf au} F r f k| z :t
ePsf] kfOG5 . xfQLn] o; ePsfn] ;fd" l xs¿kdf
kfn}kfn]f /flt kfn] a;]/ xfQL
jif{ dfq rf/hgfsf] Hofg xsf{pg] ul/G5 . t/, xfQLsf]
lnPsf] 5 eg] xfQLnfO{ yflkPsf] ljB'tLo w/fkdf k/]/ 7"nf] x'n ufpF k:of] eg] o;/L xf]xNnf ubf{ emg ljWj+;
yk Pshgfsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 . o;} jif{ ljB'tLo w/fkdf ub{5g . To:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;n] Hofg hf]ufpgs} lgldQ
k/]/ tLgj6f xfQL klg d/]sf 5g . o; jif{ ;nf{xLsf] klg efUg'kg]{ x'G5 .
w'sf]{nL, sd}{of / 9]ªu|]vf]nf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf $) xfQLcftªs / lah'nLsf] w/fk
j6f hªunL xfQLsf] ayfg k;]/ sl/a $) j6f 3/ xfQLn] ufpFdf cftªs dRrfpg yfn]kl5 xfQL dfg{
eTsfPsf] 5 eg] nfvf}Fsf] wgdfn / v]tLafnL gi6 ljB'tLo w/fk yfKg] qmd o; jif{ lgs} a9]sf] 5 . o;af6
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] klZrdIf]q tyf emfkf, ;'g;/L / t/fO{sf clwsfªz u|fdL0fIf]qdf ljB'tLs/0f eO;s]sfn]
pbok' / df hª u nL xfQLaf6 ePsf] Iflt klg oxL xfQL tyf jGohGt' emg c;'/lIft ag]sf] cg'ej ug{
cg'kftsf] 5 . yflnPsf] 5 . xfQLaf6 ;w}F cftªlst x'g] emfkfsf]
s]xL jif{cl3;Dd t/fO{sf hªundf k|z:t b]Vg kfOg] b'D;L a9bf] jgkmF8fgL tyf cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f
clxn] b]Vg} d'lZsn 5 . o;sf] cl:tTj klg vt/fdf kl/;s]sf] 5 .
b'D;L b]Vg klg /x/} eof]
ljz]ifu/L, wfdLemfFqmLn] emf/km'sdf b'D;Lsf] sfF8f k|of]u ug]{ / o;sf cGo cªu ljleGg sfo{df k|of]u
x'g] x'Fbf b'D;Lsf] cj}w l;sf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm hg;ªVof j[l4;Fu} jgcltqmd0f a9]kl5
af;:yfgsf] cefjn] ubf{ b'D;L x/fpFb} uPsf] 5 . :d/0f /xf];, b'D;Lsf] sfF8f 3/df /fv] dfq klg
e"tk|]t efUg] cGwljZjf; / To;af6 ljleGg /f]usf] pkrf/sf nflu 3/]n' cf}iflw agfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]
ljZjf; ePsf sf/0f b'D;Lsf] sfF8fsf] lgs} 7"nf] dxŒj /x]sf] kfOG5 .
klxn]–klxn] v]taf/Ldf nufOPsf] afnL vfP/ b'D;Ln] x}/fg} kfg]{ ugf{n] uf]7fn} nfUg'kg]{ b'D;L clxn]
kmf§k'm§ dfq b]vfkg]{ ub{5 . k"jL{ g]kfnb]lv klZrd;Dd kfOg] b'D;L nf]k x'Fb} uPkl5 ;f] If]qsf k|foh;f]
w]/}nfO{ b'D;L x]g]{ /x/ nfUg yfn]sf] 5 .
ufpF3/df wfdLemfFqmLx¿n] b'D;Lsf] sfF8fsf] 6f]kL tyf dfnf agfP/ nufpg] tyf /f]uLx¿sf] emf/k'ms
ubf{;d]t To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ x'Fbf o;sf] sfF8f lgs} dxFuf] d"Nodf lsga]r;d]t x'g] ub{5 .
Pslt/ jgljgf; / csf]l{ t/ o:t} ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu b'D;Lsf] l;sf/ o;sf] nf]k x'gsf] k|dv sf/0f
' '
dflgPsf] 5 . v'nf l;sf/ / ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] jgkmF8fgL lgoGq0f x'g] xf] eg] ;/sf/L jgIf]qsf cnfjf
t/fO{df ljsl;t x'Fb} u/]sf ;fd'bflos jgn] klg b'D;Lsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 9

10. jGohGt'sf] /fh
afx'g8fFuL / cf;kf;sf ufpFdf xfn;Dd lah'nL gk'usf]] af3sf] a9bf] cftªs
x'bf ToxfFsf hgtf klg lah'nLsf] dfu ul//x]sf 5g .
F af3 ePsf lgs'~h5]p5fp dfq xf]Og, cGo hªunIf]q
t/, ToxfFsf hgtfsf o; rfxgfsf] d"ndd{ xfQLnfO{ cf;kf;df obfsbf af3 b]vfkg]{ ub{5 . clw/fHosf
w/fk yfKg' g} /x] s f] ljleGg dfWoddf k| s flzt s]xL :yfgdf ;fd'bflos jg x's{g yfn]kl5 af3nufot
;dfrf/af6 k|:6 x'G5 . u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f ev{/ ePsf] jGohGt'sf] rnv]n klg a9g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . af3
;'g;/Ldf @–@ j6f xfQL w/fkdf kl/;s]sf 5g . pbok'/ df+;fxf/L jGohGt' ePsf] x'Fbf cfˆgf] cfxf/sf lgldQ
/ ;nf{xLsf xfQLkLl8t ufpFdf klg xfQLnfO{ ljB'tLo o;n] d[u, h/fof], v/fof] tyf cGo ;–;fgf jGohGt'
w/fk yfKg ;'? ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ptf, bfªdf o:t} cfkmgf] ljr/0fIf]qdf gkfpFbf v;Lafv|f, ;'Fu'/, ufO{e}F;L
ljB'tLo w/fkdf k/]/ Pp6f xfQLn] Hofg u'dfPsf] 5 . tyf cGo 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] l;sf/
u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] nIo agfpF5 . obfsbf hªundf
hghLjg ;xh agfpF b } PSn}b'Sn} 3fF;bfp/fsf nflu
ljsf;kydf u|fdL0fIf]qnfO{ uPsf dflg;nfO{ ;d] t
cu|tf lbg' xf] . t/, o;sf] af3n] cfˆgf] l;sf/ agfpg]
pkof] u lbglbg} nf] k x' g ub{5 . o; cj:yfdf af3
nfu]sf jGohGt'nfO{ w/fkdf g/eIfL klg aGb5 . Psk6s
kf/]/ dfg{sf nflu x'g' lgs} dfG5] df/]/ vfPsf] af3n]
b'vb kIf xf] . jif{el/ vfg] w]/}h;f] dflg;nfO{ g} cfˆgf]
afnLgfnL vfOlbg], gi6 ug]{, l;sf/ agfpg kNsg] ub{5 .
3/ / uf] 7 eTsfOlbg] lrt' j fsf] :jefj klg
ePkl5 cfˆgf] ;DklQ arfpg w/fk yfKg'k/]sf] u|fdL0f af3;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] lsl;ds} x'G5 .
hgtfsf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; cj:yfdf ;/sf/L o; jif{ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ;fd'bflos jgIf]qdf
kIfaf6 s'g} k|sf/sf] kxn gx'g] xf] eg] jGohGt' dfl/g] v/v8fO vf]lnPkl5sf] b'O{ dlxgfleq !@ hgfnfO{ af3n]
qmdn] a9fjf kfpg] cj:yf j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5 . xfQLnfO{ vfO;s]sf] 5 . jGohGt'ljbx¿sf cg';f/ Ps}k6s
w/fkdf kf/]/ dfbf{ jf xfQLnfO{ yfk]sf] w/fkdf k/]/ xhf/f}sf] ;ªVofdf :yfgLo afl;Gbf hªundf k:bf cfˆgf]
F
dfG5] g} dbf{;d]t o;tkm{ ;/sf/L rf;f] ga9g' / ;fdfGo ultljlwdf cˆ6] / f] ePsfn] ToxfF s f af3
bf]ifLnfO{ ;fdfGo hl/jfgf u/]/ 5f8g'n] jGohGt' emg cfqmfds ePsf x'g;S5g . v/v8fO vf]Nbf afSnf] s'lx/f]
vt/fdf kb{}5g . nfUg] ;do k/]sfn] dfG5]n] af3 gb]Vbf w]/h;f] dflg;
}
af3ljz]if1sf] cg'ej
8f= sLlt{dfg tfdfª– g]kfnsf klxnf] af3ljz]if1sf] gfd xf] . af3;DaGwL zf]w ubf{sf] pgsf] /dfOnf] cg'ej 5 .
pgL lrtjgdf Pp6L al3gLsf] cWoogsf] qmddf lyP . rf/ lbg;Dd tLgj6f xfQLsf] n:s/n] vf]Hbf klg al3gL
km]nf kl/g . kfFrf}F lbg emf8Ldf 8d? b]vkl5 pgL ¿vdf r9]/ al3gLsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ k|of;df nfu] . xfQL /
]
dfG5]sf] xnrnn] qmf]lwt al3gLn] uh]/ cfqmd0f u/]kl5 xfQL efu] . pgL ¿vd} cnkq k/] . al3gLn] tfdfªnfO{
{
b]lvg5 / 8d?;Fu uP/ a;L . To;kl5, xfQLx¿ 8/fpFb} pgL r9]sf] ¿vd'lg cfP . pgL xfQLdfly kmfnxfNg]
sf]lz; ubf{ub}{ al3gL km]l/ xfQLdly hfOnfuL / xfQL ;'OsRrf 7f]s] . o;kN6 eg] al3gLn] pgnfO{ b]vL / !^
F '
lkm6dfly pk|m/ cfqmd0f u/L . ;ftf]kTnf] uPsf tfdfªsf] PG6]gf klxnf] cfqmd0fd} em¥of] . bf];f] cfqmd0fdf
] ' |
al3gLsf gªuf /]l8of] l/l;e/dfly k/]sfn] vf;} s]xL ePg . t];fkN6sf] pk|mfOdf al3gLsf] cfqmd0fn] tfdfªsf]
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lkmn};Dd e]6of] / pgL cfFlQP/ ;dfPsf] xfFuf 5f]8g k'u,] al3gL;Fu} e'Odf k5fl/P . t/, v} lsg xf], al3gLn]
F
tfdfªnfO{ s]xL ul/g, ;'?Ss cfˆgf aRrfx¿ ePlt/ uO{ . tfdfª efUg ;s]gg, ¿vaf6 v:bf pgsf] 9f8 g}
efFlRrPsf] /x]5 . la:tf/}, 3;|b} clnk/ k'ukl5 Ps ;xfos, xfQL lnP/ tfdfªnfO{ lng cfP / 8/n] sfFKb} pgnfO{
F ]
lnP/ uP . To;kl5 tLg dlxgf c:ktfnd} ynfk/] . clxn] 8f= tfdfª cd]l/sfdf knfog ePsf 5g .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 10

11. jGohGt'sf] /fh
o;sf] cfqmd0fdf k/]sf x'g . dWojtL{If]q glhssf] jGohGt' ;+/If0f M b]znfO{ nfe, hgtfnfO{ kL8f
;fd' b flos jg emfF l ub} uPsf] n ] of] If] q af3sf] /fli6«o lgs'~h jf cf/IfIf]qdf /x]sf nf]kf]Gd'v hLjhGt'
af;:yfgsf nflu pko'Qm ePsf] lj1x¿sf] 7DofO 5 . x] g { jif] { g L 7" n f] ;ª V ofdf ko{ 6 s cfpg] ub{ 5 g .
