1. 36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0faf6
xouf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
"
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
km]a'|j/L,@))(
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Nepal Red Cross
Humanitarian Aid Society, Kailali

2. gbL lsgf/ ;+/If0 sfo{

3. n]vsM
w'|j /fh uf}td
:jtGq cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf k/fdz{bftf
email: drgautam@wlink.com.np
;'bz{g vgfn
ljBfyL{, jg tyf jftfj/0f cWoog :s"n
on ljZjljBfno, ;+oQm /fHo cd]l/sf
"
ljz]if of]ubfg M
pNnf 8f]G;, r]t axfb'/ tfdf·, ;fu/ kf]v|]n, lxdfn cf]emf
kmf]6f] M ;fu/ kf]v|]n, r]t axfb'/ tfdf·, lxdfn cf]emf, w'|j /fh uf}td / pNnf8f]G;
;Dkfbs M s[i0f clwsf/L
cfj/0f t:jL/ M ;d'bfo:t/sf] 5nkmn
leqL cfj/0f M gbL lsgf/ ;+/If0f sfo{
leqL k5fl8 M jfnjflnsfn] ;"rgf ;fdfu|LnfO{ cjnf]sg ub}{
clGtd cfj/0f -z'?jft af6_ M ;Lk ljsf; tflnd, ;fO/g– k"j{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u, nfO{km Hofs]6sf] d2taf6
p4f/ ul/+b,} uflj;sf] ;xof]udf 8'¨fsf]] tof/L, hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf k|fljlwsx?;šusf] 5nkmn, gbL lsgf/
;+/If0f sfo{ .
l8hfOg / k|sfzg M dfO08 ;]o/ ;~rf/ k|f= ln=
k|sfzs M d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
o; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt ljrf/x?n] o'/f]knL cfof]u;šu s'g} klg ;DaGw /fVb}gg / o; k|ltj]bgsf ;"rgf tyf
]
hfgsf/Lx?sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf klg cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L /xg]] 5}g .

4. ljifo ;"rL
k|fSsyg s
cfef/ v
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z u
!= ;Gbe{ !
@= ljlw @
#= xouf] sfo{of]hgf -;g @))%–@)!%_ @
"
$= xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fylds nIox? xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf of]ubfgx? #
"
$=! k|fyldstf ! #
$=@ k|fyldstf @ %
$=# k|fyldstf # *
$=$ k|fyldstf $ !#
$=% Kf|fyldstf % !^
%= xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIox? xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf of]ubfgx? !&
"
%=! /0fgLlts nIo ! !&
%=@ /0fgLlts nIo @ !*
%=# /0fgLlts nIo # !*
tflnsfx?
tflnsf ! M ;d'bfo / uflj;df /x]sf] 3/ ;ªVof / hghfltsf] l:ylt !
tflnsf @ M k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?sf] n}ªl us tyf hftLo ;+/rgf #
{
tflnsf # M ljleGg If]qdf cfpg] af9Lsf] cg'dflgt ;do ^
tflnsf $ M vt/fdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;tx ^
tflnsf % M ljleGg tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf] ;ªVof !!
tflnsf ^ M Go"gLs/0fsf] sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L / j[If/f]k0fsf] cj:yfrL !$

5. Foreword
k|fSsyg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfaf6 o; 36gf cWoogn] s}nfnL lhNnfdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
xouf] sfo{of]hgfdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg;DaGwL 36gf cWoog
" k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?dfkm{t xo"uf]
k|sfzg ug{ kfpšbf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnnfO{ Hofb} v'zL sfo{of]hgfsf d"ne"t kIfx?df of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] s'/fnfO{
nfu]sf] 5 . of] 36gf cWoog o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo
] ljz]if lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo
;xfotf ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf} y f] k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k
[
sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrttf
;f];fO6L, s}nfnL zfvf4f/f ;~rflnt s}nfnL k|sf]k ug{] -k|fyldstf !_, k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofªsg
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfsf] glthf xf] . of] / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j;rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
{ "
36gf cWoog :jtGq cg';Gwfgstf{ tyf k/fdz{bftf -k|fyldstf @_, 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a}
w'j /fh uf}tdn] tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] xf] . o; cWoogdf on
| txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf
ljZjljBfno, jg tyf jftfj/0fLo cWoog :s"nsf ljBfyL{ clej[l4 ug{] -k|fyldstf #_, hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s
;'bz{g vgfnsf] klg ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; 36gf tTj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ -k|fyldstf $_ / ;a} txdf k|sf]ksf]
cWoogsf] nflu o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf k|efjsf/L ;Djf]wgsf nflu ;zQm k"jtof/L ug]{ -k|fyldstf
{
ljefusf] cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof], ;fy;fy} %_ h:tf k|fylds sfo{x?sf] k"lt{ ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
dl;{ sf]/ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/of]hgf 6f]nLsf] ;xof]u klg 5 . o;}u/L kl/of]hgfn] lbuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfdf
cWoogsf] qmddf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] lyof] . k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ -/0fgLlts nIo
!_ k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o
of] 36gf cWoogn] kl/of]hgfaf6 cl3 ;fl/Psf d"ne"t tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zox?sf] d"Nofªsg gu/]/ kl/of]hgfåf/f ;d'bfodf -/0fgLlts nIo @_ / k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu
cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?af6 xouf] " cfkTfsfnLg k"j{tof/L, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf]
sfo{of]hgfdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgnfO{ d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfPsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft
5 . ;g @)!% ;Dd k|sf]k;DjGwL dfgjLo, ;fdflhs, ug]{ -/0fgLlts nIo #_ h:tf /0fgLlts nIox? xšfl;n
cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo c;/x? sd ub}{ ljZjnfO{ k|fs[lts ug{ ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/sf] tkm{af6 o:f
k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft ug{ ;+;f/el/sf !^* j6f /fi6«n] bzjif]{ cWoogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;a}kl| t xflb{s cfef/ JoQm
xouf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g . hfkfgsf]
" ug{ rfxfG5' . vf;u/L o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u
]
xouf]df ePsf] ljZj ;Dd]ngn] o; sfo{of]hgfnfO{ kfl/t
" ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGtu{t
u/]sf] 5 / of] g} k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] lbzfdf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L s}nfnL zfvf,
ljZjs} dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h ag]sf] 5 . d;L{ sf]/åf/f :yfgLo, lhNnf / /fli6«o ;/sf/L lgsfox?, l8k]sf] g]kfnsf
;~rflnt sfo{qmdx?af6 ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f kl/of]hgf
;dGjo dfkm{t xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf d"ne"t l;4fGtx?nfO{
" 6f]nL / ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kl/of]hgfsf ;d'bfox? wGojfbsf
k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?n] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfq x'gxG5 .
''
5 . xfdLnfO{ s] ljZjf; 5 eg] :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
ljsf; ;fem]bf/dfkm{t xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf hf]; 8]jN8
yk ;xof]u k'¥ofpg d2t k'Ub5 . /fli6«o lgb]zs
{
d;L{ sf]/, g]kfn
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{ of]hgfdf of]ubfg s
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?

6. cfef/
o; 36gf cWoogsf] k|sfzg / cfly{s ;xof]usf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]df / s}nfnL k|sf]k
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgfnfO{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgfcGtu{t
cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf]df o'/f]k]nL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf ljefunfO{ wGojfb lbg
rfxG5f}+ .
o; 36gf cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;"rgf / hfgsf/L dfq glbP/, leqL x[boaf6 ;xof]u k|bfg
ug'xg] s}nfnL lhNnfsf kl/of]hgf ;d'bfox? vf;u/L ljzgk'/, hf]slxofk'/, nlntk'/,
{ '
dlgsfk'/, df]xgk'/ / lzj/tgk'/;šu xfdL Hofb} cfef/L 5f}+ . of] kl/of]hgfn] xouf] sfo{of]hgfnfO{
"
s;/L of]ubfg ug{ ;s]sf] 5 eGg] a'emg k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt, ;d'bfosf ;b:ox? /
{
;/f]sf/jfnfx?, lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{, uflj; tyf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] oy]i6
;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;sf/0f of] cWoognfO{ oy]i6 ;do, k[i7kf]if0f / ;'emfj lbP/
;xof]u ug'xg] ;a} ju{ / txsf ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfo wGojfbsf] kfq x'gxG5 .
{ ' ' '
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgf ;+oQm ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug'xg] d;L{
' { '
sf]/ g]kfn / g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L s}nfnL zfvfk|lt klg xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ . 36gf
cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf lkmN8sfo{sf] ;Gbe{df / wgu9Ldf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf]
5nkmnsf] qmddf pxfšx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . of] 36gf cWoogsf]
cjwf/0ffut ;+/rgf, cWoog ljlw / d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdf yk k[i7kf]if0f / ;'emfj lbg'
ePsf]df d;L{ sf]/ g]kfn / kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg 6f]nLnfO{ wGojfb glbO/xg ;Sb}gf}+ .
cGTodf, of] 36gf cWoognfO{ k"/f ug]{ lhDdf xfdLnfO{ lbg' ePsf]df d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnk|lt
xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .
w'j /fh uf}td / ;'bz{g vgfn
|
v 36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg

