The document provides definitions and explanations of over 100 key terms related to biology and the classification of life forms. It discusses the science of taxonomy and how organisms are classified into a hierarchical system from species to domains. It also describes the major kingdoms of life including plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria.

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d16michelle Terms in this set (108) Life is Diverse the tenth principle of life. We don't even know. Our ignoranc is going
to surface rather early in our exploration of this principle mammal a group of vertebrate animals that posses hair and
nourish their young with milk; includes humans We are ignorant of how many species of life-forms exist on this planet
because of our limited exploration and because we have trouble defining the word species We currently have described
1.7 million species of life-forms and we know other life-forms exist on the planet A major problem that frustrates
classification schemes is the biological complexity of the organisms being classified Another problem facing taxonomists
is disagreement regarding the importance of origins of species in fashioning hierarchical relationships within the
classification scheme developed taxonomy the sciene of classifying individual varieties of organisms into an orderly
system systematics the structuring and criticism of attempts at natural groupings of life-forms usually according to
presumed evolutionary relationships species a collection of populations of organisms that are similar enough to each
other to be able to inter-mate to produce fertile offspring genus a collection of species that are structurally closely
related to each other and distinct from other such collections Homo sapiens the formal generic and specific name for
human beings; the scientific name for mankind family (in systematics) a formal groupings of structurally related genera
that is distinct from other such groupings order (in systematics) a formal grouping of structurally related families that is
distinct from other such groupings class (in systematics) a formal grouping
Biol 101 Life Forms Are Significant Because
of structurally related orders that is distinct from other such groupings phylum (in systematics) a formal groupings of
structurally related classes that is distinct from other such groupings kingdom (in systematics) a formal grouping of
structurally related phyla (in animals,or divisions,in plants) that is distinct from other such groupings Animalia a
taxonomic kingdom that includes a living and extinct animals protistan an archaic term that refers to a borad,highly
heterogeneous group of unicellular and colonial eukaryotes,once lumped together into kingdom Protista domain an
increasinly archaic term referring to a broad collection of organisms having a particular sequence of ribosomal RNA
Classification involves two related and complementary processes: taxonomy and systematics The taxonomist is chiefly
concerned with describing a new organism,naming it,and relating it to other organisms similar to it The systematist
seeks to draw large groups of related organisms into an overall hierarchical scheme that becomes a mammoth filing
system for all life-forms The rules for naming a new organism are well agreed upon; the name consists of two parts,the
generic and the specific names for the organism in question Related genera of organisms have been grouped into
families; related families into orders,related orders into classes,related classes into phyla,and related phyla into
kingdoms In recent decades,kingdoms have been collected by some workers into large groups called domains,but this
terminology is more tentative Each of these taxonomic levels can have both sub and supergroups. Subclasses and
superorders exist,primitive (in biology) descriptive of a characteristic of an organism that is presumed to have great
evolutionary age autotroph an organism (or cell) that is capable of producing its own food either via photosynthesis or
geochemical exothermic reactions unicellular descriptive of a kind of organism that is composed of one cell multicellular
descriptive of a kind of organism that is composed of many cells colonial descriptive of multicellular aggregation
(organism) in which the relations between cells are superficial; basic cell functions are
Biol 101 Individual Assignment 1
retained by each cell in the colony. Many algae fit this description tissue a collection of highly similar cells and their
intercellular materials that associate closely with each other and carry out a common funtion for a larger organism
prokaryote a type of cell whose genetic information is not organized within the confines of a nclear membrane eukaryote
a type of cell or organism whose genetic information is highly organized within the confines of a membran-bound nucleus
flagellum a whip-like shaft extending from the surface of a cell that by its own internal flexion is capable of propelling the
cell through a liquid medium cristae membranous internal folds of the inner mitochrondial membrane; these increase the
surface area required for aerobic respiration recctions Characteristics used in classification vary widely in their
biological significance. More important characteristics are used at higher taxonomic levels,such as kingdoms; less
important ones distinguishe genera or species from each other The ideal characteristic divies the organisms left to be
classified into two large,practically equal group Most of the important biological characteristics are cellular or molecular
in nature; they tend to generate large,minimally overlapping groups Examples of important biological characteristic are
the ability to generate corgohydrate energy,the number of cells per organism,the presence or absence of cell
nuclei,flagellae,ameoboid movement,or mitochondria group (in systematics) a large,informal collection of life-forms
pycially distinct from other such collectioms clade an evolutionary grouping of organisms that include a single ancestral
species and all descendant species that have arisen from it This text uses the simple ter group to describe a large