Pp6} If]qdf af3sf] 3gTj a9bf b'Anf] af3 alnof] dgf]/~hg jf cWoogsf nflu cyjf sxfnLnfUbf] ;x/L
af3af6 nv]l6Fb} ;'/lIft :yfgsf] vf]hLdf ufpFglhs jftfj/0faf6 k|s[ltdf pGd'lQmsf] ;f; km]g{sf nflu
k'ukl5 cfxf/s} nflu dflg;nfO{ ;d]t l;sf/ agfpg]
] cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6saf6 b]zn] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ub{5 .
ub{5 . af3sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'Fbf logLx¿sf] ultljlw o:tf ;+l/Ift If]qdf ;~rfng x'g] ko{6sLo xf]6n–nh
a9]sf] sf/0faf6 klg dflg; af3sf] l;sf/ aGb5g . o; Joj;fo, dgf]/~hg tyf v]ns'b ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{
jif{ af3sf] cfqmd0faf6 dfl/g] afx|hgf df8L pkTosf /
} k|foh;f] aflx/af6 cfPsfx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lrtjg lgs'~hIf]q klZrdkl§sf ufpFn] dfq k/]sfn] To; /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/Ifdf ePsf jGohGt'n]
If]qsf] af3 g/eIfL ePsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo hgtfsf] afnLgfnL ;vfk kfg]{, pgLx¿ g}
af3sf] :jefj / cfqmfds x'g] sf/0f cfqmd0faf6 3fOt] x'g] jf dfl/g] t/ o;sf] nfeaf6
af3n] jgsf] lglZrt 3]/ fleq cfˆgf] af;:yfg / eg] pgLx¿ ljd'v eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf jGohGt'nfO{
ljr/0fIf]q agfPsf] x'G5 . ;ªVof cfkmgf] a}/L dfq ;lDemg] cj:yf
a9 b } hfF b f cfxf/sf] sdL x' F b }
g]kfnsf ;+/lIft jGohGt' l;h{gf x'G5 . lgs'~hIf]qs} hgtfn]
uPkl5 af3n] gofF af;:yfgsf] :tgwf/L M hªunaf6 3fF;, bfp/f n}hfFbf jf
vf] h L ug{ yfNb5 . o;} qmddf cf;fdL afFb/ hªunL xfQL ltgsf 3/kfn' j f hgfj/ hª u n
lgs' ~ h;F u } hf] l 8Psf ;fd' b flos ;fns u}F8f k:bf t' ? Gt} sf/afxL u/L gub
jglt/ af3sf] ljr/0f a9b} uPsf] lxl:k8 v/fof] k'8s] aFb]n hl/jfgf lt/fOg] lgod ePsfn]
5 . gf} n f] tyf b' A nf] af3nfO{ ;fF; ;/sf/n] cfk" m nfO{ zq' 7fg] /
s:t'/L d[u jGohGt'nfO{ cfkmGt ;Dem]sf] u'gf;f]
cfˆgf] If] q df k| j ] z ug{ glbg]
AjfF;f] afx|l;ªu] ug'{ :jfefljs} xf] . …tx nfP/ /fVg
af3sf] k|j[lQ x'g] x'Fbf cGoqsf af3
nv] l 6F b } oxfF cfOk' u ] s f klg lxdfnL efn' uf}/L ufO{ g;Sg] oL jGohGt' lsg kfNg'k¥of] <
x'g;S5g . To; If]qdf ut jif{sf] xfa|] hªunL ofs cfk" m n] kfn] s f jGohGt' n ] u/] s f]
af9Ln] cfxf/ x'g] ;–;fgf hªunL ;nª;fªu÷l;n' cgf{ gf]S;fgLsf] Ifltk"lt{ lgs'~hn] lbg'kg]{
jGohGt' aufPsf] x' F b f vfgfsf] r/Laf3 gfog xf] ls xf]Og < xfd|f] 3/ eTsfPkl5
cefjn] dfG5] n fO{ cfqmd0f ug{ lnªS; lr¿ xfdL sxfF a:g] < ;a} cGg vfOxfn]
yfn]sf]] klg x'g;S5 . WjfF;] lrt'jf s[i0f;f/ ltgsf jGohGt'n] Û ca xfdLn] s]
af3sf] cfqmd0faf6 s;/L af3 rf}sf vfg] < xf]Og, ltgsf jGohGt'n] xfd|f]
l5d]sL jf bfh'efOnfO{ vfOlbof],
aRg] < lxpFlrt'jf x'F8f/
To;sf] Ifltk" l t{ x' G 5 <Ú h:tf
g/eIfL af3n] dfG5] n fO{ 9' s ] / r/fx¿ cfqmf] z , kL8f / s?0fufyf
cfqmd0f ub{ 5 . af3n] /flt sfnf] ;f/; d'gfn jGohGt' k Ll8tn] kf] V g] ub{ 5 g .
ufpFlt/ k;]/ klg l;sf/ vf]Hg] v/dh'/ lgs' ~ h / cf/Ifsf] lbuf]
;]tf] ;f/;
ub{ 5 . ctM af3 ePsf Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf] / L jf
hªun5]p5fpsf ufpFsf afl;Gbfn] rL/ ;fgf] v/dh'/
/fhwg]z jGohGt'k|sf]k lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+oGqsf]
/flt / laxfg ;a] / } 3/aflx/ 8fFkm]
cefjs} sf/0f klg o:tf]] cj:yf
lg:sg'x'Fb}g . 3fF;bfp/fsf nflu
hªun k:bf PSn}b'Sn} k:bf af3sf]
3;|g] hgfj/ oBflk ljBdfg /x]sf] x'g;S5 .
cfqmd0fsf] l;sf/ aGg] ;Defjgf clhªu/ ;'guf]xf]/f] jGohGt'af6 kmfObf s] <
x' G 5 . t;y{ , ;d" x agfP/ dfq 3l8ofn jif]{gL s/f]8f}F vr{ u/]/ hgtfnfO{
hªun k:g' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;|ftM /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu
] b'Mv lbg] oL jGohGt'nfO{ ;/sf/n]
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 11

12. jGohGt'sf] /fh
lsg kfn]sf] xf]nf eGg] lh1f;f w]/}nfO{ x'g;S5 . jGohGt'n] lbg] b'MvnfO{ ;fdfGo¿kdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .
jf:tjdf k[YjLdf /x]sf dflg;nufot ;a} hLj tyf cfxf/f gkfPkl5 :jefj}n] jGohGt' 5]p5fpsf ufpF
jg:klt k|sl[ tsf cgdf]n /rgf x'g . ;[li6sf oL lglwnfO{ k:5g / 3/kfn'jf hgfj/, v]tLkftL gi6 ub{5g . df}sf
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ug s/f]8f}F jif{ nfu]sf] 5 . o:tf ldn] dflg;nfO{ cfˆgf] l;sf/g} agfpFb5g .
s}of}F hLjsf] k[YjLdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfk / s]xL k|fs[lts g]kfnsf] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t ko{6g
k|sf]k jf 36gfsf sf/0fn] ljgf; eO;s]sf] 5 . Psk6s Joj;fo /x]sf] 5 . oxfF cfpg] *) k|ltzt ko{6s
;+;f/af6 nf]k eO;s]sf k|f0fL tyf jg:klt hlt;'s} lgs'~h jf jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] e|d0fnfO{ k|fyldstf
rfxgf u/] klg km]l/ kfpg ;lsGg . lbG5g . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ lgs'~hn] ko{6g Joj;fonfO{
k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgf / lgod lgs} cgf}7f] / hl6n 5 . 7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . lgs'~hnufot xfd|f k|fs[lts
k|s[ltn] ;+;f/df /x]sf x/]s hLjhGt' / jg:kltnfO{ ;Dkbfsf] ljgf; x'g] xf] eg] ko{6g Joj;fo 7Kk x'g]
Pscsf{sf] ;xcl:tTjdf cfwfl/t agfPsf] 5 . o;y{, cj:yf cfpF5 .