7. sfo{sf/L ;f/f+;
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L;šusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf d;L{ sf]/ g]kfnn] tyf ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . hn tyf
s}nfnL lhNnfsf ^ j6f ;d'bfodf s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd df};d lj1fg ljefusf] lkmN8 sfof{no;šusf] ;dGjodf
Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] ;d'bfosf] nflu k"j;rgf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 /
{ "
5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xof]u
] k|To]s kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf ;d'bfox?df ;d'bfo:t/Lo
ljefusf] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGt{ut k"j;rgf k|0ffnL ;d]t :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . af9Lsf] txsf]
{ "
cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fOPsf] xf] . of] 36gf cWoog af/] d f :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ ;" r gf lbgsf] nflu
xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] nflu nIo k|fKt ug{ s] , lsg /
" ;d'bfo:t/df c3l/of -;d'bfosf] ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg
s;/L o; kl/of]hgfn] of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 eGGf] af/]df ug]{ JolQm _ jf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] JolQmx? 5gf}6
{
s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L / d;L{ sf]/sf ul/] kl/rfng u/]sf] 5 . x/]s ;d'bfodf cfsl:ds /
sd{ r f/Lx?;š u sf] 5nkmn, d' V o ;" r gfbftf;š u sf] k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx? pknAw u/fO;lsPsf] 5 /
cGtjf{tfx?, nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn / ljZn]if0f Pjd :ynut ;L8LPdP kmf]g / xftn] g} rnfpg ;lsg] ;fO/gx?n]
k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] dflg;x?nfO{ af9Lsf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf]
5. 5 . cfsl:ds ;dfrf/ / df};d;DaGwL a'nl] 6gx? ;do
;dodf :yfgLo PkmPdx?af6 ;Dk|if0f ul/Psf 5g, h;n]
]
xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfnfO{ xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf]
" k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf] nflu lgs} k|efjsf/L ;xof]u k'usf]
{ ]
of]ubfg M o; kl/of]hgfn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstf 5.
cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd
[
Go"gLs/0fdf ePsf sfo{x?sf] ;~rfngsf] ;'lglZrttf 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds
ug{ vf]hsf] 5 -k|fyldstf !_ af9Lsf] hf]lvd / dflg;x?sf]
] ;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ - k|fyldstf
;ªs6fled'vtfnfO{ sd ug{ kl/of]hgfn] k|To]s ;d'bfodf #_ kl/of]hgfn] ;"rgf, lzIff tyf ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx? k|sfzg
:ki6 e"ldsf / bfloTj;lxt k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx? /
{ u/L Jofks ?kdf ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . h; cGt{ut k|sf]k
pk;ldltx? u7g u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} Jojl:yt ;fdflhs hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu ;DjlGwt lel8of] / ;8s gf6sx¿
n]vfk/LIf0fsf] dfWodaf6 ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod ul/Psf] k|b{zgL ul/Psf 5g . 1fgsf] Joj:yfkgdf k"j{;"rgf
5 . cfsl:ds sf]if / ;fd'bflos k|sf]k Joj:yfkg k|of; k|0ffnLaf6 lgs} nfe k'usf] b]lvG5 . o:t}, :yfgLo hgtf,
]
k|sf]khGo vt/fx?af6 aRg k"j{tof/Lsf nflu ;xof]uL ;/f]sf/jfnfx? / ljBfyL{x? u/L sl/a Ps xhf/ hgfn]
ag]sf] 5 . oL sfo{x? ug{sf nflu ^ j6f ;d'bfon] k|sf]k ;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4sf ljleGg tflndx? k|fKt
xfn;Dd ?= &$,#))÷– art klg ul/;s]sf 5g . u/]sf 5g . ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx? Kfl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs
;d'bfo:t/Lo k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfnfO{ uflj;:t/Lo ePsf]n] kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;šu} ;+/If0f
k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgf;šu cfj4 ul/Pkl5 ;d'bfox? lzIffnfO{ nlIft u/L ljBfno txdf ljleGg sfo{qmdx?
of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;|ft h'6g]df 9'Ss
] ;d]t ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 .
ePsf 5g .
kl/of]hgfn] hf]lvdsf cfwf/e"t sf/s tTj Go"gLs/0f
of] kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, ug{ -k|fyldstf $_ sd vr{df g} ug{ ;lsg] afš; /
d"Nofªsg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ afn'jfsf] af]/f el/Psf y}nfx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ / jfof]–
k|efjsf/L agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 -k|ffyldstf @_ . OlGhlgol/¨sf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbP/ ;d'bfonfO{ yk
x/]s ;d'bfodf ;ªs6fled'v tyf Ifdtf ljZn]if0fsf] ;Ifd agfPsf] 5 . gbL] lsgf/sf] pAhfp hldg arfpg
dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf] ef}lts, wf/0ffut / ;fdflhs hf]lvd / jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlwnfO{ a9fjf lbg @&,#)) ju{ld6/
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? u

8. hldgdf ljleGGf hftsf $#,))) la¿jfx? /f]lkPsf 5g . nIo ! -bLuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd
o:tf sfo{x¿n] af9L, klx/f] / u|fdL0f hgtfsf] s[lif If]q Go"gLs/0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug]_ xfl;n ug{ of]ubfg k'usf] 5 .
{ ]
/ ;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff ug{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'usf] 5 . af9Lsf]
] ;d'bfo:t/df agfOPsf k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfnfO{ ufpš
;dodf ;fd'bflos 8'ªufn] ;'/Iffsf] cg'el" t u/fPsf] 5
ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt-lhlj;_
eg] 8'jfgsf] ;dodf ;fd'bflos cf>o:ynx¿n] ;'/lIft x?;šusf] ;dGjoaf6 ;fd'bflos of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{
9¨af6 afšRg ;3fp u/]sf] 5 . o:t}, ;'/lIft dfu{sf] rflxg] ;|ftsf] Joj:yf ug{ ufx|f] x'g] 5}g . o;/L :yfgLo
]
lgdf{0fn] hgtfnfO{ cf>o:ynx¿;Dd k'Ug cyjf ;'/lIft txsf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? /fli6«o:t/df
7fpšdf hfg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . jiff{ofddf :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] bLuf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgf;šu PsLs[t x'g] cj:yf
;'lglZrttf u/fpg / cg]s kfgLhGo /f]ux? A.9g glbg 5 . ;fd'bflos 8'ªuf Pjd ;'/lIft 3/ tyf ;'/lIft
cUnf xft] kDkx?sf] k|of]u Jofks ?kdf ePsf] kfOG5 . af6f]sf] Joj:yfaf6 ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k;šu n8g ;Sg]
Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;/L k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{
kl/of] h gfn] k" j { t of/Lsf lqmofsnfkx?, /fxt / Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd
k'g:yf{kgsf sfo{df ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg kl/of]hgfn] xouf] "
- Kf|fyldstf %_ . /fli6«o tyf lhNnf:t/df cfof]lht tflnd sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo @ -k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{
/ sfo{zfnfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfn] ;"rgf Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu /fli6«o / ;fd'bflos tx;Dd
cfbfg–k|bfg, ;|ftsf] afš8kmfš8, gLltsf] jsfntsf] ;fy;fy}
] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]_ nfO{ xfl;n ug{
k|fljlws / ;fªu7lgs Ifdtf a9fpg ;xof]ul;4 ePsf] d2t u/]sf] 5 . ;~hfn lgdf{0f, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{af6
5 . jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlwaf6 pT;flxt eP/ ;d'bfon] kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfonfO{ k|efjsf/L k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf]
{ "
lhNnf hnpTkGg k|sf]k sfof{non] :k/x? lgdf{0f ug{sf k|of]u ug{, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|sf]ksf] ;dodf
nflu ?= %) xhf/ 5'6ofPsf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnf /fxt / ;xof]u ug{ cem yk an k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
e"–;+/If0f sfof{non] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ k|ljlw lj:tf/ kl/of]hgfn] ;d'bfonfO{ k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf cEof;dfkm{t
{
ug{ % j6f ;d'bfonfO{ yk ?= &) xhf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a9fpg lg/Gt/ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . vfB
tyf u}/vfB ;fdu|Lx?sf] ljt/0faf6 k|sf]ksf] a]nfdf
xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts nIo xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfn]
" tTsfn} /fxt / ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|sf]k oL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ ;jn / nIo # -k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfkTsfnLg
;Ifd agfpg], 1fgsf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; k"j{tof/L, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg
ug]{ tyf ljQLo kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ sfo{x? Pjd ;+:yfut hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{_ nfO{ ]
?kdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]h:tf s'/fx?n] ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf
{ ;fsf/ kfg{ kl/of]hgfn]] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
clej[l4 u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf] /0fgLlts
"
3 36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg

9. s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
!= ;Gbe{ tflnsf ! ;d'bfo / uflj;df /x]sf] 3/;ªVof / hghfltsf] l:ylt
Ufflj; ;d'bfo 3/ ;ªVof hghflt
;g @))& gf]eDa/b]lv g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L;+usf]
] Yff? a|fDx0f÷If]qL blnt
Kfj]/f dgsfk'/ &# &@ ) !
;dGjodf d;L{ sf] / n] s} n fnL lhNnfsf rf/j6f lj;gk'/ ## ## ) )
uflj;x?sf ^ j6f ;d'bfodf s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Kf"mnjf/L nlntk'/ &* %) $ @$
Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx? gfds kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] x;'lnof lzj/tgk'/ ^$ ^@ ! !
Df]xgk'/ &* &* ) )
5 . o; kl/of]hgfnfO{ o"/f]knL cfof]usf] dfgjLo ;xfotf
] /tgk'/ Hff]vlxofk'/ %@ %@ ) )
ljefun] blIf0f Plzofsf nflu rf}yf] sfo{of]hgf cGtu{t s"n #&* #$& % @^
cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . >f] t M kl/of] h gf /] s 8{ @))&÷)*
:yfgLo lgsfox? / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;fd'lxs k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;x?nfO{ nfu" ug{ ;lsg]
k|of;df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxndfkm{t ;d'bfonfO{ u/L ;d'bfo 5gf}6 ePsf 5g .
;Ifd Pj+ ;'/lIft t'Nofpg' o; kl/of]hgfsf] p2]Zo /x]sf]
5 . kl/of]hgfn] :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf tflnd, kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfox?df (!=* k|ltzt cflbjf;L
yf? hfltsf] j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . oxFf s]xL dfqfdf ljleGg
k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf ;–;fgf sfo{x?, lzIff tyf ;xhLs/0f kxf8L lhNnfx?af6 a;fO{ ;/L cfPsf a|fDx0f, If]qL /
Pjd ;dGjo h:tf If]qx?df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . blntx?sf] klg j;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . jx';ªVos dflg;n]
lrq ! s}nfnL lhNnf / kl/of]hgf If]q P]nfgL cyf{t btf{ gePsf] hUuf cfjfbL u/]sf 5g .
cfkmg} hldg x'g;u klg @ s77fb]lv # ljufxf;Dd hUuf
] š
/x]sf] kfOG5 . k/Dk/fut kz'kfng, clwofš a6}ofaf6 hLjg
lgjf{x ug]{ kl/jf/sf] ;ªVof klg k|z:t /x]sf] 5 . w]/h;f]
}
o'jfx? ef/tdf Hofnfbf/Ldf sfd ug{ >ldssf] ?kdf
hfg] ub{5g . o;/L sdfPsf] k};faf6 pgLx?n] kl/jf/
sf b}lgs vfglkgsf nflu vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf]
;fy} ljleGGf rf8kj{df x'g] vr{ nufot 3/fo;L cfjZostf
k"/f ug]{ ub{5g .
kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] d'Vo vt/f /x]sf]
5 . df]xgf gbL / o;sf s6}gL, v'l6of, 3'/fxfh:tf ;xfos
gbLx?n] cf;kf;sf pTkfbgof]Uo hldg s6fg ug]{ u/]sf]
5 . af9Ln] ubf{ dflg;x?sf]] Hofg} hfg] tyf 3/,
ufO{j:t'nufot ax'dNo wg;DklQ u'dfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . af9Ln]
"
Psflt/ ;8s, s'nf], ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sLh:tf k"jf{wf/
x? gf]S;fg ug]{ ub{5 eg] csf]l{ t/ :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf
kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf uflj;x? ;'b/klZrd ljsf; If]qsf]
" ;|ftx? tyf ;/;kmfO{df ;d]t ;d:of Nofpg] ub{5 . h;sf]
]
s}nfnL lhNnfdf kb{5g . oL uflj;x? @*) #$’$^=#! kmn:j?k af9Ln] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;d:of Nofpg'sf]
;fy} pgLx?nfO{ ;ªs6fled'vtftkm{ ws]nsf] 5 . af9Ln]
]
b]lv @*) #)’#(=&( cIff+z / *)) $$’%(=@! b]lv *)) lgDTofpg] gf]S;fgLn] ubf{ :yfgLo dflg;x? ;w}h;f] eo
%)’%@=^# b]zfGt/df cjl:yt 5g . kl/of]hgf If]q ;d'b| / qf;df cfkmgf] hLjg Joltt ug{ jfWo 5g .
;txb]lv &) ld6/sf] prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . ljBdfg vt/
fx?, ;ªs6fled'vtf / hf]lvddf /x]sf j:tLx? / gbL d;L{ sf]/n] kl/of]hgfsf] d'Vo pknlAwx¿ / l;sfO{sf
s6fgaf6 3/ / hldg Iflt ePsf] cfwf/df kl/of]hgfn] cg'ejx?nfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df k|;f/ ug{sf
;d'bfox?sf] 5gf}6 u/]sf] lyof] . ljutsf] Oltxf;, nflu 36gfd"ns cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t eP/ of] ;fdu|L
tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgn] xouf] sfo{of]hgftkm{
"
;d'bfosf] cfly{s–;fdflhs l:ylt tyf ;]jf k|bfos kl/of]hgfn] s] s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
;+:yfx?df pgLx?sf] kxšr Pjd l5d]sL ;d'bfodf ;d]t
' ;d]t phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
1

