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Studying Info Diffusion & Collective Action
- 1. Network Experiments & Interventions: Studying Information Diffusion and Collective Action Manoj Mohanan (Duke) Collaborators: Vikram Rajan (World Bank) Harsha Thirumurthy (UNC) Arun Chandrashekhar (Stanford) Kendal Swanson (Duke), Jim Moody (Duke)
- 2. Key Research Questions • Brief background (so brief, that I don’t even have a bullet point!) • 1. Spread the word: (information diffusion) • Effectiveness of broadcast strategy (using phone or IVR) v/s government representatives v/s social network seeds on: • Village level participation in community activities • Individual level spread (quality of information transfer) • IDENTIFY OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR INFORMATION DISSEMINATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 2
- 3. Research Question … contd • 2. Should I go or should I stay? • Individual decision to participate in community (collective action problem) • Participation as a function of information within network (if more people within my network are reminded about upcoming event, am I more likely to go?) • Individual Participation as a function of participation within network (if more people within my network are going to participate in an upcoming event, am I more likely to go?) • Are there threshold effects for participation in collective action? • Do we see evidence of free riding? 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 3
- 4. Our network data • Census of all households in 80 intervention areas (avg. 400HH per village) • Questions about information sharing, borrowing money and social time on all adult individuals • Uniquely identified to every household (individual within household) with cell phone numbers • Example of what our data looks like (thanks to Jim Moody and the DNAC!): http://www.soc.duke.edu/~jmoody77/dnacconsults/v7_mrtest. htm http://www.soc.duke.edu/~jmoody77/dnacconsults/v8_mrtest. htm 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 4
- 5. Design of the experiment(s) 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 5
- 6. Information Experiment • Effectiveness of methods of information dissemination: • Randomize villages to receive info about meetings and VNHD • Month 1: Network seeds v/s Broadcast message • Month 2: Government seeds v/s Broadcast • End of every month collect information from ~32000 hh using IVR • Variant of above specification (limited to villages w facilitation) with individual participation in meeting as the dependent variable 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 6
- 7. Networks & Collective Action Experiment - 1 • Key issues about information in relation to social networks and the participation decision: • Effect of information diffusion within my network, on my decision to participate in collective action • Effect of my networks’ participation, on my decision to participate in collective action • Common Knowledge • Clearly major endogeneity problems here!!! • Working in multiple months (3,4,5), with multiple rounds of randomization allows us to test some of these hypothesis 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 7
- 8. Networks & Collective Action Experiment - 2 • SMS / IVR info to ALL households about VHND • Randomize x% of village households to receive a visit • Visit: reminder about meeting • Subset (x-k)% receive a small incentive to attend meeting • NO COMMON KNOWLEDGE in Month 3 • Repeat in Month 4, with re-randomization WITH COMMON KNOWLEDGE • EVERY Household that is visited is informed about who else (in their network) is being visited. • At end of every month, we collect IVR data on information and participation from ALL 32000 households. 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 8
- 9. Design of the experiment(2) 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 9
- 11. Analysis plan for networks 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 11
- 12. @ household level (only in facilitation villages) 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 12 • Reduced form
- 15. Acknowledgement: Funding & Support • Government of Uttar Pradesh • UP Health Systems Strengthening Project (UPHSSP) • State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD) • World Bank – Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) • Note: This is very early stage work, we plan to roll out interventions in coming months – so need your advice and feedback! 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 15
- 16. What is “social accountability?” • Set of governance interventions • Increasing community participation • Strengthen community members’ ability to hold service providers accountable at the local level • TWO key channels: • information provision • grievance redressal through community engagement Lots of interest among donors and researchers, empirical evidence (especially on mechanisms is thin) 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 16
- 17. Objectives of Research Project • Impact of Social Accountability on Service Delivery, Utilization, and Outcomes • Evaluate the impact of SA interventions when implemented at scale in a real world policy setting • Evaluate impact when same policy is implemented at a more intense facilitated manner (micro level) • Test mechanism hypotheses: • Effect of information alone v/s effect of information PLUS facilitation for community engagement • Effectiveness of information dissemination strategies: • Broadcast versus social networks versus government machinery • Role of social networks in dissemination of information • Effect of participation within social networks on collective action • Threshold effects versus free riding 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 17
- 18. Social Accountability Research Project Investigating Mechanisms 3 arms, randomized across 120 villages Info v/s Info + Facilitation * Info dissemination * Social Networks and Participation Policy evaluation (block level) Randomized across blocks in 10 districts. 27.3 million population (51 out of 113 blocks) 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 18
- 20. 20 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions Bijnor Aligarh Mathura Agra Etah Mainpuri Budaun Bareilly Pilibhit Sitapur Hardoi Unnao Kannauj Etawah Kanpur Nagar Jalaun Jhansi Lalitpur Hamirpur Mahoba Banda Chitrakoot Fatehpur Pratapgarh Kaushambi Allahabad Barabanki Ambedkar Nagar Sultanpur Balrampur Gonda Basti Kushinagar Deoria Azamgarh Mau Ballia Ghazipur Mirzapur Sonbhadra Ghaziabad Raebareli Amethi Sambhal Faizabad Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh Kasganj 120 village randomization 50 block randomization Study Districts 6/29/2017
- 21. SA intervention in policy context • SA in National Health Mission (2005) • Village Health Sanitation and Nutrition Committee (VHSNC) • Committee of local (village) level government • Statutory role in identifying village level health needs • Discretionary funds available every year. • Village Health Nutrition Day (VHND) • Once a month, services to be provided by the 3 A’s: • primary care, immunization, ANC, and maternal and child nutrition supplementation • Key focus is on childhood (mal)nutrition • ICDS is the world’s largest nutrition program (~ 2.5 billion USD per year) • Leakages, poor quality, low utilization (and probably too little) • SUBTEXT: Fiscal decentralization in India • 42% of total tax revenues given to states (up from 32%) 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 21
- 22. Work done so far • Program design • Baseline surveys • Network surveys • Draft analysis plan and intervention design 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 22
- 23. The SA intervention • State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD) • 300 GP Coordinators deployed across 51 blocks (plus 16 in the 2 districts) • key role is to facilitate the constitution of VHSNC and help coordinate monthly meetings, develop village level score cards for performance of AAA • 30 supervisors (block and district level coordinators) • Will train ~10,000 VHSNC members across all implementation areas • May 2016 – training is in progress. Roll out starts next week; VHSNC meeting starts in July! 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 23
- 24. Caste Distribution from Baseline Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe OBC Households in the 80 intervention villages: Total INDIVIDUALs Mean HH per village SD Min Max 88,177 431.06 187.16 64 765 Religion Hindu Muslim Other
- 25. Age N % Stunted % Wasted <1 967 22.8% 27.6% 1 1445 31.8% 28.1% 2 1342 44.4% 22.2% 3 1333 48.2% 19.7% 4 1095 52.0% 18.0% U5 Health Indicators from Baseline Obs Awareness (answered yes) SD Knowledge of VHND and VHSNC VHND organized 4,769 23.0% 0.421 aware of VHND services 4,066 28.5% 0.451 Aware of VHSNC? 4,387 9.3% 0.290 Roles of the Anganwadi worker nutritional supplements to children 0-6 4,856 66.5% 0.472 nutritional supplements to lactating women 4,856 49.0% 0.500 Info to mothers 4,856 32.7% 0.469 Assist the ANM in immunization 4,856 28.3% 0.451 Providing her services during VHND 4,856 3.4% 0.181 Awareness 6/29/2017 NetworkExperimentsand Interventions 25