jGohGt' / jg:klt nf]k x'Fb} hfg' eg]sf] dflg;s} ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] kL/ ;'Gg'kb{5
cl:tTj ;ªs6df kb}{ hfg' klg xf] . s'g} klg ;+/lIft tyf ;+/If0fljxLg jgsf] klxnf] xsbf/
jghª u n / jGohGt' a f6 k[ Y jLsf] kl/l:yltsLo :yfgLo hgtf g} x'G5g . pgLx¿n] tL If]qsf] ;+/If0f
k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ng dfq sfod x'Fb}g, o;af6 cd"No gul/lbPsf] eP g To:tf If]qn] /fli6«o lgs'~h jf
h8La'6L;d]t k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . e"ldsf] ;+/If0f tyf jgohGt' cf/Ifsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g] cj;/ kfpFy], g
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt' n g / ;+ / If0fsf nflu jghª u n t jGohGt'n] ;'/lIft af;:yfg g} kfpg] lyP . To;sf/0f,
ckl/xfo{ 5 . kxf8L If]qsf] e"ld Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ Pstkm{ o:tf cf/lIft If]qsf] jg
sl/a ^) k| l tzt If] q kmn jgn] 9flsPsf] x' g ' k g] { jf jGohGt'af6 k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng sfod eO{ u'0f:t/Lo
lj1x¿sf] /fo /x]sf] oxfF :d/0fLo x'g cfpF5 . jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ g} nfe k|fKt x'G5
eGg] r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg' cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{tkm{
jGohGt'n] dflg;nfO{ ;+;f/df hxfF klg b'Mv lbO/x]sf ToxfFsf] cfly{s ultljlwdf k|ToIf ;+nUg u/fpg' klg
x'G5g, of] k|fs[lts lgod g} xf] . dflg;n] klg ltgsf] cfjZos 5 . lgs'~h jf cf/Ifaf6 k|fKt cfly{s nfesf]
af;:yfg gi6 u/]/ ltgnfO{ b'Mv lbg] jf lj:yfkg ug]{ d'Vo c+z ;f]xL :yfg / ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df vr{ ug]{
sfo{ ul//x] s f] 5 . dflg;n] hª u nL jGohGt' s f] Joj:yf ul/P :yfgLo txdf ;+/lIft If]q / oxfF /x]sf
af;:yfg x8k]sf 5g / ltgsf] ljgf; u/]sf 5g . jGohGt' tyf jg:klt cfˆg} ;DklQ xf] eGg] efjgfsf]
jGohGt'sf] ljr/0fynf] ldr]/ hªunsf] cf8}df a;]kl5 ljsf; x'G5 .
g]kfnL ;'/IffsdL{sf] pkl:ylt gx'bf kfFry/sf] pQ/L ;LdfjtL{ kmn}rfsf] ltDa'kf]v/L / tfKn]hªsf] sfnLvf]nf
F F '
ef/tLo t:s/n] ;vfk kf/]
If]qdf kfOg] dxŒjk"0f{ h8La'6L / b'ne jGohGt' dfl;g]qmd tLj| ultn] a9]sf] 5 . ef/tLo e"–efuaf6 To;
{
If]qdf k|jz ug]{ t:s/x¿n] lgjf{w¿kdf h8La'6L ;ªsng u/L g]6f] s6fpg] u/]sf 5g eg] v'ndv'nf
]
jGohGt'sf] cj}w l;sf/ u/]/ ;vfk} kfg{ yfn]sf] :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] egfO 5 .
h8La'6L / jGohGt' kof{Kt pknAw x'g] ;f] If]qdf g]kfnL ;'/IffsdL{sf] u:tL lgoldt x'g g;s]s} sf/0f
t:s/x¿n] v'nf¿kdf rnv]n ug]{ cj;/ kfO/x]sf 5g . hªun / cf]9f/df cfuf] afn]/ a:g] x'nsf
x'n t:s/n] h8La'6Lsf] cj}w cf];f/k;f/ ul//x]sf 5g . ef/tLo l;sf/Lx¿ jGohGt'sf] l;sf/ klg
lgw{Ss;Fu ul//x]sf 5g . pgLx¿ ufpFn]n] lj/f]w u/]df Hofg lng];Ddsf] wDsL lbG5g . oxLsf/0f
lgxTyf ufpFn] r'k nfu]/ a:g ljjz 5g . …;/sf/åf/f ;+/lIft jgsf] x]/rfx ug{ ;/sf/n] g} rf;f] lbFbg, }
ef/tLo t:s/n] ax'dNo h8La'6L / b'ne jGohGt' ;vfk} kf/],Ú :yfgLo 8Dd/ ;'Aaf cfqmf]z JoQm u5{g .
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s]xL jif{cl3;Dd k|z:t kfOg] efn', s:t'/L d[u, 8fFkm], d'gfn, / lrlnd]h:tf kz'kG5L clxn] Hofb} yf]/}
;ªVofdf dfq b]lvG5g . elgG5, t:s/x¿n] o:tf hgfj/nfO{ 7"N7"nf w/fkdf kf/]/ kqmG5g / ltgsf
ax'd"No cªu ef/ttkm{ n}hfg] ub{5g .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 12

13. jGohGt'sf] /fh
jGohGt'sf] cftªs s;/L 36fpg] < jGohGt'sf lsg t:s/L x'G5 <
jGohGt'n] cfˆgf] af;:yfgglhssf ufpFdf k;]/ b'Mv jGohGt'sf ljleGg jGohGt'sf t:s/L x'g] cªu
lbg' s'g} gf}nf] s'/f xf]Og . To;}n] lgs'~h, cf/If jf cª u x¿ t:s/L
;fd'bflos jgIf]qdf /x]sf jGohGt'x¿n] 5]p5fpsf eP/ ;+ ; f/sf u}F8f vfu, v'/
ufpFdf k;]/ b'Mv lbg] / cftªs l;h{gf ug]{ u/]sf] ljleGg s'gfdf k'Ug] af3 x88L, 5fnf
kfOG5 . ;fgf jGohGt'n] afnLgfnL vfg] 36gfnfO{ ub{ 5 g . vf;u/L, s:t'/L lagf
jgsf] 5]pdf a;f]af; ug]{ :yfgLo hgtfn] s]xL xb;Dd u}F8fsf] vfu rLg, efn' lkQ
;xg' klg kb{ 5 . t/, lx+ ; |s / cftªs dRrfpg] l;+ufk'/, lr¿ e'Tnf
jGohGt'sf] xsdf ;/sf/L kIfaf6 s]xL g s]xL ug}{kg]{ blIf0fsf]l/of, b'D;L e'F8L, sfF8f
cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . gq jGohGt'n] dfG5] dfg]{ / dfG5]n] tfOjfg cflb b]zdf lrQn l;ª, 5fnf
jGohGt' dfg]{ qmd a9b} hfFbf ar]v'r]sf nf]kf]Gd'v t:s/L eP/ hfg] ;k{ 5fnf, ljif
jGohGt' klg nf]k g} x'g a]/ nfUb}g . ub{5 . af3sf] x88L
xfQL bfx|f, 5fnf
rLg / rLgs} ltAat
xfQLn] ljz]ifu/L t/fO{sf hªunglhssf ufpFnfO{ a9L afx|l;ªu] l;ª, 5fnf
If] q df t:s/L x' g ]
cftªlst ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ctM xfQLn] o;/L vf; If]qdf
ub{5 eg] s:t'/L lagf hfkfg;Dd hfg] ub{5 .
cftªlst lsg kfb{5 / ltgLx¿sf] sf]l/8f]/ sxfF kb{5
eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f lj:t[t cWoog ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . af;:yfgsf] cltqmd0f / ;+/If0f
xfQLn] ufpF k;]/ lauf/ ug{ yfn]]kl5 yk ljWj+; x'g dflg;, jGohGt' n ufot ;a} k| s f/sf k| f 0fL tyf
glbg lgs'~hn] tbf?stf b]vfpFb} cfjZos Joj:yf jg:kltsf] cl:tTj logLx¿sf] cGt;{DaGwaf6 l6s]sf]
ldnfpg] lhDd]jf/L axg ug'{kb{5 . hªunL xfQL ufpF 5 . t/, dfG5]sf] hg;ªVof tLj|¿kdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfFbf
k:g] If]qdf ;bfOPsf xfQL / dflg;n] jghªun ljgf; tyf
;}lgs kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yf s~rghª3fdf b'ne hLj cltqmd0f tLj|¿kdf ug{ yfn] .
{
ldnfO{ ufpF k:gaf6 /f] S g' ' kmn:j¿k, jGohGt' s f]
@ ;o ld6/b] l v %*% ld6/ prfO;Dd af;:yfg Pjd cfxf/sf] cefj
lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfo{ x'g]5 .
km}lnPsf] s~rghª3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf
af3n] obfsbf b'Mv lbg] eP ePkl5 nf] k f] G d' v /ftf] kfG8f, r/Laf3, x' g yfNof] . cfxf/fsf nflu
klg Ps}:yfgdf gf}hgf dfG5] lxpFefn', lxpFlrt'jf, ;fns, hªunL ofs hª u nL hGt' ufpF k:g] ,
dfg' { eg] s f] ;fdfGo s' / f tyf cGo w]/} k|sf/sf b'n{e jGohGt' o; afnLgfnL gi6 ug]{, dflg;sf
xf]Og . o:tf ultljlw a9]kl5 If]qdf b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g . ;of}F k|hfltsf kfNt' hGt' dfg]{ / dflg;nfO{ g}
lgs'~hn] ToxfFsf] g/eIfL af3 r/fr'?ªuLsf] ;d]t ;+/If0f eO/x]sf] o; klg dfg{ yfn] . o;/L dfG5] /
kqmg tbf?stf b] v fpg' k g] { ;+/If0f If]qdf @–$ j6f ofs klg b]vfk/]sf jGohGt'sf] cGtå{Gå a9g uof] .
xf] . af3s} ;ªVof w]/} a9]sf] 5g . lxdkft x'Fbf;d]t xKtf}F;Dd lxpFdf la:tf/}, o:tf jGohGt'sf xf8,
eP klg pko'Qm af;:yfg / 5fnf, l;ª, v' / , lkQ cflb
k'l/P/ a:g;Sg] of] hªunL ofs ltAataf6 cªusf] a]rlavg x'g yfn]kl5
cfxf/sf] k| a Gw ug] { sfo{
o; If]qdf cfPsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] rf]/Ll;sf/L km:6fpg yfNof] .