10. @= ljlw
of] k|ltj]bg ^ j6f ;d'bfodf u/]sf] :ynut cWoogdf k'usf] lyof] . d'Vo hflgkmsf/x?;šusf] cGtjftf{ / nlIft
]
cfwfl/t 5 . of] cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ qmddf k|ZgfjnL ;d"x 5nkmnh:tf ;xeflutfTds dfWod / ljlwsf] k|of]u
/ lgb]l{ zsf tof/ ul/g'sf ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifodf ul/Psf u/]/ k|fylds tYofªsx? ;ªsng ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy}
ljutsf cWoogx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nx? / k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?;šu
{
nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . yf? ;d'bfosf
:ynut sfo{ yfNg' cufl8 d;L{ sf]/ / g]kfn /]8qm; k/Dk/fut g]tf eNfdG;f / pgsf ;xof]uL c3l/of,
;f];fO6L;šu 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;d'bfon] k|sf]k pk;ldltsf ;+of]hsx?, k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf :jo+;jsx?,
{ " ]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ckgfpšb} cfPsf ;kmn k|of;x?sf] ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyL{x?;šusf] s'/fsfgLaf6
;dLIff ul/Psf] lyof] . x;'lnofdf ePsf] kl/of]hgfsf :yfgLo pgLx?sf] k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0ftkm{sf] wf/0ff a'emg
sd{rf/Lx?;šusf] ;+lIfKt e]63f6df c;n cEof; / ;kmn ;xof]u k'usf] lyof] . k|sf]k Joj:yfkg / g;{/L Joj:yfkg
]
syfx?h:tf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx?af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf] ;ldltx?sf ;b:o;šusf] lx+8fOn] klg ;d'bfosf] oyfy{
lyof] . To:t}, lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šu ul/Psf] cj:yf a'emg ;xof]u k'usf] lyof] .
]
a}7saf6 cfk;L ;dGjo / ;+oGq klxrfg ug{ lgs} ;xof]u
#= xo"uf] sfo{of]hgf -;g @))%–@)!%_
xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfn] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{x? ug{df ;/sf/ / -$_ hf]lvdsf sf/s tTj Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
o;sf :yfgLo, If]qLo lgsfox? / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L -%_ k|sf]ksf] k"j{tof/Lsf nflu k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;anLs[t
;+:yf;šusf] ;dGjoaf6 alnof] cfwf/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . xo"uf] ug]{ .
sfo{of]hgf cGt{ut kfšrj6f k|fylds sfo{x? kb{5g .
tL x'g– xouf] sfo{of]hgfsf tLgj6f /0fgLlts nIox? /x]sf 5g M
"
-!_ /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut -s_ lbuf] ljsf; gLlt / of]hgfdf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{
;'b[9Ls/0fsf cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ PsLs[t ug]{ .
;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] . -v_ k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o tyf
-@_ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, d"Nofªsg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf ;fd'bflos tx;Dd ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] .
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . -u_ k|efljt ;d'bfosf] ;xof]usf] nflu cfkTsfnLg k"j{tof/L,
#_ 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf] pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds p4f/, /fxt tyf k'g{:yfkgfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg hf]lvd
;+:s[lt / k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] . Go"gLs/0fsf cEof;x?nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ .
2
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

11. $= xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf
xfl;n ug{ kl/of]hgfsf] of]ubfg
o; cWoog k|ltj]bgdf o; kl/of]hgfn] xouf] sfo{of]hgfn]
" :ki6 e"ldsf / pQ/bfloTjsf] jf]w u/fpg / k|sf]k hf]lvd
lnPsf cfkmgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{ / /0fgLlts nIox?nfO{ Go"gLs/0fsf ultljlwx?df a9L lhDd]jf/ u/fpg k|To]s
s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg]af/]df oyfy{ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt cGtu{t kfšrj6f pk;ldltx? Uf7g
{
ul/Psf 5g . h;cGtu{t k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltsf] ;b:o
{
$=! k|fyldstf !M /fli6«o / :yfgLo pk;ldltsf] kb]g ;b:o /xg] k|fjwfg 5 . o;n] k|sf]k
k|fyldstf cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'b9Ls/0fsf]
[ k"jtof/L ;ldlt / pk;ldltx?aLr hfgsf/L / cg'ejsf]
{
cfwf/df k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{ cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'Gf] u/]sf] 5 . Ifdtf
;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] . clej[l4 tflndx? / cGt/–;d'bfo e|d0fx?Dffk{mt oL
;ldltx?sf] ;anLs/0f ePsf] 5 . clxn] ;d'bfo / k|sf]k
s_ k|sf]k k"jtof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
{ k"jtof/L ;ldlt pgLx?;šu k|ofKt 1fg / ;Lk /x]sf] 5 eg]
{
ultljlwx? ;~rfngsf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t tL ;ldltx?n] :yfgLo:t/df af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{ /
;+:yfx?sf] ;anLs/0f ;ªs6fled'vtf 36fpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g .
Kfl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfodf :yfgLo dflg;x?nfO{ k|sf]k
k"jtof/L ;DaGwL ultljlwx?df k|fT;fxg u/L ;d'bfodf
{ ] v_ 1fg cfbfg–k|bfg ;+oGqsf] ljsf;
af9Lsf] hf]lvd sd ug{{ ^ j6f n}ªl us / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLk"0f{ o; kl/of]hgfn] 1fgsf] l;sfO{ / cfbfg–k|bfgsf] nflu
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx? Uf7g ul/Psf 5g -tflnsf @
{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdx?sf nflu
x]gf];_ . o;sf] cltl/Qm, lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] ckfªutf
{ k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?sf a}7sn] g} ;xefuL] 5gf}6 ug]{
{
ePsf] JolQm / Ps ljw'jf tyf Ps lgjf{lrt dlxnf endG;f k|lqmofn] ;fdflhs P]Soj4tf a9fpg'sf ;fy} lje]bLs/0fnfO{
;lxtsf] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt ;d]t u7g u/]sf] 5 . k|sf]k
{ sd u/]sf] 5 / tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0fsf nflu 5gf}6
k"jtof/L ;ldltn] ufpš:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šu ;dGjo /
{ ePsf ;xefuLx?n] yfxf kfPsf gofš ;"rgf, 1fg / ;LknfO{
;DjGw lj:tf/ ub{5g . oL ;+oGqx?n] kfn};šu ;|ftsf] ] k"jtof/L ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ ub{5g .
{
afš8kmfš8nfO{ k|fT;fxg ub{5g . o; jfx]s, nlntk'/ k|sf]k
]
k"jtof/L ;ldlt / km"njf/L uflj;aLrsf] ;dGjoaf6
{ u_ kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df cfly{s
;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ @ hgf 8'ªuf rfnsnfO{ ;'/lIft
kf/blz{tf sfod
Hofs]6 k|bfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . h;af6 cfsl:ds k|To]s k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] ;fwf/0f t/ k|efjsf/L
{
;dodf ;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos ;]jf lbg ;xof]u k'usf] 5 .
] pkfoaf6 cfly{s kf/blz{tfnfO{ sfod /fv]sf 5g . x/]s
;ldltsf] cfÎg} a+s vftf /x]sf] 5 . ;f] vftfdf kl/of]hgf
}
tflnsf @ k|sf]k k"j{tof/L ;ldltsf] n}+lus / hghflt l:ylt jf lhNnfsf cGo lgsfox?af6 pkNfAw u/fOPsf] /sd
uflj; ;d'bfox? ;b:ox? hghflt hDdf ul/Gf] ub{5 . vl/b tyf n]vf pk;ldltn] ;a} ljQLo
k'?if dlxnf s'n Yff? Af|f÷If] blnt s" n
km'njf/L nlntk'/ * % !# * @ # !# sf/f]jf/nfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] cfly{s lgod jdf]lhd Jojl:yt
x;'lnof df]xgk'/ * % !# !# ) ) !# u/]sf] 5 . ;d'bfo:t/df ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fnfO{ k"0f{
lzj/tgk'/ ^ & !# !@ ! ) !#
kj]/f lj;dk'/ ( $ !# !# ) ) !# ?kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 h:fdf kl/of]hgfsf ultljlwx?df
dgsfk'/ & ^ !# !@ ) ! !# x'g] ;a} vr{sf] af/]df k|f/lDes / clGtd r/0fdf Jofks
/tgk'/ Hf]lvofk'/ * % !# !# ) ) !#
s"n $^ #@ &* &! # $ &* 5nkmn x'g] ub{5 . x/]s dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? / sf/f]jf/x?nfO{
>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))&÷)*
b|i6AoM af÷If]– a|fDx0f÷If]qL
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
3