yflnxfNg' cfjZos 5 . cf/If
jf lgs' ~ hdf ePsf 5 . rLgsf] sf] d f] n f] ª df g] r / l/he{ / jGohGt'sf cfk/flws l;sf/L
jGohGt'sf ultljlwsf] lg/Gt/ ef/tsf] s~rghª3f g];gnkfs{ of] ;+/If0f ;ª u l7t¿kd} nfu] k l5
cWoog x' g ] Joj:yf ul/P If] q ;F u hf] l 8P/ /x] s f] x' F b f g] k fnsf] jGohGt'sf] cl:tTj ;ªs6df
Pstkm{ o:tf jGohGt' a f6 s~rghª 3 f cf/If0f If] q df cfxf/ / kb} { uof] . kmn:j¿kM
dflg;nfO{ x'g] vt/f sd ug{ af;:yfgsf nflu o:tf nf]kf]Gd'v hgfj/ jGohGt' s f] ;+ / If0f clgjfo{
;lsG5 eg] jGohGt'sf] plrt cfpg] ;Defjgf k|an /x]sf] 5 . :d/0f cfjZostf aGg k'Uof] . kmntM
Joj:yfkg / /]vb]vdf ;d]t /xf];, o; If]qdf /ftf] kfG8f / r/Laf3 jGohGt' s f] ;+ / If0fsf nflu
pNn]Vo ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o;cl3 g} km]nfkl/;s]sf 5g . ;/sf/L tj/af6 kxn x'g'kg]{
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 13

14. jGohGt'sf] /fh
dx;' ; ul/of] . o;} q mddf a9L ePsfn] oxfF cfxf/ /
jGohGt' s f] ;+ / If0f ug{ tLgsf] af;:yfg ckof{Kt /xg' :jfefljs}
af;:yfg ;'/lIft ug{'kg]{ xF'bf /fli6«o xf] . cGo cf/IfeGbf o; lgs'~hdf
lgs' ~ h / cf/Ifx¿sf] :yfkgf af3 / u}F8fsf] a9L g} rf]/Ll;sf/L
k|f/De ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf xfn;Dd x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . Ps sd{rf/Ln]
gf} j 6f /fli6« o lgs' ~ h, tLgj6f cfkmgf] gfd uf]Ko /fVg] ;t{df o;
jGohGt' cf/If, tLgj6f l;sf/ jif{ dfq To; lgs'~hdf !# j6f
cf/If / 5j6f dWojtL{ If]qdfkm{t u}F8f d/]sf / tLdWo] cf7j6f rflxF
nf]kf]Gd'v jGohGt' ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ vfu–t:s/åf/f dfl/Psf] v'nf;f
eO/x]sf] 5 . t/fO{If]qsf cf/Ifdf Psl;ªu] u}F8f, af3, u/] s f 5g . o; jif{ dfq u} F 8 f rf] / Ll;sf/Lsf]
xfQL, aFb]n, cgf{, uf}/, rf}sf, x'F8f/, ;fns, 8lNkmg, cleof]udf (( hgf kqmfp k/]sfdf ^% hgf y'gfdf
h/fof], lrQn, clhªu/, /ftf] d[u, s[i0f;f/, afx|l;ªu], /x]sf], !@ hgf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf /x]sf / afFsLnfO{
uf]xL, 3l8ofn, lrt'jf, efn', gLnufO{, do'/, hªunL cg';Gwfgkl5 l/xf ul/Psf] yfxf ePsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{,
s'v'/f, 3f]/n cflb jGohGt' tyf kz'kG5L kfOG5g . u}F8ft:s/Lsf] cj:yf lgs} eofjx /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L, kxf8L If]qsf ;+/lIft If]qdf lxpFlrt'jf, xfa|], lgs'~hn] o:tf 36gf uf]Ko /fVg'sf] p2]Zo t:s/ lu/f]x
hªunL s's'/, lxdfnL yf/, s:t'/L d[u, 9'ªu]dn;fFk|f], efUg gkfcf];, kqm]/ sf/afxL ug{ ;lhnf] xf]; eGg]
lxdfnL lrQn, gfp/, ytf/, emf/n, AjfF;f], lrt'jf, /x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] u}F8fsf]
sfnf] efn', af3, r/Laf3, 8fFkm], d'gfn cflb jGohGt' rf]/Ll;sf/L lgs} df}nfPsf] 5 .
tyf kG5L kfOG5g . z'SnfkmfF6f cf/If / alb{of
xfa|] klg ;lsg]ef]
cf/Ifdf /x]sf jGohGt'n] klg g] k fnsf ;+ / lIft If] q dWo] l;sf/ v] N gsf nflu lgs' ~ hdf af3, lrQn
cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf nflu 5'6ofOPsf] Ps dfq 9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/Ifdf b'n{e s[i0f;f/, u}F8f, xfQLnufot
ljleGg k| s f/sf cˆ6] / fsf] jGohGt' xfa|] -/ftf]kfG8f_ sf] cj}w rf]/Ll;sf/L eO/x]sf] y'k|} jGohGt' kfOG5g . oxfF
;fdgf ug' { k l//x] s f] 5 . 5 . ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifn] ;+/lIft jGohGt'sf] ;"rLdf klg rf] / Ll;sf/Lsf] 8/ t
sf];L6Kk'' jGohGt' cf/Ifdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] xfa|] cyjf /]8kfG8f cf/Ifdf 3':g] cj}w 5Fb}5, ef/tLo If]qsf] cf8}df
3/]n' e}F;L 5f8f 5fl8gfn] l;sf/Lx¿n] yfk]sf] kf;f]df k/]sf] km]nfkf/]kl5 o;sf] /x]sfn] oxfFsf jGohGt' ef/t
ToxfF dfq kfOg] cgf{ s f] l;sf/ / rf]/Llgsf;L a9]sf]] /x:o v'Ng cfPsf] xf] . knfog x'g] ;Defjgf klg
j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf] ;'/Iff lgs} dfcf]jfbL o'4 / k|Tofqmd0fsf sf/0f u:tLljxLg ag]sf] k|r'/ /x]sf] 5 .
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . k;f{ ;f] l;sf/ cf/Ifdf k|To]s jif{ dªl;/ / k'; dlxgfdf
jGohGt' cf/Ifdf xfQL, af3, dfq sd{rf/Lsf] u:tL v6fOg] u/]sf] 5 . o;k6s kxf8L If]qsf lgs'~h tyf
gLnufO{ kfOG5g . t/, v6fOPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] u:tL 6f]nLn] cf/Ifsf] lzjcf]8f/ c f / I f d f 7 " n f h g f j /
gLnufO{ df;'sf nflu / af3 eGg] :yfgdf yfk]sf] kf;f]df d/]sf] xfa|] km]nfkf/]sf] kfOF b } g g . bfp/fsf nflu
5fnf / x8 8 Lsf nflu lyof] . u:tL 6f]nLn] ut jif{ klg o:t} cj:yfdf d[t e P s f jgkmF8fgLaf6
rf]/Ll;sf/L x'g] 8/ TolQs} xfa|] km]nfkf/]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, o; jGohGt'sf] cfxf/fsf] cefj
/x]sf] 5 eg] cf/Ifsf] blIf0f jif{sf] u:tLdf cf/Ifsf ljleGg 7fpFdf yfk]sf ## j6f tyf dfgjLo ultljlw
efudf kfgLsf] cefj x'gfn] cj}w kf;f]x¿;d]t km]nfk/]sf lyP . ut jif{ o:tf a 9 g f n ] k x f 8 L I f ] q s f
oxfF s f jGohGt' ef} + t fl/P/ cj}w kf;f] %# j6f a/fdb ePsf] v'nf;f ;dfrf/ jGohGt' klg w] / } ;' / lIft
aflx/ lg:sg] / l;sf/ aGg] ;|f]tn] u/]sf] 5 . /x]sf] dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf
;Defjgf klg clws g} 5 . afF;sf kft vfP/ afFRg] xfa|]sf] 5fnf ljnf;L pkef]usf 5} g . h] xf] ; , k| f oM ;a}
;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lrtjg /fli6«o ;fdfg agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 . d'VotM 5fnfsf nflu c f / I f j f l g s ' ~ h s f
lgs' ~ hn] ljZje/ Voflt rf]/Ll;sf/L / cj}w sf/f]af/ x'g] ljZjd} b'n{e /x]sf] jGohGt' kz' k G5L ;' / lIft
/]8kfG8f ;u/dfyf, dsfn', nfª6fª, s~rghª3f
sdfPsf] eP klg w] / } ePsf] d f 9' S s dfGg' k g] {
;+/lIft If]q / 9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/If If]qdf kfOG5 .
k|sf/sf jGohGt'sf] 3gTj cj:yfrflxF 5}g . ✲
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 14

15. vfg]kfgL
cf;]lgso'Qm kfgL lkpg ljjz t/fO{af;L
{
g] k fnsf] t/fO{ If] q sf lhNnfdf vfg] k fgLsf nflu xfn sfo{/t @ ;o %) tflndk|fKt k|fljlwsx¿af6 tLg
ufl8Psf clwsfª z 6 o ' a j] n af6 tflgg] kfgLdf jif{df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 .
xflgsf/s tŒj cf;] { l gs kfOg] u/] s f] 5 . s] x L t/fO{sf vfg]kfgL;|f]tdf k|z:t cf;]{lgs km]nfkl//x]sf
;docl3 o' l g;] k m g] k fn, /] 8 qm; ;f] ; fO6L af/f / ;dfrf/ gf} n f xf] O gg . af/fsf] h:t} cf;] { l gssf]
vfg]kfgL ljefun] ;+o'Qm¿kdf !$ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ;d:of t/fO{ s f k| f oh;f] ;a}
u/] s f] cg' ; Gwfgaf6 af/f If] q sf 6 o ' a j] n af6 lgsflng]
lhNnfsf $ ;o (! 6o'aj]nsf] kf“rtf/] ;]ldgf/ vfg] k fgLdf /x] s f] ;dfrf/
kfgLdf cf;]{lgs /x]sf] atfOPsf] s]xL dlxgfcl3 sf7df8f}Fsf] Ps kfFrtf/] cfO;s]sf 5g . t/, o; If]qdf
5 . ljleGg ufpF ljsf; nuftf/ cWoog / cg';Gwfg x'g]
xf]6ndf vfg]kfgLdf km]nfk/]sf] cf;]{lgss} u/] s f] 5 / kfF r tf/] xf] 6 ndf
;ldltsf $,!!@ :yfgsf lghL,
;fj{ h lgs 6 o ' a j] n / Ogf/sf] ] ljifonfO{ lnP/ /f]rs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ;Dd]ng jf ;]ldgf/sf] cfof]hgf
kfgLsf] gd' g f ;ª s ng u/L ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn vfg]kfgL ljefusf] klg x' g ] u/] s f] n ] oxfF dfq}
cf;]{lgssf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 ls
k/LIf0f ul/Psf] d f Ogf/sf] ;d] t ;xeflutf /x] s f] ;f] sfo{ q mddf
eGg] e|d l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
kfgLdf eg] cf;] { l gs km] n f hg:jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s ePsf sf/0f
gk/]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5 . cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL glkpg ;Nnfx lbOPsf] cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL / :jf:Yo
lyof] . t/fO{ If]qdf cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL lkpg cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL lkpg / vfgf
k/fk" j { s fnb] l v ljleGg sfo{ d f
k|of]u x'b} cfPsf] eP klg cf;]l{ gs
F ljjz s] x L hgtfsf] ;d] t k| l tlglwTj ksfpg k|of]u ug'{ gx'g] eP klg
efF8f ;kmf ug{, n'uf w'g, g'xfpg
tŒjnfO{ g cfFvfn] b]Vg ;lsG5, g u/fOPsf] ;f] sfo{qmddf tL ljkGg hgtfn]
/ cGo sfo{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]
:jfb tyf uGwaf6 yfxf kfpg cfˆgf] cf;]{lgso'Qm wf/fsf] kfgLsf] ;f6f]
wf/0ff lj1x¿sf] 5 . cf;]{lgs
;lsG5 . To;} n ] kfgLdf o;sf] Ps lbg dfq eP klg af]tnaGb -ldg/n
ePsf] kfgL vfP/ la/fdL ePdf
ld>0f eP–gePsf] yfxf kfpg jf6/_ kfgL lkpg kfpg' /f]rs gx'g] s'/}
/f;folgs k/LIf0f g} ug'kb{5 .
{ ePg . t/, cfof] h s, :jf:YosdL{ / df5fdf;' , u] 8 fu' 8 L, kmnk" m n,
cG8f, b"w / tfhf t/sf/Lh:tf
cf;] { l gs tŒj kfgL, vfgf jf lhDd] j f/ clwsf/Lx¿n] u| f dL0f If] q sf kf]lifnf] vfgf vfg'kb{5 . /f]uLn]
cGo dfWodaf6 dfgj z/L/df ;xefuLnfO{ 6o'aj]nsf] kfgL glkpg ;Nnfx w" d kfg, dBkfg ug' { cem
k|j]z u/]kl5 :jf:Yodf k|lts"n lbFbf st} ldg/n jf6/sf] lj1fkg t ul/Psf] xflgsf/s x'g] tyf o;f] ul/Pdf
k| e fj kb{ 5 . o;af6 xTs] n f, xf]Og eGg] ;xefuLaLrd} vf;v'; rn]]sf] /f] u n] a9L ;tfpg] lj1x¿
kfOtfnf, lk7o'F, 5ftL / z/L/sf b[Zon] emg /f]rstf yk]sf] b]lvGYof] . atfpF5g .
cGo efusf 5fnfdf v} / f] , abfd] , sfnf] /ªsf bfu e"ldut kfgLdf s]xL g s]xL dfqfdf cf;]{lgs kSs}
cyjf luvf{ b]lvg yfN5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf :jf:Yos]Gb| x'G5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu7gsf] dfkb08cg';f/ k|ltln6/
tyf c:ktfndf uP/ :jf:YosdL{ s f] ;Nnfxcg' ; f/ kfgLdf )=)! ldlnu| f d;Dd cf;] { l gs ePdf ;' / lIft
pkrf/ u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . dflgG5 . otf aªunfb]z / ef/tn] k|ltln6/ kfgLdf
t/fO{If]qsf ;txdf sd ufl8Psf clwsfªz 6o'aj]nsf] )=)% ldlnu|fd;Ddsf] cf;]{lgsnfO{ ;'/lIft dfkb08
kfgLdf cf;] { l gs e] l 6Psf] t/ w] / } ufl8Psf l8k– sfod u/]sf 5g, t/ g]kfndf clxn];Dd To:tf] s'g}
6o'aj]ndf eg] ge]l6Psf] hfgsf/L klg k|fKt ePsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gul/Psf] eP klg aªunfb]z / ef/ts}
5 . ljleGg lhNnfsf @( xhf/ 6o'aj]nsf] kfgL k/LIf0f dfkb08nfO{ ;'/lIft dlgPsf] 5 .
ubf{ ;a} e Gbf a9L gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf ufl8Psf cf;]{lgssf] k|d'v ;|f]t e"ldut k|fs[lts jftfj/0f g}
6 o ' a j] n sf] kfgLdf cf;] { l gs e] l 6Psf] 5 . cf;] { l gs eP klg dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf
;d:ofu|:t t/fO{sf @) lhNnfdWo] klg ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, sf/0fn] klg hldgd' l gsf] kfgLdf cf;] { l gs a9] s f]
;nf{xL, /f}tx6, k;f{, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t' / s~rgk'/ x'g;S5 . /f;folgs dn, sf7 /ªUofpg] /ª pTkfbg
a9L k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsfn] oL lhNnfsf 6o'aj]nsf] ubf{ k|of]u x'g] /;fog, sL6gf;s cf}iflwsf] k|of]u cflb
kfgL k/LIf0f, vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ tyf cg'udg sf/0fn] e" l d tyf e" l dut kfgL k| b " i f0f x' g ] x' F b f
zfvfn] o' l g;] k msf] ;xof] u df k| f /De u/] s f] 5 . tL cf;] { l gssf] dfqfdf klg j[ l 4 x' g ;Sg] ;Defjgfk| l t
lhNnfsf sl/a c9fO{ nfv 6o'aj]nsf] kfgLsf] k/LIf0f lj1x¿sf] Wofgfs[i6 x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 15

16. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
k[ YjLdf w]/} klxn]bl] v ;"oaf6 k|fKt x'g] ls/0fsf] tfk
{
;~ro ug]{ w]/} k|sf/sf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L
;fdfGotof Pp6f 3/df #–$ j6f aQL afNg, /]l8of],
Sof;]6 ahfpg, ZofdZj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ cfjZos kg]{
lah'nL pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . o;eGbf a9L Ifdtfdf
pkof]u xF'b} cfPsf 5g . 3/ tyf sfof{nodf lah'nL
afNg, kfgL tfÌ] kDk rnfpg, vfgf / kmnk"mn ;'sfpg, lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos k/] PseGbf a9L ;f]nf/
kfgL ttfpgnufot w]/} If]qdf ;f}o{zlQmsf] pkof]u Kofgn jf df]8o'n /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 .
eO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g] / ljleÌ If]qdf ;"o{af6 k|fKt tfknfO{ vfgf ksfpg] sfo{df klg k|of]u
k| o f] u ug{ ;lsg] zlQmnfO{ g} ;f} o { p mhf{ elgG5 . ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f]nf/ Kofgndf hDdf ePsf] tfknfO{
;f}o{pmhf{ slxNo} g;lsg] / lg/Gt/ k|fKt x'g] ePsfn] pko'Qm lsl;dn] ljsf; ul/Psf] r'nf] cyjf efF8fx¿df
o;nfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ klg elgG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm hf]8]/ lah'nL pTkfbg gu/L ;f]em} vfgf ksfpg] sfo{df
of] pmhf{ pkof]u ug]{ k|ljlw b'u{d ufp“x¿df ;d]t ;lhn} ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf w]/} k|sf/sf cfw'lgs
h8fg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] of] ljs]Gb|Ls[t gjLs/0fLo r'nf]sf] ljsf; u/L ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]udf NofOPsf
pmhf{sf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt 5 . hnljB'tsf] ;'ljwf 5g . ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf], ;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf], ;f}o{ ls6nL,
gk' u ] s f, ljsf;sf k" j f{ w f/;d] t gePsf b' u { d / ;f}o{8«fo/h:tf pks/0f clxn] u|fdL0f Onfsfdf k|rlnt
u|fdL0fIf]qdf of] k|ljlw a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . /x]sf 5g . oxfF ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf] / ;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]sf
;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 k|fKt tfk cyjf zlQmnfO{ ;f]em} lah'nL ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-ljB'tLo zlQm_ df kl/jt{g u/L lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g] ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf]]
ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;f}o{ (Solar) lah'nL elgG5 . 3/]n' ;f}o{ ;f}ornf] Ps k|sf/sf] afs;h:t} x'G5 . o;n] ;"osf]
{ ' {
lah''nLk|0ffnL lah'nLsf cGo ;|f]t gePsf 7fp“df aQL ls/0fnfO{ tfkzlQmdf kl/jt{g u/]/ afs;leq /flvPsf]
afNg, /]l8of], Sof;]6 ahfpg / 6]lnlehg x]g{ a9L efF8fsf] vfBfÌnfO{ ksfpg] sfd ub{5 . of] r'nf]
;f}o{ pmhf{ sf ;/n k|ljlw
;f}o{ pmhf{ –;/f]h yklnof
pkof]udf NofOG5 . ;fwf/0ftof #) b]lv $) jf6 sf8{af]8{, sfuh, sf7 / kmfOa/ Unf;af6 agfOG5 .
Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{k|0ffnLsf] h8fgaf6 Pp6f 3/df & b]lv ;"osf] ls/0f l;;fsf] 9sgaf6 afs;leq l5/]kl5 o;nfO{
{
!) jf6sf tLgj6f aQL afNg / b'O{ 3G6f;Dd ZofdZj]t o;leq /flvPsf] sfnf] efF8f] / sfn} ;txn] ;f}ol{ s/0f
6]lnlehg x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/, a9L Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{k|0ffnL ;f];/ tfkdf kl/jt{g ub{5 . o;/L afs;leqsf] tfkqmd
]
h8fg u/] Ifdtfcg';f/ a9L aQL afNg / /ªuLg
6]lnlehg x]g{;d]t pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] d'Vo
pks/0fnfO{ ;f] n f/ Kofg] n cyjf ;f] n f/ df] 8 o ' n
elgG5 . ;f}o{df]8o'n ;f]nf/ ;]nx¿ (Solar Cells) ldn]/
ag]sf] x'G5 . ;f}o{df]8o'n cw{;'rfns l;lnsg (Silicon)
af6 ag]sf] x'G5 . ;f}o{ df]8o'n agfpg k|of]u x'g] of]
cw{;'rfns l;lnsg c¿ s]xL geO{ afn'jfdf kfOg]
6Nsg] kbfy{ xf] . ;f}o{ lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ ;f]nf/ Kofgn
jf df]8o'n;lxt cGo ;fdfg klg cfjZos kb{5g .