12. ;fd'bflos ;"rgfkf6Ldf tyf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltsf
{ 5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf o:tf] cfsl:ds sf]ifnfO{
sfof{nox?sf leQfdf 6fš:g] ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]k k"jtof/L
{ cfzfsf] ls/0fsf] ?kdf ufpšnx?n] lnPsf 5g . ljleGg
]
;ldlt / vl/b pk;ldltsf ;b:ox? ;fdfg vl/b k|lqmofdf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?nfO{ dfl;s ?kdf k|To]s kl/jf/n]
{
;xefuL x'g] ub{5g . h;af6 ljQLo kf/bzL{tf / hf]lvd ?= % b]lv !)) ;Dd / k|lt s77f hldgsf] Ps s]hL ux'š
afš8g] s'/f pRr x'G5 .
;xof]u ug{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g . o;/L ^ j6f kl/of]hgfsf
;d'bfox?af6 ?=&$,#)) art eO;s]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L
lj;gk'/ ;d'bfon] ?= @%,&)* / ;a}eGbf yf]/} hf]vlxofk'/
aS; ! ;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]u eGbf ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, 1fg /
;d'bfon] ?=%,(!( art u/]sf 5g . k|sf]k k"jtof/L {
;Lk a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g
;'?sf] ;dodf xfdL kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L;šu vf;} v';L lyPgf} . pgLx? ;ldltx?n] cfsl:ds sf] i fnfO{ a9fpg ljleGg
xfdLnfO{ tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0f uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'g lgdGq0ff ub{y] . cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ cg'z/0f u/]sf 5g . df]xgk'/ ;d'bfon]
hasL xfd|f] OR5f kl/of]hgfn] gbL lsgf/df tf/hfnLsf] 7f]Ss/ agfP/
;xof]u ul/of]; eGg] lyof] . t/ kl/of]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf x/]s tflnd
jiff{ofddf 8'ªuf ;~rfng u/]/ /sd ;ªsng ug]{ u/]sf] 5
tyf cled'vLs/0f uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL x'šbf xfdLn] :yfgLo:t/df pknAw . o:t}, lzj/Tfgk'/ ;d'bfon] klg kmfu', b]p;L–e}nf] sfo{qmdx?
1fg, ;|ft / ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 s;/L k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{
]
;lsG5 eg]/ j}slNks lqmofsnfkx?sf] af/]df a'‰g] df}sf kfof}+ . cem
;~rfng u/L ?= %^$ ;ªsng u/]sf] 5 . oBlk, o:tf
o:tf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL x'g kfpšbf tflndaf6 k|fKt 1fg s;/L sfo{qmdx? k/Dk/fut ePklg kl/of]hgfsf nflu /sd
cfbfg–k|bfg ug],{ ljQLo kf/blz{tf s;/L sfod ug],{ ;|ftsf] afš8kmfš8
] ;ªsngdf pkof]uL x'g ;Sb5 . lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] /sd
s;/L ;dtfd"ns agfpg] / :yfgLo txdf agfOPsf gLlt lgodx?nfO{
s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] af/]df w]/} s'/f hfGg] df}sf kfof}+ . jf:tjdf h'6fpg g;{/Laf6 lj?jf laqmL ug{] of]hgf ;d]t agfPsf] 5 .
;fdu|Lsf] ;xof]u eGbf klg ;"rgf, hfgsf/L, 1fg, ;Lk a9L dxTjk"0f{ x'g]
/x]5 .
>L vf]h /fd rf}w/L, dgsfk'/
-pkfWoIf, d'Qm sd}of ;dfh, s}nfnL_
kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf oL ^ j6f ;d'bfox?af6 k|sf]ksf]
;dodf l5d]sL ;ªs6fled'v ;d'bfox?n] ;xof]u kfPsf
3_ ;d'bfo:t/df :jLs[t gLlt lgodsf] cg';/0f 5g . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hªunL xfQLx¿n] ufpšdf cfP/
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] k|sf]k k"jtof/Lsf ultljlwx?
{ { cGgafnL / 3/x¿ gi6 u/]kl5 kLl8t aGg k'usf l5d]sL ]
;~rfng ug{ ljleGg gLlt lgodx? Nffu" u/]sf 5g . gbL j;Gtf ufpšnfO{ lzj/Tfgk'/ / dgsfk'/ ;d'bfon] cfkmgf]
lsgf/sf ;+/lIft If]q / j[If/f]k0f ul/Psf If]qdf rl/r/0f ug{ cfkTsfnLg sf]ifaf6 qmdzM &@ / &% s]hL wfg pkNfAw
glbg k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt / pk;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf]
{ u/fPsf lyP . o;/L oL ;d'bfox? cfk"m;šu cfsl:ds
lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] sf]if ePsf] sf/0f t'?Gt ;xof]u ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP
a}7sdf l9nf] cfpg] / ;fKtflxs ?kdf ul/g] ;/;kmfO{ . lj;gk'/ k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] sf]zL af9LkLl8tnfO{
{
cleofgdf ;xefuL c:jLsf/ ug]{ ;b:ox?nfO{ hl/jfgf b'O{ lSjG6n ux'š ;xof]u ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] t/ c;f]h
ug]{ ub{5 . vf]h tyf p4f/ pk;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] Aff9Lsf] dlxgfdf pgLx? cfk}m af9Laf6 kLl8t ePkl5 ;f] lg0f{onfO{
cg'udg tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fO/g ahfpg' kg]{ bfloTj :ylut ug{ afWo ePsf lyP . o:tf k|of;x?n] pgLx?df k|sf]k
/x]sf] x'G5 . To:t}, vl/b tyf n]vf ;ldltsf ;b:ox? hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;fd'lxs efjgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]Vg
;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] ub{5g . ;d'bfo:t/df ;lsG5 . To:t}, oL k|of;x?n] ufpšnx?aLr ;fdflhs P]Soa4tfsf]
]
:jLs[t d"No dfGotfsf] cg';/0faf6 ;d'bfox?nfO{ k|sf]k efjgf hfu[t x'g ;xof]u k'usf] 5 / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
]
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'usf] 5 .
] kxnx?df ;fd"lxs efjgfnfO{ cem a9fpg d4t k'usf] 5 . ]
8=_ ;dGoflos 9ªuaf6 ;|ftsf] af“8kmf“8 u/L
] r_ ;d'bfo / uflj;:t/df k|sf]k k"jtof/L
{
cfsl:ds sf]if :yfkgf of]hgfx?sf] th'df
{
;dGoflos ;|ft ;+oGqn] cfkTfsflng cj:yfsf nflu gub
] x/]s k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn] ;d'bfo:t/df k|sf]k k"jtof/L
{ {
tyf lhG;L ;ªsng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5 . x/]s of]hgf th'df ubf{ ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, p4f/ tyf /fxtsf
{
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] k|sf]k k"jtof/L / p4f/sf
{ { sfo{, ;fd'bflos g;{/L Joj:yfkg, gbL lsgf/sf] ;+/If0f,
ultljlwsf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfsl:ds sf]ifx?sf] :yfkgf ;'/lIft dfu{sf] lgdf{0f, gbL cg'udgsf] nflu e"ldsf
u/]sf 5g . o:tf] sf]ifaf6 k|sf]ksf] ;dodf tTsfn p4f/ tyf pQ/bfloTjx?sf] afš8kmfš8 / k"j;rgf ;fdu|Lx?sf]
{ "
tyf /fxtsf nflu :yfgLo ;|ftsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf]
] Joj:yfkg tyf dd{t h:tf ultljlwx?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf
4
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

13. 5g . o:tf of]hgfx? :yfgLo:t/df g} th'df eO{ :yfgLo
{
;|ftsf] kl/rfng u/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] oxfšsf] ;d'bfosf]
]
nflu of] klxnf] k6s xf] . tL of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf
uflj; / lhNnf txaf6 yk ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ pgLx?n]
cfzf /fv]sf 5g .
kl/of]hgfn] x/]s uflj;df ufpš k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
;ldltx?sf] u7g u/L uflj;sf of]hgfx?df ;d'bfo:t/sf
k"j{tof/Lsf of]hgfx?nfO{ cfj4 ug]{ sfo{sf] ;xhLs/0f
u/]sf] 5 . ^ j6f kl/of]hgf ;d'bfox?sf] e|d0fkl5
uflj;sf ;fem]bf/x? o; lsl;dsf] ;dGjo u/fpg
pT;flxt ePsf 5g . lgZro g} eljiodf ;d'bfo txsf
k|sf]k k"j{tof/L of]hgfx? Ufflj;sf ljsf; of]hgfx?df
;dfj]z x'g5g . uflj;sf ;lrjx? Uffpš k|sf]k Joj:yfkg
]
;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g / uflj;:t/sf] uflj;:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] a}7s
k|sf]k k"jtof/L of]hgfx?sf] th{'df ubf{ ;d'bfo:t/sf
{ hf]lvd / ;ªs6fled'vtfsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo
of]hgfx?nfO{ Plss[t ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o; hgtfn] af9LnfO{ pgLx?sf] If]qdf k|dv vt/fsf] ?kdf
'
k| o f;n] ;fd' b flos k| s f] k k" j { t of/L of] h gfx?sf] klxrfg ug{ yfn]sf 5g . pgLx?sf] ;ªs6fled'vtf a[l4
sfof{Gjogdf uflj; txdf ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ 9f]sf ug]{ d'Vo sf/0f pgLx?df /x]sf] c1fgtf, ;fdflhs cg]stf,
v'nsf] 5 . x;'lnof uflj;n] lzj/tgk'/ k|sf]k k"jtof/L
] { xf]rf] e"efu, gbL lsgf/f glhs cJojl:yt a;fO, sdhf]/
;ldltnfO{ 8'ªuf lgdf{0fsf nflu ?= %,))) /sd pknAw
;fdflhs ;ªu7g / k|ofKt k"jtof/Lsf] sdL /x]sf] 5 .
{
u/fPsf] lyof] . lzj/tgk'/af6 pTk|l] /t eO{ cGo k|sf]k
k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] klg cfkmgf uflj;x?af6 /sd
{ aS; @ ;|f]tsf] vf]hL ug{ ca xfdLnfO{ 8/ 5}g
Nofpg] of]hgf agfPsf 5g . Pp6f ;fd'bflos k|sf]k ha lzj/tgk'/ ;d'bfon] x;'lnof uflj;af6 8'¨f agfpg ;xof]u k|fKt
u¥of], xfdLn] klg jfof]–OlGhlgol/Ësf] sfo{ yk 7fp“df ;~rfng ug{sf
k"j{tof/L of]hgfx? Ufflj;sf] of]hgfdf cfj4 x'g'n] tL nflu uflj;;“u ;xof]u dfUg] t/v/df 5f}+ . o;af6 jf:tjdf uflj;sf]
of]hgfx? :jtM s}nfnL lhNnfsf] of]hgfdf klg cfj4 ;|ftdf xfd|f] clwsf/ x'G5 eGg] klg xfdLnfO{ yfxf eof] . ha ;fd'bflos
]
x'g]5g / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] ljifo lhNnfsf k|sf]k of]hgfx? Ufflj;:t/Lo of]hgfdf ;dflxt x'G5g, ta ;fd'bflos
k|sf]k of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ uflj;sf] ;|ft k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt
] ]
gLlt, of]hgf / sfof{Gjogx?df d"nk|jfxLs/0f x'g5 . ] /xg]5 . xfdLnfO{ ;|ftsf] vf]hL ug{ Tolt ufx|f] x'g] 5}g lsgsL uflj;:t/Lo
]
k|sf]k of]hgfsf] ;DaGw lhlj;;“u x'g5 .]
;+If]kdf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?sf] ;jnLs/0fn] k|sf]k >L 5]b/fd rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt, hf]vlxofk'/
' {
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;~rfng ug{, 1fg cfbfg–
k|bfgsf] ljsf; ug{, kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df ljQLo o;/L ;ªs6fled'v / Ifdtf klxrfgsf cEof;x¿af6
kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg tyf ;d'bfo Pjd uflj; txdf k|sf]k vt/fnfO{ sd ug]{ lbzfdf k|efjsf/L kmfObf k'usf] 5 .
]
k"jtof/L of]hgfx?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
{ kl/of]hgfsf ;d'bfox? af9L k|efljt If]qsf] klxrfg ug{ /
;Defljt af9Lsf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ ;r]t ePsf 5g .
$=@ k|fyldstf @ M k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd klxrfg, Ifdtf clej[l4af6 ;d'bfodf af9Lsf] lx;fjn] sd, dWod /
d"Nofªsg / cg'udg ug]{ tyf k"j{;"rgf pRr vt/fo'Qm If]q klxrfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
s= hf]lvdsf] klxrfg / kx'rsf nflu 1fg /
“ olb af9Lsf] kfgL dWod / pRr hf]lvd If]qdf k:of] eg]
;Lksf] ljsf; hLjg / dxTjk"0f{ wg;DklQ arfpgsf] nflu tof/Lx¿ z'?
kl/of]hgfn] x/]s ;d'bfodf ;ªs6fled'v / Ifdtf ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;g @))* ;]K6]Da/sf] af9Lsf] ;dodf
cEof;sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfosf] ef}lts, wf/0ffut / ;fdflhs :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿n] af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{ l;s]sf
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
5