;f} o { lah' n Lsf] pTkfbgsf] dfqf ;f] n f/ Kofgnsf]
Ifdtfdf e/kb{5 . Ps yfg ;f]nf/ Kofgnaf6 ufp“3/df
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 16

17. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
a9g yfNb5 . afs;leq pTkÌ x'g] tfk cGoq ;/]/ jf ;dodf c¿ sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .
r'xfj6 eP/ hfg glbgsf nflu 7"nf] afs; / ;fgf] • vfgf ksfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
afs;sf] aLrdf s'rfns j:t'x¿ sfuh, sf7sf] w"nf] • vfgf :jflbnf] x'G5 .
jf skf; /flvPsf] x'G5 . afs;df tfkqmd hlt;Sbf] • vfgf ksfpFbf £o", t]n yf]/} /fv]/ klg ksfpg ;lsg]
a9L cfjZos kg]{ x'bf afs;df l/kmnS6/ h8fg ul/Psf]
F ] x'Fbf lrNnf] kbfy{af6 :jf:Yodf kg]{ g/fd|f] k|efj
x'G5 . o;/L afs;leq k;]sf] 3fdsf] tfkzlQm a9b} Go"g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
uPkl5 efF8fdf /flvPsf] vfgf kfSb5 . • vfgf ksfpg kfgL yf]/} nfUg] x'bf kfgLsf] art x'G5 .
F
k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf] agfpg cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L M
;f} o { afs;–r' n f] 3/sf] sf} ; L, 5t, cfF u g jf kfFr jf 5hgfsf] kl/jf/sf nflu vfgf ksfpg ;lsg]
;'ljwfcg';f/ 3fd nfUg] /flknf] :yfgdf /fVg'kb{5 . Pp6f ;f} o { afs;–r' n f] agfpg lgDg ;fdfg
vfgf ksfpg'eGbf sl/a ! 3G6fcufl8 g} r'nf]nfO{ cfjZostf kb{5 M
3fddf /fv]df vfgf kfSg] ;dosf] art x'G5 . vfgf • sf8{af]8{sf afs; jf b'O{j6f rf]ofn] a'g]sf] sf]qmf]
ksfpg] ;dodf dfq vfgf ksfpg] efF8f];lxt r'nf]nfO{ -Pp6f 7"nf] / Pp6f ;fgf]_
3fddf /fVbf vfgf kfSg cln a9L ;do nfUb5 . • 9sg jf lasf]{df /fVg] l;;f jf Knfl:6s
r'nf]nfO{ 3fddf /fVbf l;;fsf] 9sgdf ;"o{sf] ls/0f • 6Nsg] ;txsf nflu PNd'lgod SjfOn
kg]{u/L /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . r'nf]sf] l;;fsf] 9sg • s' r fnssf] ¿kdf k| o f] u x' g ] k/fn, skf; jf
/fd|/L ;kmf u/]/ vfgf ksfpg] efF8f] afs;leq /fv]/ sfuhsf uf]nf jf 6'qmf
9sg /fd|/L aGb ug'{kb{5 . 9sg km'6g;Sg] ePsfn] • l6gsf] ls:tL
vf]Nbf / aGb ubf{ xf]l;of/ x'g'kb{5 . efF8f] afs;leq • ANofsaf]8{ k]G6 -sfnf] /ªdf_
/fv]kl5 9sg vf]ln/xg' /fd|f] x'Fb}g . • u'Fb, wfuf]
;f}o{ afs;–r'nf]df 3fdsf] ls/0f l;wf kfg{ ljz]if Wofg • AffF;sf ;–;fgf ef6fsf 6'qmf
lbO{ o;nfO{ 3fdlt/ kmsf{pg'k5{ . vfgf kfls;s]kl5 ;fOh jf cfsf/
l;;fsf] 9sg vf]Nbf afkm lgl:s/x]sf] x'G5, To;}n] of] r'nf] ljleGg cfsf/–k|sf/df agfpg ;lsG5 . ;f}o{
l;;fsf] 9sg vf] N g] l alQs} vfgfsf] efF 8 f] aflx/ afs;–r'nf] agfpFbf kl/jf/sf] ;ªVof / cfjZostf x]//]
glgsfnL s]xL ;dokl5 dfq lgsfNg' /fd|f] x'G5 . vfgf sqf] ;fOhdf agfpg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug'{kb{5 . kfFr jf
ksfO;s]kl5 r'nf] /fd|/L ;kmf u/]/ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf ;fthgfsf] Pp6f kl/jf/sf] nflu ;fdfGotof leqL afs;
/fVg'k5{ . $^ x %^ x @) -;]ld_ / aflx/L afs; %% x ^^ x @%
;f}o{ afs;–r'nf]af6 x'g] nfe -;]ld_ ePsf] ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf] agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .
• 3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf vfgf ksfpg o;nfO{ ;lhn} ;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfNd'lgodsf kftfx¿af6 agfOg] o; r'nf]sf] cfsf/
• d§Lt]n, Uof;, bfp/f, lah'nLh:tf s'g} lsl;dsf 5ftfh:tf] x'G5 . ;f}o{5ftfnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ 3fd
OGwg cfjZos kb}{g . nfu]lt/ kmsf{pg ;lsof]; eg]/ kmnfd jf sf7sf
• w"jfF gcfpg] x'Fbf :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kb}{g . 8G8Lx¿af6 agfOPsf] k|m]ddf 5ftfnfO{ c8ØfP/ otf–
• jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'Fb}g . ptf 3'dfpg ldNg]u/L h8fg ul/Psf]] x'G5 . 3fdlt/
• of] r'nf] t'ngfTds¿kdf ;kmf / ;'ljwfhgs x'G5 . 5ftf k/]df r'nf]df vfg]s'/f l56f] kfSg] x'G5 . vfgf
• vfgf g89g] ePsfn] vfgfsf] kf}li6s tŒj ;'/lIft ksfpg] efF8f]nfO{ ;f}o{5ftfdf /fv]kl5 5ftf tft]/
/xG5 . efF8f]df ePsf] vfBfGg kfSb5 . ;f}o{ 5ftfdf vfgf
• cGo r' n f] d f h:tf] ;f} o { r ' n f] d f nuftf/ vfgf ksfpg k|of]u ul/g] efF8f]nfO{ aflx/af6 sfnf] /ªun]
rnfO/xg] emGem6 x'Fb}g . kf]ltPsf] x'g'k5{ . o;/L kf]ltPsf] /ªun] 5ftfaf6
• efF8f]nfO{ Psk6s 3fddf /flv;s]kl5sf] art k/fjt{g ePsf] 3fdsf] ls/0f ;f];]/ lnO{ efF8f] l56f]
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 17

18. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
tfT5 / efF8f]sf] vfg]s'/f kfS5 . k'5g'x'Fb}g .
;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]sf] k|of]uljlw ;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]sf kmfObfx¿
5ft]r'nf]df 3fd /fd|/L kg]{ x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{ w]/} bfp/f, d§Lt]n, Uof;, lah'nL cflbsf] k|of]udf sdL
;do 3fd nfUg] / cfk"mnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] cfFug, eO{ vr{df art x'G5 .
3/sf] sf};L, 5t cflb v'nf 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . w" j fF / cGo xflgsf/s Uof; glg:sg] x' F b f
;s];Dd 5ftfdf s'g} lsl;dsf] 5fof kg{ lbg' x'Fb}g jftj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kb}{g / hg:jf:Yo klg
/ w]/} xfjf rNg] 7fpF klg /fd|f] x'Fb}g . v/fa x'Fb}g .
5ftfdf /x]sf] 6Nsg] ;txnfO{ r'nf] a;fpg'cufl8 ;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf] ;kmf / ;'ljwfhgs x'G5 .
o; r'nf]df klg ;fwf/0f r'nf]df h:t} 5f]6f] ;dodf
vfgf kfSb5 .
of] r'nf] klg vfgf e'6g, tfg{, kfgL ttfpg k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 .
hf8f] df};ddf ljz]ifu/L ;x/LIf]qdf kfgL ttfpg
of] r'nf] nf]slk|o 5 .
of] r'nf]sf] lgdf{0f ug{ 7"nf] nufgL ug'{kb}{g .
s'g} klg OGwg k|of]u ug'{ gkg]{ ePsfn] nfut l:y/
/xG5 .
;]jf tyf lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] :ynx¿M
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|,
wf]aLrf}/, kf6g, kmf]g g+= %%@*##%, %%#(@#&
g]kfn ;f}o{ ljB't pTkfbg ;ª3
uxgfkf]v/L, gS;fn, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $$#@!)#
g/d / ;kmf sk8fn] k'5]/ ;kmf ug{'k5{ . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ s]Gb|
5ftfsf] efF 8 f] /fVg] 7fpF d f efF 8 f] c8ØfPkl5 afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $@$*@%@
efF8f]nfO{ 9sgn] 5f]lklbg'k5{ . ;f]nf/ On]lS6«l;6L sDkgL k|fln
5ftfnfO{ 5] p df ePsf] lsnfdf 5fof k/] s f] kf]=a=g+= @$( afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $@@&*&^,
gb]lvg]u/L 3fd nfu]sf] lbzftkm{ kmsf{P/ k"/f 3fd nf]6; OghL{ k|fln
nfu]–gnfu]sf] lgZro ug'{k5{ . kf]=a=g+= (@!(, ef6e6]gL, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $$!*@)#
;fwf/0f r'nf]df h:t} o; r'nf]df ksfpg] vfgfnfO{ ;"of]{bo pmhf{ k|fln
;do–;dodf 5ftfnfO{ k5fl8 kmsf{ P / dfq kf]=a=g+= !)@##, wfkf;L, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $#%#$@)
rnfpg'k5{ . sf7df8f}+ kfj/ sDkgL
x/]s @)–@% ldg]6df 5ftfnfO{ lsnfsf] 5fof kf]=a=g+= @!%##, uf]+ua', sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $#%^##&
gb]lvg]u/L ;"o{sf] ls/0f;Fu ldnfpg'k5{ . kf7o ;fdu|L M
vfgf ksfpg] sfd ;lsPkl5 5ftfnfO{ tnlt/ ➨ Dofg'cn ckm ?/n 6]Sgf]nf]hL -Ol;df]8af6 k|sflzt_
kmsf{P/ /fVg'k5{ . ➨ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt k':tsx¿
5ftfdf /x]sf] 6Nsg] ;txnfO{ s8f, 7f]; kbfy{sf] b'O{ k|sf/sf :tgwf/L hgfj/n] dfq
3if{0faf6 arfpg'k5{ . k'mn kfb{5g . xf“; r'Rr] Kn]6; /
5ftfnfO{ xfjfx'/L, cl;gfkfgL, wfl/nf] xltof/, Olr8gf gfdsf oL :tgwf/L hgfj/
9'ªuf cflbsf] 7Ss/af6 arfpg'k5{ / v;|f] j:t'n] ci6«]lnofdf kfOG5g .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 18

19. yfxf kfO/fvf}“
kf“r s/f]8 jif{ h]7f] :ofpdf *$ k|ltzt, cfn'df &*
/f] r s 1fglj1fg k|ltzt / rLhdf $) k|ltzt
nfdv'§] l;tf zdf{ kfgLsf] dfqf x'G5 .
nfdv' § ] sL/fx¿sf] cjf{ l rg
¿k xf] . k[YjLdf o;sf] pTklQ dfG5]eGbf % s/f]8 8fOgf];/ s;/L gfl;P <
jif{ k lxn] g} x'g t k[YjLsf hLj clxn] klg nf]k eO/x]sf 5g . t/,
eO;s] s f] lyof] . k[YjLdf /x]sf] 5]kf/f]h:tf] :j¿ksf] eLdsfo 8fOgf];/
ljZjdf clxn] 7"nf s/f]8f}F jif{klxn] g} nf]k ePsf] lyof] . of] eLdsfo hLj
;fgf ljleGg 8fOgf];/ Iff/Lo jif{ (Acid rain) sf sf/0f nf]k
zf/Ll/s agfj6df ePsf] x'g;Sg] cd]l/sL e"ue{ljb /f]gfN8 lk|g / a|';
kfOg] nfdv' § ] s f km]un]n] hgfPsf 5g . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ !@% nfv
@,&)) eGbf a9L
k|hflt kfOG5g . xfjfdf Ps}7fpFdf cl8/xg / e'mSofP/
efUg of] clt g} l;kfn' x'G5 . To;} x'gfn] bfp 5f]k]/
/ut r':g yfN5 / dfG5] jf hgfj/n] yfxf kfpgf;fy
nfdv' § ] efUg ;kmn x' G 5 . kfgL kbf{ jiff{ s f
yf]kfx¿aLraf6 ;lhn} l5b}{ p8g;Sg] Ifdtf klg of]
nfdv'§]df x'G5 . nfdv'§]n] Ps ;]s]G8df %)) b]lv
^)) k6s;Dd cfˆgf] kv]6f km6km6fpg;S5 .
%))) lsnf]ld6/ g/f]lsO{ p8g] r/f
uf] N 8] g ˆnf] e /
s/f]8 lsnf]u|fd tf}n ePsf] pNsf ^% lsnf]ld6/
gfdsf] r/f %)))
k|lt;]s]G8sf] ultn] k[YjLlt/ nfdf] ;do;Dd x'lQP/
lsnf]ld6/;Dd
Iff/Lo jiff{ u/fpFbf pTkGg tfkn] oxfFsf] jftfj/0fdf
g/f]lsO{sg lg/Gt/ gfO6«f]hg cS;fO8 clws a9g uO{ 8fOgf];/ nf]k ePsf]
p8g;S5 . o;n] x'g;S5 . !) xhf/ jif{klxn] Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf
ofqf cjlwe/ g lg:s]sf ljiffn' Uof;sf sf/0f klg cDnLo jiff{ ePsf]
vfgf vfG5, g x'g;Sg] pgLx¿sf] /fo 5 .
lj>fd g} lnG5 . &% b]lv *) u|fd dfq tf}n x'g] of]
r/fn] To:tf] ce"tk"j{ zlQm s;/L k|fKt ub{5 eg]/ ;"o{ / rGb|df lsg pq} b]lvG5g
j}1flgs;d]t cfZro{rlst 5g . ;"osf] Jof; rGb|dfsf] eGbf nueu $)) u'0ff 7"nf] 5 .
{
s]df, slt kfgL < To;} u /L, k[ Y jLaf6
rGb|dfsf] b"/Lsf] $))
kfgL dflg;sf nflu w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . kfgL lkpg u' 0 ff b" / Ldf ;" o { s f]
gkfpF b f xfd| f ] 3fF 6 L ;' S 5, cjl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ;"o{
z/L/ l;lyn aGb5 . t/, / rGb| d fsf] cfsf/ /
xfdLn]] kmnk"mn, ;fukft /
k[ Y jLaf6 /x] s f] b" / Lsf]
cGo vfBkbfy{ ;] j g ubf{
klg 7" n f] dfqfdf kfgL cg' k ft ;dfg /x] s f
vfO/x] s f x' G 5f} + . sfF q mf] d f sf/0f xfdL] ;"oeGbf $))
{
(^ k|ltzt, v/a'hfdf (@ u'0ff ;fgf] rGb|dfnfO{ klg
k|ltzt, b"wdf *& k|ltzt, ;"ohq} b]Vb5f}F .
{
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 19

20. yfxf kfO/fvf}“
k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf alnof] :tgwf/L d';fsf] j[l4 slt <
xfdLnfO{ nfUg;S5, ;a}eGbf alnof] :tgwf/L hgfj/ d';fn] xfd|f] l9s'6Lsf] cGg vfP/ x}/fg kfb{5 . d';fsf]
xfQL xf] . xfQL :ynk|f0fLdWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]rflxF xf] t/ k|fs[lts l;sf/L ;k{, lrn, la/fnf], nf6f]sf];]/f]h:tf
jlni7 g} eg] xf]Og . b'O{ km'6 dfq nfdf] c:6«]lnofdf hLj gx'g] xf] eg] Pshf]8L d';faf6 pTkfbg ePsf
kfOg] Kn]l6k; ljZjdf kfOg] :tgwf/L k|f0fLdWo] ;a}eGbf ;Gtfg Ps jif{df * ;o *) k'Ub5g . To;} b/df
alnof] x' G 5 . ;ª V of a9 b f
:tgwf/L eP Pshf]8L d';faf6 %
klg o;n] r/fn] jif{ d f ($,)#&
h:t} k"mn kfb{5 s/f] 8 d' ; fsf] x' n
/ hª u nL aGb5 . o;/L
xfF ; sf] h:tf] ;+ V of a9 g kfpg]
u' F 8 agfP/ xf] eg] d';fn]
a:5 . o;sf] k[ Y jLdf s:tf] txNsf dRrfpnf eGg] cg' d fg ug{
k' R 5/ df5f vfg] cf] t sf] h:tf] x' G 5 . kfgLdf klg sl7g x' G 5 .
df5fh:t} kf} 8 g;Sg] Kn] l 6k;nfO{ k[ Y jLdf cfˆgf]
cl:tTj arfpg ;Ifd ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / k|f/lDes !@ xhf/ jif{ lxp“df k'l/P/ klg lhp“b}
cj:yfsf] :tgwf/L hgfj/ dflgG5 . xfdLn] ha Zjf;k|Zjf; aGb ub{5f}F, db{5f}F t/ k]ml/
k'gh{Gd kfpg ;Sb}gf}F . lxpFdf k'l/Psf] s]xL ;dod}
;fOsnsf] cflj:sf/ xfdL db{5f}F . t/, AofS6]l/of, kmGhfO{ tyf 9';Ldf To:tf]
jftfj/0f / ce"tk"j{ Ifdtf kfOPsf]
hg:jf:Yosf nflu 5, hf] !@ xhf/ jif{;Dd
;d] t nfebfoL d[ t fj:yfdf /x] / klg
;jf/L;fwgsf] dfGotf k'ghL{jg kfpg;S5g .
kfPsf] ;fOsnsf] ?;L j} 1 flgsx¿n] ]
cflj:sf/ :s6NofG8sf cG6fl6{ s fsf] lxpF d f
ls/Kofl6«s Dofsldngn] ;g !*$@ df ubf{ kmnfd] xhf/fF} ld6/ ulx/fOleq
/8sf kfO8n / rSsfsf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . k|mfG;df sDtLdf klg !@ xhf/
;g !*^% df rSsf 3'dfpg Sofªs hl8t jf]g]:s/ jif{klxn]b]lv hd]sf o:tf ;"IdhLjnfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg
gfds ;fOsn aGof] . ;fOsndf qmdzM /a/sf rSsf ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf 5g .
/ c¿ ;'ljwfo'Qm efu ljsf; ub}{ OªUNofG8sf h]D;
:6f/n]n] ;g !**% df ;fOsnnfO{ cfw'lgs ¿k lbP . d'6sf] rfn slt <
'
clxn] ahf/df cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6 ljsl;t %) eGbf dfgjd' 6 ' k| l tldg] 6 %@ k6s
a9L luo/ ePsf ;fOsn;d]t pknAw 5g . cyjf k|ltlbg ! nfveGbf a9L
pDn“bf] kfgL lxp“ aGg] 7fp“ k6s wl8sG5 . k|To]s w8sg;Fu}
d' 6 ' n ] &) l;l; /ut z/L/sf
;fOa]l/of ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld xf] . o; g;fx¿df k|jflxt ub{5 . d'6'af6
d?e"ldnfO{ cToGt lr;f] / cToGt udL{ x'g] :yfgsf ;~rfl/t ePsf] /ut z/L/sf
¿kdf lrlgG5 . ljzfn e"If]qdf km}lnPsf] o; d?e"lddf g;f xF ' b } ! nfv @) xhf/
udL{ofddf ^) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 tfk x'G5 eg] hf8f]ofddf dfOnsf] ofqf k" / f u/] / k] m l/
dfOg; ^) l8u|L;Dd tn emb{5 . o; d?e"ldsf] d'6'd} k'Ub5 / ljsf//lxt eP/
e;f]{ofg:s klg p:t} cToGt lr;f] :yfg xf], hxfFsf]
k'g;{~rfl/t x'G5 .