14. tflnsf # ljleGg If]qdf cfpg] af9Lsf] cg'dflgt ;do cg'udg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 / To;af/] s;/L ;"rgf ;Dk|if0f]
gbL :yfg cg'dflgt 306f ;'emfj lbOPsf] x'g] ub{5 eGg]af/]df :ki6 ePsf 5g . ltgLx?n] jiff{sf]
;do
Dff]xf]gf Dfnfv]tLb]lv lj;gk'/ ( * ;fdfGo / vt/fsf] txsf af/]df hfGg'sf ;fy} s;/L
Dfnfv]tLb]lv aG;f/ # @=%
eG;f/b]lv la;gk'/ ^ % ;d'bfonfO{ k"jtof/Lsf cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df
{
v'6Lof v'l6of d'8L aG;f/b]lv !) ( klg ;r]t ePsf 5g . -tflnsf $ x]gf];_{
la;gk'/
Uff}/L uªuf /fhdfu{bl] v nlntk'/ # @=%
s6}gL /fhdfu{bl] v dlgsfk'/ $=@ #=%
af9Lsf] vt/fsf] af/]df ;"rgf ;Dk|if0fsf] ;+oGq tof/ ePsf]
]
;|ft M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))*
]
5 . ;d'bfo:t/df c3l/of jf k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltn]
{
;Lk / 1fgx¿sf] clwstd k|of]u u/]sf lyP . :yfgLo ;d'bfo tf]ssf] s'g} JolQmn] af9Lsf] txaf/] cg'udg ug]{ ub{5 .
]
dflyNnf] hnfwf/ If]qdf cfPsf] af9L kl/of]hgf If]qdf cfO{ k'Ug k/Dk/fut k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf cEof;x? ljkl/t sfo{ ug'{
{ "
slt ;do nfU5 eGg] af/]df ;d]t hflgkmsf/ ePsf 5g . hn kl/of]hgfsf] k|fjwfg xf]Og . x/]s ;d'bfodf vt/f cg'udgsf
tyf df};d lj1fg ljefu lkmN8 clkm;;šusf] ;xsfo{df af9L cEof;x? km/s km/s x'g] ub{5g . h:t} M lzj/tgk'/
;DaGwL k"j;rgf tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfosf] nflu pknAw u/fPsf]
{ " ;d'bfodf ljxfg ( ah] / a]nsf * ah] u/L lbgdf b'O{ k6s
'
5 . vt/fsf] ;Defjgf sd ug{sf nflu af9Lsf] ;"rgf af9Lsf] cg'udg ug{ Pp6f 6f]nL g} u7g ul/Psf] 5 eg]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] ;doeGbf cfwf 306f klxn] kl/of]hgf /x]sf] lj;gk'/ ;d'bfodf ljxfg % ah], lbp;f] ! ah] / /flt ( ah]
;d'bfodf Psaf6 csf]{ ub}{ km}nfOPsf] lyof] . oL ;"rgfx?n] u/L b}lgs # k6s k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf ;+of]hs cfkm}n] af9Lsf]
{ " +
;dodf g} ;Dk|if0f ePdf pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg w]/}
] cg'udg ug]{ ub{5g . cg'udgstf{sf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu Pp6f
;xof]uL x'g] ;d'bfon] ;f]rsf 5g .
] 5ftf, Knfli6ssf] h'Qf, 6r{nfO6 / jiff{bL pknAw u/fPsf]
5 . clzlIft JolQmn] klg a'‰g] u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
v= vt/f cg'udg :yfgLo cEof;x? th'df ul/Psf 5g . x/]s ;d'bfon] gbL
{
kl/of]hgfn] vt/f cg'udgsf nflu hnfwf/ / ;d'bfo:t/Lo lsgf/df kx]nf] tyf /ftf] /ªu nufOPsf] sf7af6 lgld{t
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . kfšrj6f dflyNnf]t6Lo vDafsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
If]qdf jiff{dfkg s]Gb| / ^ j6f dflyNnf]t6Lo tyf tLgj6f
tNnf]t6Lo hndfkg s]Gb|sf] k|of]u u/]kl5 af9Lsf] hf]lvdx?sf] kx]nf] lrGxdf kfgLsf] ;tx k'ukl5 k"jtof/L ug'kg]{ ;ªst
+ ] { { ]
cg'udg ug{ ;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfx? ;Ifd ePsf 5g . ub{5 eg] /ftf] lrGxdf k'ukl5 t'?Gt ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg'kg]tkm{
] {
kl/of]hgfn] tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfox?nfO{ kfgLsf] ;txsf] af/]df ;r]t ub{5 . o:t}, k|lt 306f !!) b]lv !%) ldlnld6/ jiff{
306}lkR5] tYofªsx? pknAw u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt / k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf ;+of]hsx?n]]
{ { " aS; # ljutsf af9Laf6 xfd|f] ;d'bfodf sf]xL xtfxt
gePsf]df xfdLnfO{ uj{ 5
dflyNnf]t6Lo jiff{dfkg s]Gb|x?;šu ;"rgf lng / To;af/] k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;kmntd k|of; / ljleGg Ifdtfd"ns ultljlwx?sf] ;o+Qm
{ " '
;d'bfox?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg lhDd]jf/ ePsf 5g . rf/j6f k|of;af6 kl/of]hgf If]qsf ;d'bfox?df ljut af9Lsf] ;dodf sf]xL klg xtfxt
ePgg . hasL kl/of]hgfsf] l5d]sL ufpšx?df @$ hgfsf] af9Lsf] sf/0faf6
jiff{dfkg s]Gb| / rf/j6f hndfkg s]Gb|x?sf] cjnf]sg Hofg uof] . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] :yfgLo jfl;Gbf k"0f{?kdf tof/Lsf ;fy
e|d0fkl5 k|sf]k k"jtof/L tyf k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf pk;ldltsf
{ { " /xg ;s]sf] v08df af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
>L 5]b'/fd rf}w/L, lzIfs x;'lnof
;b:ox? Kflg s;/L jiff{kl5 kfgLsf] ;tx a95, To;sf]
tflnsf $ vt/fdf /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;tx
gbL :yfg ;/b/ af9Lsf] tx af9Lsf] r]tfjgL tx -klxnf] r/0f_ af9Lsf] r]tfjgL tx-bf]>f]r/0f_
tof/L cj:yf hfg z'? hfg]
Dff]xf]gf Dffnfv]tL @=) ld @=% ld #=$ ld
v'6Lof d'8L aG;f/ @=! ld #=^ ld $=* ld
lzj uªuf /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=% ld !=* ld @=% ld
u'?xf /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=@ ld !=% ld @ ld
s6}gL /fhdfu{sf] k'n !=* ld @=@ ld @=* ld
>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))*
6
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

15. af9Ldfks sf7]vDaf
af9Lsf] hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg ;lsG5
. oBlk, ;'/lIft jf;:yfgsf] b'/L, ;d'bfosf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df
pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg] ;do eg] km/s x'g ;S5
. h]xf];, ^ j6} ;d'bfox? pgLx?sf ;a} ;b:ox?nfO{
To:tf vt/fsf] cj:yfdf klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf n}hfg ;Ifd
ePsf 5g .
aS; % nfO{km Hofs]6 b'Mvsf] a]nfsf] ;fyL ;fljt ePsf] 5 .
cfkTsfnLg afs; pknAw u/fpg]h:tf] kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{nfO{ xfdLn]
ePdf dflg;nfO{ klxnf] ;r]t u/fpš5 eg] !%! b]lv @)) ;x|fxgf u/]sf 5f}+ . To;df klg nfO{km Hofs]6 b'Mvsf] a]nfsf] ;fyL
ldlnld6/;Dd k/]df bf];f| ] / @)) ldlnld6/ eGbf a9L jiff{ ;fljt ePsf] 5 . ut jif{sf] jiff{tsf] /ftsf] ;do ePsf]n] 3'/fxf
ePdf t];f| ] k6s ;r]t u/fOG5 . o:tf] ;r]ttf :yfgLo gbLdf 8'ªuf rnfpg ;Dej lyPg . >LdtLsf] clGtd ;+:sf/ ug]{
;do;Dd pgL 3/ k'Ug ;kmn eP . ha pgL;+u xfd|f] e]6 x'G5, Tof]
PkmPd /]l8of]dfkm{t u/fOG5 . lbg Hofs]6n] k'¥ofPsf] d2tnfO{ pgL ;+Demgf u5{g . jf:tjdf nfO{km
Hofs]6n] af9Lsf] avtdf w]/} JolQmsf] Hofg arfpg'sf] ;fy} o:tf]
k|sf]ksf] ;dodf k|x/LnfO{ p4f/ ug{ ;d]t ;xof]uL ag]sf] 5 .
u_ k"j;rgf ;Dk|if0f
{ " ] >LdtL /fhs'df/L rf}w/L nlntk'/, km'njf/L
lhNnf:t/Lo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;šusf] ;dGjodf kl/of]hgfn]
tflnd tyf ;fdfu|L Pjd :yfgLo 1fgdf cfwfl/t k"j;rgf{ "
k|0ffnLx?sf cEof;x?dfkm{t ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df ;"rgf ;Dk|if0fdf :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of]x? lgs} k|efjsf/L
]
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . k"j;rgfsf ;Gb]zx? ;Dk|if0fnfO{ ;xh
{ " ] /x]sf 5g . kl/of]hgfn] cfkTsfnLg ;dfrf/x? tyf df};d
agfpgsfnflu kl/of]hgfaf6 rf/j6f tNnf]t6Lo / kfšrj6f ;DaGwL a'nl] 6gx? :yfgLo ;d'bfox?df k|efjsf/L 9ªuaf6
dflyNnf] t6Lo jiff{ tyf kfgLsf] ;tx dfkg s]Gb|df gf} j6f ;Dk|if0f ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo PkmPdnfO{ kl/rfng u/]sf] 5 .
]
;L8LPdP kmf]g / x/]s ;d'bfodf Ps÷Psj6f xftn] ;~rfng la=; @)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;dodf klg kl/of]hgf
ug{ ;lsg] ;fO/g klg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . la=; @)^% ;~rflnt ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] ;d'bfosf] cj:yfsf af/]df
c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf af/]df k"j;rgf ;Dk|if0f ug{ oL b'O{
{ " ] PkmPd, /]l8of]x?dfkm{t ;DjlGwt cflwsfl/s lgsfox?df
k|ljlw lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, af9Lsf] k|sf]k k'¥ofpg / tTsfn /fxt ;xof]usf sfo{x? ug{ bjfa lbPsf]
cfPsf] cj:yfdf To;af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg ;d'bfonfO{ lyof] . k"j;rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog
{ "
cfjZos 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ / ;~rf/ dfWodx?sf af/]df klg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodx?;šu ;xsfo{ ug'{
hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] lyof] . k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g;Sb5 . lhNnf:t/Lo lgsfox?;šusf]
;+oQm k|of;df hnfwf/ txdf k"j;rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{
' { "
o:tf ;fdfGo ;+oGqx?n] klg a'9fa'9L, uef{j:yfsf dlxnf,
' ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . lhNnfsf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
:tgkfg u/fpg' kg]{ cfdfx?, jfnjflnsf, ufO{j:t'nfO{ k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nosf] ;+of]hsTjdf
k"j;rgf l8hfOg ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;ldltn]
{ "
aS; $ k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnLaf/] ;fgf 1fgsf k|j4{gfTds 1fg hnfwf/ txsf] k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;jnLs/0fdf cfjZos
{ "
cjnf]sg e|d0fdf uPsf] a]nf kfgLsf] ;tx / af9L cg'udg s]Gb| tyf hn tyf >f]tx? k|bfg ug'sf ;fy} tNnf]t6Lo ;d'bfox?sf] ;jnLs/0f
{
df};d ljefusf k|fljlws Pjd :yfgLo sd{rf/Lx?;šu cGt{lqmof ug'cl3;Dd {
/]l8of] / 6]lnlehgaf6 k|zfl/t k|ltj]bgx?af6 dfq xfdLn] df};dsf] af/]df a'em]sf ug{ klg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 .
lyPgf}+ . tL k|ltj]bgx? xfd|f nflu pkof]uL 5}gg lsgsL xfdLn] o;sf k|fljlws
zAbx?sf] cy{ a'embgf}+ . /ftf] / kx]nf] vfnsf sf7af6 lgld{t kf]i6x?sf] :yfkgf
} +
ePsf b]Vbf xfdL cfZro{rlst ePsf 5f}+ . h'g rfxL++ k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu
{ "
kl/of]hgfn] ^ j6} ;d'bfox?nfO{ cfkTsfnLg tyf k|fylds
;"rgf ;ªsng ug{ pkof]uL /x]5g . cWoog e|d0faf6 af9Lsf] ;txaf/] a'emg pkrf/ ;fdfu|Lx? klg pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . tL ;fdfu|Lx?
tyf dflyNnf] efudf cfPsf] 7"nf] af9L xfd|f] ;d'bfo;šu k'Ug nfUg] cg'dflgt
;dosf] af/]df klg xfdLnfO{ 1fg eof] . k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu o:tf ;"rgfx?
{ "
Vff]h tyf p4f/ sfo{df ;lhn} n}hfg ;lsG5 . cfkTsflng
;fx|} pkof]uL x'G5g . jf:tjdf ;–;fgf kxnx? Kflg k"j;rgf k|0ffnLsf] nflu ;fx|}
{ " ;dodf k|of]usf nflu nfOkm Hofs]6x?, ;'/lIft emf]nf,
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g .
Sof/fljgf, 6oa, 8f]/L, x]Nd]6, xftn] rnfpg ;lsg] ;fO/g
"
>LdtL ufGwjLb]jL rf}w/L, ;+of]hs, k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL pk;ldlt, dgsfk'/
/ :6«r/h:tf ;fdfu|Lx? pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . ut jif{sf]
]
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
7

16. vf]h tyf p4f/sf] jvt nfOkm Hofs]6sf] k|of]u
af9L ;DaGwL ljljw hfgsf/Lx?, af9Lsf] hf]lvd / To;af6
;'/lIft x'g ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLltsf af/]df ;d]t ;"rgfx?
;Dk|if0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;"rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfg / 1fg clej[l4sf
]
nflu kl/of]hgfn] ljleGg hfgsf/Lx? Pjd ;"rgf, lzIff /
;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . To:t}, lel8of]
k|bz{gL, cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] cfof]hgf, ;8s gf6sx? k|bz{gL
/ k"j;rgf k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k"jf{Eof;df ;xhLs/0f ;d]t
{ "
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
s_ r]tgf clej[l4sf] nflu ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/
;fdu|Lx?sf] cxd e"ldsf x'G5 .
;"rgf Pjd 1fgsf] cfbfg–k|bfgsf nflu ;"rgf, lzIff /
;~rf/ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] dxÎjk"0f e"ldsf x'G5 . kl/of]hgfn]
{
rf/ k|sf/sf kf]i6/x?, b'O{ k|sf/sf rf6{x? k|sfzg /
ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . o:tf ;fdu|Lx?sf] l8hfOg ug'cl3 ;d'bfosf
{
cu'jfx?, kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/L, s]o/ g]kfn / ltgsf :yfgLo
;fem]bf/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf nufot lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?
dfem uf]i7Lsf] klg cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm uf]i7Ldf
jiff{ofddf o:tf ;fdfu|Lx? lgs} pkof]uL ePsf lyP . lj=; ;xefuLx?n] :yfgLo Hffltsf] /xg;xg / ;+:s[ltnfO{ Wofgdf
@)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] af9Lsf] ;dodf df]xgk'/sf /fvL ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?df /flvg'kg]{ lrq tyf
afl;Gbfx?n] oL ;fdu|Lx?sf] k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] hLjg arfpg ;Gb]zsf] af/]df 5nkmn Pjd lrqx? lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP .
;s]sf lyP . lzj/tgk'/df Pshgf JolQm nfOkm Hofs]6sf] ;f]xL uf]i7Lsf ;xefuLx?4f/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf lrqx?nfO{
;xfotfn] 8'Agaf6 aRg ;kmn ePsf lyP . af9Lsf] ;dodf ;xL ?kdf ptf/ ug{sf] nflu Ps :yfgLo Ps snfsf/nfO{
k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] klg lgs} k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . ;d]t lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L o:tf ;fdu|Lx? tof/
k|fylds pkrf/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf dlxnf ug{eGbf cufl8 ;d'bfosf] k[i7kf]if0f klg lnOPsf] lyof] / k|sf]k
'
:jf:Yo :jod;l] jsfnfO{ lbOPsf] x'G5 h;n] ubf{ :yfgLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / /f]syfdsf af/]df k9g / a'‰g ;lsg] tyf
jfl;GbfnfO{ ;]jf lbg ;lhnf] x'g hfG5 . dflg;x?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ pTk]/0ff lbg] /
|
pT;flxt ug]{ vfnsf ;fdu|Lx? tof/ ul/Psf]] lyof] .
;ªIf]kdf, k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Pjd k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd ;fdgf
af9Lsf] k"j{tof/L ;DaGwL ;~rf/ ;fdfu|L
ug]af/] 1fgsf] ljsf; / pko'Qm lbuf] /0fgLlt cjnDjg ugf{n]
{
k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] klxrfg Pj+ k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgs} ;lhnf]
ePsf] 5 . ljz]if hf]lvd / vt/faf/] ljBdfg :yfgLo 1fgsf
cfwf/df k"j;rgf k|0ffnLx? :yfkgf u/L ;"rgfx? ;fwf/0f
{ "
tyf a'‰g ;lsg] efiffdf ;Dk|if0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
]
$=# k|fyldstf # M 1fg, vf]h / lzIffsf]
pkof]u u/]/ ;a} txdf ;'/IffTds ;+:s[lt /
k|sf]k ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .
;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg Pjd cfbfg–k|bfg M kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf
;d'bfo / To;sf l5d]sL ;d'bfox?df ;d]t kl/of]hgfn]
8
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