hldgdf plDn/x]sf] kfgL kf]Vg]lalQs} hd]/ lxpF aGb5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
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;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgcGtu{t pkef]Qmfaf6} ;+/If0f o; jgIf]qs} cUnf] 6fs'/fdf Pp6f 6fj/ agfpg] nIo
kfPkl5 xnSs a9]sf] kf]v/fsf] hosf]6 ;fd'bflos jg klg /x]sf] 5 . sfx'F ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] j8f g+ @ df
ca lrl8ofvfgf aGg] ePsf] 5 . @$=$( x] S 6/ If] q kmndf km} l nPsf] ;f] jg s] x L
kf]v/f;Fu} hf]l8Psf] of] jgnfO{ kf]v/f cfpg] ko{6s jif{cl3;Dd kf]y|fkf]y|L / a'6ofg dfq ePsf] gfªuf] kfvf]
leqofpg] dfq xf]Og, Jojl:yt jgef]h Pjd kf]v/fsf] lyof] . n]s;fO8sf afl;Gbfn] ;d]t sf7 / bfp/fsf
k|b"if0f, eL8ef8 / xf]xNnfaf6 Ps}l5g zflGt vf]Hg]sf nflu o;} jgnfO{ k|of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 ¿vsf h/f;d]t
nflu /d0fLo k|fs[lts b[iofjnf]sgsf] cj;/;d]t k|bfg ;dfKt ePsf] ;f] jgsf] ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo afl;Gbfn]
ug]{] :ynsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug]{ k|of; pkef]Qmfaf6 lgs} b' M v v] K g' k /] s f] 5 . jf:tjdf ;/sf/n] o;
k|f/De ePsf] 5 . jgIf] q nfO{ /fli6« o jgsf] ¿kdf ;+ / If0f ug{ ;ldlt
pkef]Qmf :jo++n] tf/af/, j[If/f]k0f / /]vb]v ub}{ cfPsf] agfPkl5 eg] ;'wf/ x'g yn]sf] lyof] / lg/Gt/ j[If/f]k0f
;f] jgaf6 k|To]s pkef]Qmfn] jgsf] uf]8d]n ubf{ lg:sg] ePk5L jg df}nfpFb} uof] . pQ/tkm{ sfxF' ufpF ljsf;
bfp/fdWo] 5 ld6/ 8f]/La/fa/ dfq lgsfn]/ n}hfg ;ldlt / afFsL l;dfgfdf kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf kg]{
kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf sf/0f klg jg;+ / If0fn] /fd| f ] ;f] jgdf xfn ! ;o $$ pkef]Qmf jg;+/If0f sfo{df
;kmntf kfPsf] 5 . jg x'ls{Psf] k5L r/fx¿sf] ;ªVof ;xefuL eO/x]sf 5g .
a9] / r/fpBfgsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x' F b } uPkl5 jgsf] 5]j}df xfF; / as'Nnfsf ayfg b]Vg kfOg] tyf
lrl8ofvfgf g} agfpg] sfo{df pkef]Qmf h]6]sf 5g . 9sdSs sdn km'Ng] sdnkf]v/Ln] jftfj/0f emg df]xs
k/Dk/fut¿kdf kfOg] sfu, 9's'/, sflnh, jgs'v'/f, agfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/, sl/a %) /f]kgL If]qkmnsf] ;f]
nfdk'R5«|], h'/]nL, lkm:6], eb|fO{, 8fªu|], wf]lagL, sf]OnL, kf] v /L cltqmd0fsf sf/0f sl/a #@ /f] k gLdf
ltqf, x' l rn, ;' u f, v'lDr;s]sf] 5 . jgsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/;Fu} sdnkf]v/L
cflb r/f a9 b } tfnsf] ;+ / If0f;d] t
uPsf 5g eg]] jg x' g ] xf] eg] s' d f/L
aflSnPkl5 af3, df5fk' R 5« | ] ;lxtsf]
d[ u / v/fof] klg lxd >[ ª v nf, km] j f
b]lvg yfn]sf 5g . tfn, kf] v /fahf/,
n' D n] , x] D hfh:tf
jgnfO{ r/fkfs{ s f] sl/a () k| l tzt
¿kdf ljsf; ug{ /d0fLo :yfg b] V g
a9LeGbf a9L r/f ;lsg] o; If] q n]
cfslif{ t u/L /Do kf] v /fsf] ko{ 6 gnfO{
jftfj/0f agfpg, 6]jf lbg;Sg]5 .
lrl8ofvfgf aGb}5 hosf]6 jg
ltgLx¿sf] cfxf/ / af;:yfgsf] cg' s " n tf agfpg jglj1fgsf ljBfyL{ s f] k| o f] u zfnfsf ¿kdf ;d] t
jg;+ / If0fdf ljz] i f hf] 8 lbF b } jgpkef] Q mf ;ldltn] ljsl;t x'Fb} u/]sf] of] jgdf v'nf jftfj/0f, kfgLsf]
o;sf] cWoog k|f/De ul/;s]sf] 5 . r/fkfs{sf nflu ;' l jwf, efG;f3/, jgjfl6sf, kSsL jgef] h :yn /
ljz] i f1åf/f ;DefJotf cWoog u/fpg kf] v /f df]6/af6f] ePsfn] jgef]hsf nflu lgs} cfsif{s ynf]
pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] ;d"xnfO{ Ps nfv ¿k}ofF k|bfg alg;s]sf] 5 . ;'?df a]lNhod k'u]sf :yfgLo o'jfn]
ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu !) nfv vfg]kfgL 6ofªsL agfpg Ps nfv ¿k}ofF ;xof]u:j¿k
?k}ofF 5'6ofPsf] 5 . k7fPkl5 k|f/De ePsf tL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf emG8} gf}
sf:sL lhNnfsf $ ;o !@ ;fd'bflos jgdWo] ut jif{ nfv ?k}ofF vr{ eO;s]sf] atfOG5 .
bf];|f] pTs[i6 ;fd'bflos jg k'/:sf/ kfPsf] o; hosf]6 jgleqsf] cf7 /f]kgL If]qkmndf @)!& ;fndf :yfkgf
jgdf rfFk, nK;L, a8x/, s6';, ;Nnf, pQL;, lrnfpg], ePsf] dgfªu] u'Daf klg o; jgsf] csf]{ cfsif{0f xf] .
s'l/nf], t]hkQf, afF; / ;Nnf cflb jg:klt kfOG5g .
kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf;Fu hf]l8Psf] o; jgnfO{ v'nf oxL] u'Daf x]g{ jif]{gL xhf/f}F ljb]zL tyf :jb]zL ko{6s
lrl8ofvfgfsf] ¿kdf ko{6sLo If]q agfpg nfluPsf] hfg] ub{5g . – a'l4;fu/ a/fn, kf]v/f
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
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leq l5g{af6 /f]s/ oxfFsf hLj–hutsf] /Iff ul//x]sf]
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jif{df ljZjsf] cf};t tfkqmd !=% af6 j[l4 eO{ $=%
l8u|L ;]lN;o; k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;f] ePdf ljut
(,))) jif{sf] Oltxf;df of] ztfAbL k[YjLsf] tfkqmd
5 . jf:tjdf cf]hf]g gx'bf] xf] t k[YjLdf hLjgcg'sn
F " ;a}eGbf rfF8f] a9g] ztfAbsf] ¿kdf /xg]5 . o;sf]
jftfj/0f g} x'Fb}gYof] eg] klg x'G5 . cf]hf]gafx]s b' : kl/df0fM o; wlt{ d f a;f] a f; ul//x] s f dfgj
jfo'd08ndf cGo y'k}| k|sf/sf Uof;x¿ klg /x]sf 5g . hLjgnufot k[YjLsf ;Dk"0f{ hLj ;~hfn tyf kfl/l:ylts
jfo'd08ndf cGo ljleGg k|sf/sf Uof;x¿sf] pkl:ylt k|0ffnLnfO{ uDeL/ c;/ kg]{5 .
a9bf ;"oaf6 cfpg] 5f]6f] cfj[lQsf ls/0fx¿ k[YjLsf]
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;txdf cfpgnfO{ cj/f]w xFbg t/ o:Tff Uof; clws
' } c;fdfGo¿kdf a9g;Sg], jiff{sf]
ePkl5 k[YjLaf6 kms{g] nfdf] cfj[lQsf ls/0f eg] aflx/ lgoldttfdf vnn cfpg] ] ,
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k|efj elgG5 . cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] k|lqmof ;'? ePkZrft tfkqmdn] s[lifk|0ffnLdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg],{ df6f] tyf
k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf o:tf xl/tu[x Uof;x¿sf] dfqf () jftfj/0fLo cfb|Tffdf kl/jt{g cfpg]nufot kfgLsf
u'0ff a9]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L xl/tu[x Uof;sf] ;|ftx¿df ;d]t ;+s6 b]vfkg{;Sg]5 .
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/f]lsg] k|lqmof;Fu} k[YjLsf] tfTg] k|lqmof klg a9]sf] 5 .
cfhef] l n eO/x] s f ljleGg dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn]
To;}sf/0f, xl/tu[x k|efjn] k[YjLdf cjl:yt ;Dk"0f{ hLjdf
jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] kl/df0f a9fpg ;xof]u
ljljw gsf/fTds kl/0ffd b]vfkb{5 . xl/tu[x Uof;dWo] ul//x]sf] 5 . h}ljs cjz]ifsf OGwgx¿ vf;u/L vlgh
sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ xl/tu[x k|efj a9fpg] k|d'v t]n, sf]Onf tyf k|fs[lts Uof;df /x]sf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8
sf/stŒj dflgG5 . olb sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 jfo'd08ndf Uof;sf] k|r/ k|of]u eO{ hngk|lqmofåf/f pT;lh{t eO/x]sf]
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lgs} pRr /xg] eljiojf0fL j}1flgsx¿n] u/]sf 5g . bzsklxn]bl] v g} jfo'd08ndf sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] kl/df0f
o;}sf sf/0f ljZjsf] hnjfo'df ;d]t kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] a9fO/x]sf] 5 . l;d]G6 tyf cGo sf/vfgfsf] j[l4n]
j}1flgsx¿sf] bfaf 5 .
} sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] pTkfbgnfO{ a9fjf lbO/x]sf] 5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x¿ jfo'd08nsf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ vf;u/L la?jfsf
ljZjJofkL pi0ftf g} xl/tu[x Uof; pT;h{gsf] k|dv k|efj slnnf kftn] ;f]:g] ub{5 . To;}n] jgljgf;sf] tLj|tf;Fu}
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xf] . k[YjLsf hnjfo'af/] eljiojf0fL ug{ tof/ ul/Psf oxfFsf] jfo'd08ndf /x]sf] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8 ;f]:g] sfo{
sDKo'6/ gd'gfcg';f/ clxn]sf] cj:yfsf] xl/tu[x Uof; klg 36b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L Pslt/ h}ljs OGwgsf] hngdf
pT;h{g lgoGq0fsf nflu s'g} k|of; gePdf cfufdL ;o j[ l 4 / csf] { l t/ a9 b f] jgljgf;n] jfo' d 08ndf
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
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