17. kl/of]hgfn] ;"rgfsf] k|jfx gofš / rfvnfUbf] 9ªuaf6 ug]{ s]hLsf b/n] ;ªsng u/L_ af6 cGg j[l4 ug{ yfn]sf 5g .
cjwf/0f agfPsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ;xhstf{x?n] x/]s ;"rgf, ;fš:s[lts / wfld{s kj{x? h:t} df3df kg]{ kmfu' / sflt{sdf
z}lIfs / ;~rf/ ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ k|f9 l;sfO{ ljlw cg';f/ 3/3/df
} kg]{ b]p;L e}nf]af6 gub tyf cGgjfnL ;ªsng ug]{ k/Dk/fdf
uO{ ;Dk|i] f0f u/]sf lyP . ;xhstf{x?n] o;af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L j[l4 x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
u/fPsf lyP . o;/L cGt{lqmofTds 9ªuaf6 tL ;fdu|Lx?sf]
d'Vo ;Gb]zsf af/]df lbOPsf] hfgsf/Ln] ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] u_ ;8s gf6s M r]tgf clej[l4sf] nflu Ps
k|sf]k ;DaGwL a'emfO{ cem j[l4 ePsf] 5 . k|efjsf/L dfWod M
;8s gf6s clzlIft ju{nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf ;';l" rt
v_ cGt/–cjnf]sg e|d0f M :yfgLo hgtfsf] u/fpg Ps k|efjsf/L / dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . ;8s gf6s,
l;sfO{ k|of]uzfnf k|sf]k k"jtof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?sf
{
cGo ;d'bfon] u/]sf /fd|f cEof; / cg'ejx? l;Sg / af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;zQm dfWod ePsf] :yfgLo
cg';/0f ug{ cGt/ ;d'bfo cjnf]sg e|d0f lgs} k|efjsf/L hg;d'bfox? atfpš5g . :yfgLo k|lzlIft o"jf ufpšnx?af6}
]
dfWod xf] . o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cGo :yfgLo efiffdf k|bz{g ul/g] ePsf]n] ;8s gf6s hLjGt
b'Oj6f ;d'bfosf] e|d0f u/fO{ cGo ;d'bfon] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf
{ x'gsf] ;fy} To;sf] ;Gb]z ;lhn};šu u|x0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf]
'
nflu u/]sf /fd|f cEof; / l;sfOnfO{ cg';/0f ug{ hf]8 x'G5 . ;8s gf6s 6f]nLn] :yfgLo lbg]z PkmPdaf6 klg
lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf e|d0fx?nfO{ dflg;x?n] l;sfO{ k|of]uzfnfsf] k|sf]k;šu ;DalGwt ;Gb]zx? ;Dk|if0f u/]sf 5g . hf]vlxofk'/
]
?kdf lnPsf 5g lsgeg] b]vsf] s'/f ljZjf; ug{ / cfTd;ft
] ;d'bfosf] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf cg';f/ ;8s
{
ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . /tgk'/ uflj;sf] kl/of]hgf eGbf aflx/sf] gf6sx?af6 l;s]sf] 1fgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ @)^% ;fn c;f]h
;d'bfo df]xgk'/n] ka]/f uflj;sf] lj;gk'/df ul/Psf] afš;sf] dlxgfdf cfPsf] af9Laf6 hf]vlxofk'/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?
k|of]u4f/f gbL lgoGq0f sfo{sf] cg';/0f u/]/ cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf ;'/lIft :yfgdf hfg ;Ifd ePsf lyP . xfn;Dd
ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] sfdsf] nflu vfBfGg sfo{qmddfkm{t kl/of]hgfaf6 @$ hgf :yfgLo o'jfx? ;8s gf6s k|:t'tLs/0f
afš;af6 ;+/If0f sfo{sf] yfngL ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ug{ k|lzlIft ePsf 5g . ;fy}, sl/a !^ xhf/ dflg;x?n]
lj;gk'/df ePsf] cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] l;sfOaf6 km'njf/L ljBfno / ;d'bfox?df k|:t't ul/Psf] ;8s gf6sx?
uflj;sf] nlntk'/ ;d'bfon]] jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{sf] cjnf]sg ul/;s]sf 5g .
;+/If0fsf nflu sf7sf :k/x? lgdf{0f ug{ pT;flxt ePsf
;8sgf6s cjnf]sgsf] b[Zo
5g . o:tf jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{af6 pT;flxt eO{ kl/of]hgf
If]q jflx/ /x]sf] km'njf/L–& lzjtfnn] !)) ld6/sf] jfof]–
OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L s[i0fgu/ / let]l/of
;d'bfox?n] klg cfkmgf]] ;d'bfodf jfof]–OlGhlgol/¨ sfo{
sfof{Gjog ug{ lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no;šu /sd pknAw
u/fpg cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g . lzj/tgk'/sf] pbfx/0faf6 pT;flxt
eO{ cGo ;d'bfox?n] klg cfsl:ds sf]if -k|lt s¶f Ps
aS; ^ :yfgLo ;|ft kl/rfng ug{ ;8s gf6s ;xof]uL ePsf] 5
]
dnfO{ ;fšRr} ;8s gf6s dg k¥of] . gf6sdf p7fPsf ljifoj:t'n]
d]/f] d'6' 5f]of] . d]/f cfšvf Tolta]nf cfš;n] el/P, hlta]nf gf6ssf]
'
Pp6f kfqsf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ Jojxf/n] p;sf] / p;sf] kl/jf/ s;/L 3_ lel8of] j[QlrqM c¿sf] cg'ejaf6 l;sfO{
;ªs6u|:t cj:yfdf k'Uof] eg]/ b]vfOPsf] lyof] . c?sf] cfšvf klg
cfš;n] el/Psf lyP . gf6s x]/kl5 jf:tjdf jfXo ;|ftsf] vf]hLdf
' ] ] lel8of] j[Qlrqx?n] bz{sx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
dfq e/ gk/]/ :yfgLo:t/af6} klg ;|ftsf] vf]hL u/L k|sf]k hf]lvd
] ug{sf nflu clek|l] /t ub{5 . kl/of]hgf cGt{utsf x/]s
Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf lbg ;lsG5 eGg] l;sfO{ eof] . xfdLn] ;'gsf 5f},+
] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] cfsl:ds sf]ifsf] /sdaf6
{
kl/of]hgf xfdL;šu ;w}el/ sfd ub}g . {
>LdtL ljlgtf rf}w/L, sf]iffWoIf, k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldlt, x;'l} nof–$, df]xgk'/
" {
cfkmgf] ;d'bfodf lel8of] j[Qlrq k|bzgL ug]{ u/]sf 5g .
{
o:tf j[Qlrqx?df k|sf]kaf6 pRr hf]lvdsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
9

18. ;d'bfosf dflg;n] cjnDag u/]sf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf lzIff / tflnddfkm{t ;Lk / 1fgdf clej[l4 M
kxnx?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] x'G5 . ;8s gf6sn] kl/of]hgfn] vf;u/L ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?, ljBfnosf lzIfs
h:t} lel8of]n] klg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf ljljw ultljlwx?nfO{ tyf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ k|sf]k k"jtof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f
{
/fd|f;u ;';l" rt ug]{ x'gfn] o;n] clzlIft ;d'bfoaLr hfu/0f
] š ;DaGwL 1fgx? k|jfx ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fd'bfodf
Nofpg ;kmn b]lvPsf] 5 . cfwfl/t tflndx?dfkm{t :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ;d'bfosf]
k|sf]k;šu ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ d4t u/]sf] 5
ª_ k"j;rgf k|0ffnL k"jf{Eof;M cfTdljZjf;df
{ " -tflnsf % x]gf];_ kl/of]hgf4f/f ;~rflnt ul/Psf s]xL
{
clej[l4 tflndsf] pknlAwx? tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
k"j;rgf k|0ffnL / ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0fsf k"jf{Eof;x?n]
{ "
;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f x'g] / k"j;rgf { " c_ ;d'bflos kl/rfng tflnd M o; lsl;dsf] tflndn]
k|0ffnL ;DaGwL 1fg / ;LknfO{ cem j[l4 ug'sf ;fy} { af9Lsf] hf]lvdnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;fdflhs Pstf / P]Soa4tfsf]
:yfgLo of]hgf / cEof;x?df cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug{ vFfrf] cf}Nofpšb5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k, k|sf]k k"jtof/L{
;xof]u k'¥ofpš5 . ;d'bfon] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ;fd'bflos ;ldltx? / ltgsf pk;ldltx?sf] u7g ePsf 5g .
:yfgfGt/0f Pjd cfkTfsfnLg of]hgfsf r/0f cg';f/ / tflndsf ;xefuLx?n] cfkm"n] hfg]sf 1fg / ;LknfO{ cf–
kl/of]hgfcGtu{t pknAw u/fOPsf ;/;fdfgsf] k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf o:t} vfnsf tflndx? cfof]hgf u/L
kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ;d'bfon] o:tf cEof;x? ug]{ ub{5g . l;sfpg] ub{5g . o;af6 ;xefuLx?df Pstf g} zlQm xf]
o:tf] k"jf{Eof;sf] klxnf] r/0fdf dflyNnf]t6Lo cg'udg eGg] cg'el" t x'gsf] ;fy} ;fdflhs P]Soa4tf / ;f}xfb|tfnfO{
' {
s]Gb|af6 af9Lsf] vt/fsf] ;Gb]z k7fpg] ul/G5 . To; a9fPsf] 5 . o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f nlntk'/df b]Vg
kZrftsf r/0fx?df ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f, vf]h tyf p4f/, ;lsG5, hxfš ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] af/]df yf? / blnt
k|fylds pkrf/, j;f]jf; Joj:yfkg, /fxt ;fdu|L ljt/0f ;d'bfoaLr Ps bzsb]lv /x]sf] ljjfb clxn] ;dfwfg ePsf]
tyf k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf k"jf{Eof;x? kb{5g . ;d'bfodf 5 . o:tf tflndx?af6 pT;flxt eO{ kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf
k"jf{Eof; ul/;s]kZrft dgsfk'/ / lj;gk'/ ;d'bfosf k|sf]k ;d'bfox?n] cfˆgf] l5d]sL ;d'bfox?nfO{ klg tflnd, ;8s
k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] pgLx?sf ;'/lIft :yfgfGt/0f of]hgfnfO{
{ gf6s, ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/;DaGwL 3/b}nf] cleofgdf
kl/dfh{g u/L To;nfO{ oyfy{k/s agfPsf 5g . k"j;rgf { " ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g . o;}u/L, lzj/tgk'/ / hf]vlxofk'/
k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k"jf{Eof;n] ubf{ lj=;+= @)^% c;f]hdf cfPsf] k|sf]k k"jtof/L ;ldltx?n] vf]gk'/ / letl/of ;d'bfonfO{
{
af9Ldf vf]h tyf p4f/ sfo{df lgs} ;xh ePsf] lyof] . af9Lsf] hf]lvd lj?4 n8g ;fd'lxs ?kdf cufl8 a9g
Tolta]nf ;'/lIft /xg lgs} cfTdljZjf; a9]sf] s'/f nlntk'/ ;d]t cfu|x u/]sf lyP . ;d'bfo kl/rfng tflndaf6 g}
/ df]xgk'/ ;d'bfosf jfl;Gbfx? atfpš5g . cfkTfsfnLg sf]ifsf] ;ªsngsf] dxTjsf] af/]df ;xefuLx?
kl/lrt ePsf lyP .
cf_ vf]h tyf p4f/ tflnd M o:tf tflndx? cK7of/f]
vfnsf] ePklg af9Lsf] ;dodf :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf nflu
pkof]uL x'g] ub{5 . nlntk'/df ePsf] tflndsf ;xefuLx?n]
y|f] Jofu -8f]/L emf]nf_ / nfOkm Hofs]6sf] k|of]u u/]/ 8'ªufaf6
s;/L Pp6f JolQmsf] p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df l;s]sf
lyP . lzj/tgk'/ / hf]vlxofk'/ ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n]] 6oa "
/ sf7sf] kmNofsaf6 c:yfoL 8'ªuf agfO{ vfBfGg, afnaflnsf,
ue{jtL tyf dlxnf / j[4j[4fnfO{ s;/L p4f/ ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] af/]df hfgsf/L xšfl;n u/]sf lyP . o:tf tflndx?n]
af9Lsf] ;dodf pgLx?sf] hLjg arfpg / dxTjk"0f{
;fdu|Lx?sf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;xof]u k'usf] ;d'bfox?n] cg'ej
]
k"j{;"rgf k|0ffnL;DaGwL k"j{cEof; u/]sf 5g .
10
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'

19. O_ k|fylds pkrf/ ;DaGwL tflnd M o; lsl;dsf tflndx?af6 ckgfO{ e"–Ifo x'g glbg l56f] a9g] vfnsf lj?jfx?
l;s]sf] 1fgn] :yfgLojf;Lx? ;fdfGo vfnsf rf]6k6ssf] nufpg k|fT;flxt ul/Psf] lyof] . u'ndf]x/, vo/, a};,
]
pkrf/ ug{ ;Ifd ePsf lyP . nlntk'/sf ;xefuLx?n] clDn;f], afš;, asfOgf], g]lko/, d'h, g/s6, a8x/ /
$)÷%) j6f ;fwf/0f 3fOt]x?nfO{ :yfgLo:t/d} pkrf/ u/]sf] OlknOlknh:tf lj?jfx? g;{/Ldf pTkfbg u/L gbL lsgf/df
/ 7"nf rf]6k6s nfu]sfx?nfO{ yk pkrf/sf nflu lhNnf /f]Kg] sfd ePsf] 5 . nlntk'/,df]xgk'/ / la;gk'/n] ;d'bfonfO{
c:ktfndf k7fOPsf] atfpšb5g . lzj/tgk'/, la;gk'/ / cfjZos lj?jfx? cfkm} pTkfbg u/]sf 5g eg] cGo tLg
dgsfk'/sf dflg;x?n] :yfgLo pk:jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|fylds ;d'bfox?n] s]xL lj?jfx? aflx/af6 ;d]t Nofpg' k/]sf]
pkrf/ afs;df hu]8f /fVgsf nflu cfjZos k|fylds lyof] . dlgsfk'/n] ;'/lIft dfu{df klg ljleGg hftsf
pkrf/sf ;fdu|Lx? k|fKt ug{ ;d]t ;Ifd ePsf 5g . lj?jf /f]ksf 5g .
]
O{_ k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tflnd M kl/of]hgfsf :yfgLo dfly pNn]v ul/Psf tflnd afx]s n]vf Joj:yfkg / Uoflag
sd{rf/Lx?n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tf/sf] hfnL a'Gg] tflnd klg kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf ;d'bfox?df
;DaGwL tflnd lnPkl5 :yfgLo:t/df klg k|sf]k hf]lvd k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 ljQLo sf/f]af/ b'?:t ug{ tyf
Joj:yfkg tflndx?sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . oL tflndx?n] hfnL a'Gg] ;Lk l;sfpg nfebfos ePsf] 5 . o:tf tflndx?n]
;d'bfosf] cfGtl/s ;|ft kl/rfng ;DaGwL wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g
] :yfgLo txdf sfdsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{ ;d]t ;xof]u ldn]sf]
Nofpg pkof]uLl;4 ePsf 5g . :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx? clxn] 5.
k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu jfxo ;xof]usf] k|ltIffdf
b]lvb}gg . pgLx?sf] 1fg, wf/0ff / cEof;df kl/jt{g cfPsf] x/]s tflnd tyf z}lIfs cj;/x?df dlxnf / ;ªs6fled'v
5 . o;afx]s k|sf]k eujfg l/;fP/ cfpš5 eGg] s'/fdf ;d'bfonfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . -x]gf]; tflnsf
{
ljZjf; ug]x? klg clxn] af9L k|fs[lts / dfgjLo ultljlwaf6
{ %_ kl/of]hgfn] tflnd / cled'vLs/0fdf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]if
cfpg] ub{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g yfn]sf 5g . dflg;x? ;xefuL u/fpg] /0fgLlt cjnDjg u/]sf] lyof] -vf]h tyf
cem}klg k|fs[lts ljklQ, /f]uJofwL / e"tk|t x6fpg 8f]/jGbL,
] p4f/ tflnddf afx]s_ / o;/L k|bfg ul/Psf tlndx?n]
x]//L / nfjfªuLh:tf k/Dk/fut sfo{x? ug]{ ub{5g . oBlk,
] w]/} JolQmx? nfeflGjt x'g k'usf 5g . x/]s tflnddf k|sf]k
]
ca pgLx?nfO{ :yfgLo ;|ftsf] pkof]u tyf ;fd'bflos 1fgdf
] k"jtof/L ;ldlt jf pk;ldltaf6 Pshgf clgjfo{ ?kdf
{
cfwfl/t /f]syfdsf lqmofsnfkx?af6 af9Lsf] hf]lvd 36fpg ;xefuL u/fpg] /0fgLlt agfOPsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] lgdf{0f
;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ePsf] 5 . u/]sf ;"rgf, lzIff / ;~rf/sf ;fdfu|Lx?df n}l¨s /
;fš:s[lts ;Dj]bgzLntfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;8s
p_ g;{/L Joj:yfkg tflnd M kl/of]hgfn] k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ gf6sdf :yfgLo k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf]
g;{/L Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL ;Lk k|bfg ul/ ;d'bfodf g;{/L 5 . o;sf ;fy}, PkmPd /]l8of]sf] k|;f/0fdf klg :yfgLo
:yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] ;fYf} jfof]–OlGhlgol/ª k|ljlw efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . :yfgLo 1fg, ;Lk tyf cg'ejnfO{
tflnsf % ljleGg tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf] ;ªVof
Ufflj; ;d'bfo tflnd
! @ # $ % ^ &
k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d k' d
km"njf/L nlntk'/ !* !$ !& !( $ ) ! ! ! ) !@ @# ( &
x;'lnof df]xgk'/ !$ !% !% !^ $ ) ! ! ! ) !( !) !) *
lzj/tgk'/ @@ !$ !( !^ $ ) ! ! ! ) @$ !# ( *
kj]/f lj;dk'/ !( !# !& !% $ ) ! ! ! ) @! * * &
dgsfk'/ !% !* !! @! $ ) ! ! ! ) !* !$ ( ^
/tgk'/ Hf]vlxofk'/ @@ !@ !^ !& $ ) ! ! ! ) !% @# * *
s"n !!) *^ (% !)$ @$ ) ^ ^ % ) !)( (! %# $$
>f]t M kl/of]hgf /]s8{ @))&÷)*
!= k|fylds pkrf/, @= k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, #= vf]h tyf p2f/, $= g;{/L Joj:yfkg, %= tf/hfnL ^=;d'bfo kl/rfng,
&= n]vf Joj:yfkg
kl/of]hgfaf6 xo"uf] sfo{of]hgfdf of]ubfg
s}nfnL k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf kxnx?
11

20. kf]lnAofu eg]{ sfo{df hg;xeflutf
;xefuL ePsf lyP . o;/L ljleGg tflnd tyf cled'vLs/0fdf
ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpgsf] p2]Zo ljBfyL{x?n] k|sf]k
hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL 1fg ;xh ?kdf km}nfpg ;s"g
eGg] /x]sf] 5 . k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL
cled'vLs/0fkZrft lbk]Gb| pRr dfljsf ljBfyL{x?n] ;k{sf]
6f]sfO{sf] hf]lvdaf6 aRg ;/;kmfO{ cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf
lyP . o:tf tflndx? ljBfyL{ / pgLx?sf cleefjsx?aLr
k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/s0fsf nflu clek|l] /t ug]{ cf}hf/sf]
?kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfÎgf]
;xkf7L tyf kl/jf/hg vf;u/L cfdfx?df k|sf]k hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL yk 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]
u/]sf] 5 .
cfb/ ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ kl/of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwx?df
aS; & ljBfyL{x? k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u
;d'bfosf] :jfldTj a9]sf] kfOG5 . h;n] ubf{ ;d'bfosf ub{5g eGg] xfdLn] cg'ej u¥of}+ .
;b:ox?df ckgTj, ;xeflutf / :jod ;]jf ug]{ efjgfsf] kl/of]hgfn] xfdL ljBfyL{n] klg k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf
ljsf; ePsf] 5 . v]Ng ;S5f} eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 eGg] xfdLn] slxNo} ;f]rsf lyPgf}+ .
]
jf:tjdf xfdLn] kl/of]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg tflnd, cled'vLs/0f
tyf ;fgf lzIf0f ;qx?af6 y'k}| 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej xfšl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf
ljBfnosf ultljlwx¿Dffkm{t Jojxf/df kl/jt{g 5f}+ . o;n] xfdLnfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . xfd|f]
1fg clej[l4sf nflu ;+/If0f lzIff, g;{/L Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL hfgsf/L,
ljBfyL{ / lzIfs kl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs x'g eGg] kl/k|Ifdf ] lrqsnf, lgjGw, js[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf h:tf sfo{qmd lgs} dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf
5g . xfd|f] ljBfnodf k|sf]kaf6 x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd sd ug{ xfdLn] k|sf]k
Kfl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k k"jtof/L tyf k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf
{ k"jtof/L of]hgf agfPsf 5f} . h'lgP/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] ;lqmotfaf6 :s"n
{ "
ljljw ultljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ * j6f ljBfnox? Rfog jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf /fVg w]/} d4t k'usf] 5 .
]
>L k|zfGt 7fs'/, cWoIf, h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n, lbk]Gb| pRr dflj x;'lnof
u/]sf] 5 . :s"ndf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?sf] nIo ljBfnosf
lzIfs / ljBfyL{nfO{ :yfgLo ;|ft JolQmsf] ?kdf ljsl;t
]
ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ ljBfyL{ Pjd lzIfsx?n] k|sf]k hf]lvd v_ ljBfnosf] lzIfsx?sf nflu k|sf]k hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL ;Gb]zx? k|zf/0fnfO{ cfˆgf] ljBfno;Dd Joj:yfkg tflnd
dfq l;ldt g/fvL cGo a[xt If]qdf ;d]t lj:tf/ ug{ :yfgLo ;|ft JolQmsf] ?kdf kl/rflnt x'g ;s"g eGgsf] nflu
]
;Sg]5g . kl/of]hgfn] lzIfsx?nfO{ k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DalGw
tflnd k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L tflnd k|fKt lzIfsx?af6
s_ h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L tyf 1fg
h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf ljBfyL{x?n] ;fyL lzIffsf] d2taf6 ljBfyL{x?;Dd / ljBfyL{x?sf] dfWodaf6 ;d'bfo:t/;Dd
k|sf]k ;DjGwL 1fg / ;Lk km}nfpgsf] ;fy} ljBfno txdf k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5 . pQm tflndkZrft kl/of]hgf cGtu{tsf
k|sf]k k"jtof/L of]hgfdfkm{t k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug{
{ k|To]s ljBfnodf k|sf]k k"jtof/L of]hgf ag]sf 5g . @)^%
{
cxd e"ldsf v]nsf 5g . o:tf h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n x/]s
] ;fn cflZjgdf uPsf] af9Ldf vf;u/L vf]h tyf p4f/
:s"ndf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿4f/f cfˆgf ;fyL Pjd sfo{df lzIfsx?n] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;d'bfon] cem;Dd
;d'bfodf ;d]t k|sf]ksf sf/0f / c;/ / k|sf]k hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf klg la;]sf 5}gg . lzIfsx?n] ;Defljt vt/f / hf]lvd
{
pkfox?sf af/]df r]tgf clej[l4 ug{{ ;s'g eGgsf nflu klg 36fpg] k|of;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nsf 5g .
]
h'lgP/ /]8qm; ;s{nsf] u7g ul/Psf] xf] . x/]s h'lgP/ /]8qm;
;s{n lzIfs k|ltlglwsf ?kdf lzIfs gfos / ;xlzIfs o;}u/L kl/of]hgfn] k|sf]k hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL tLg
gfossf] dftxtdf ;~rfng ePsf x'G5g . ;DalGwt ljBfnosf lbg] tflndsf] ljifoj:t' agfpg ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 .
lzIfs tyf kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/Laf6 ;xhLs/0f ul/Psf klxn]sf tflndsf ljifoj:t' tyf tflnd ;~rfng ljlwnfO{
cled'vLs/0f tyf tflndx?df ;s{nsf x/]s ljBfyL{x?, s]xL kl/dfh{g u/L ;d'bfon] k|sf]k k"jtof/L / k|sf]k hf]lvd
{
12
36gf cWoog k|ltj]bg
k]ma|c/L, @))(
'