collection of organisms united by a common possession or absence of a smaller constellation of significant biological
characteristics Evolutionary thinkers assume that all modern groups of organisms are related through time back to a
singl ecommon biological ancestral cell type that once lived in the primordial seas Design propoents tend to see large
groups of organisms as separtate concepts
Twelve Principles Of Life
in the mind of an original Designer who saw life in different modes and created it as such Bacteria a large group of
prokaryotic,mostly unicellular organisms; tohse with cell walls cntain the polymer peptidoglycan in those walls
cyanobacteria widely distributed prokaryotic unicellular and colonial life-forms that do photosynthesis,liberatign oxygen
to the atmosphere nitrogen cycle a global,bio-gen-chemical sequence of chemical reactions within and between life-forms

6. that moves the world's nitrogen supply through a variety of compounds,including several important to living things
Archaea a large group of prokaryotic,mosly uniccellular organisms that tend to inhabit extremes of environment such as
high-temperature,high-pressure,or high-salt environments Excavata a large group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms
with mitochondia that are highly modified or absent; usually possessing two,four,or more flagellae trichomonad an order
or anaerobic,usually parasitic eukaryotic flagellated cells including parasites of humans and symbionts within termite
guts diplomonad an order of parasitic flagellates that includes members of genus Giardia,which causes dysentery in
humans; each cell has two nuclei and not functional mitochondria Rhizaria large group of unicellular eukaryotes that
includes ameboid cells as well as forminerans and radioarians; most have mitrochondria with tubular cristae forminiferan
group of emeboid eukaryotes that possess strand-like pseudopodial (false feet) extensions of the cell's cytoplasm; found
in marine plankton radiolarian a group of amoeboid eukaryotes that produce intricate extracellular skeletons of silicates
or strontium sulfates; possesses needle-like pseudopodial extensions of their cells Discricristate largr group of unicellular
eukaryotes whose mitochondiral cristae are disc-like in shape; includes many euglenoid forms such as genus Euglena
trypanosomes genus of flagellated,single-celled parasites,many of which are transmitted to their host by blood-feeding
invertebrates,including the agent that causes asleeping sickness in humans Alveolate large group of unicellular
eukaryotic forms that includes those possessing cilia and the sprozoan cells that cause malaria; possess mitochondria
with tubular cristae cilium a narrow protuberant organelle found extending from the surface of certain eukaryotic cell
types; they are usually present in large
Life Forms Are Significant Because
numbers on the cell sturface alveoli flattened vesicles just under the surface of the cell membrane in some unicelled
eukaryotes; together the alveoli contribute to a sub-membrane layer called the pellicle pellicle thin layer of sacs beneath
the cell membrane of Alveolates that,by its stiffness,helps support the membrane and retention of cell's shape sporozoan
group of Albeolates that possess a unique organelle called the apicoplast that supports penetration of teh cell into a host
cell during parasitic invasion; malarial parasites belong to this group dinoflagellate group of flagellated unicellular
eukaryotes most of which are marine plankton; about half of them are phostosynthetic Stramenopile large group of
golden and brown algae and diatoms; all are eukaryotic; also called heterokonts as a motile stage of their life cycle
contains two different shaped flagellae diatom an algal form comprising a major portion of marine plankton; eukaryotic
unicellular or colonial forms; possess a unique bipartite,silica-encased cell wall plankton microscopic marine and
freshwater life-forms that are usually the lowest levels in the food chain; includes both photosynthetic and
nonphotosynthetic forms water mold a fungal-like eukaryotic filamentous microorganisms; actually most forms are
terrestrial; includes Phytophthora a genus that causes horrible potato blights brown alga mostly marine,multicellular
alge contaiing the brown pigment fucoxanthin; includes the kelps Amoebozoa single-celled,eukaryotic forms that move by
internal flow of cytoplasm into blunt,lobe-like pseudopodial extensions of the cell membrane food vacuole memebrane-
bound organelle found in many ameboid and alveolate cells; contains engulfed organic solids that are eventually digested
by hydrolytic enzymes slime mold a collection of unicellular and colonial multicellular forms distributed within the
Alveolate,Rhizaria,and Excavate groups; one stage of the life cycle involves ameboid cells coming together to form a
large slime0like body called a syncytium moss small plants of the bryophyte group ranging from 1 to 10 cm in height;
growth is in smalls smooth clumps; these plants lack a vascular system liverwort small plants of the bryophyte
Biol 101 Individual Assignment 1 Liberty University Answers ...
group; the dominant part of their life cycle contains cells with haploid gene content; lacking a vascular system,they grow
close to the surface of the substrate hornwort a group of bryophyte plants lacking a vascular system; the brief diploid
portion of teh life cycle has a horn-like structure that extends aerially ferns a division of higher plants having vascular
systems but forming spores instead of seeds; the fronds have very elegant morphologies Gymnosperm a division of
higher plant having vascular systems and bearing seeds exposed on the surface of cone scales scale structure within the
cone of a Gymnosperm; in the female cone,an ovule on the surface of the scale matures into seed ovary the female part of
a flower within the pistil; contains ovules within which seeds mature conifer Gymnosperms that are cone-bearing
vascular plants; includes firs,pines,hemlocks,spruces,larches,and redwoods cycad seeding-bearing evergreen plants with
vascular systems and having long,frond-like compound leaves Angiosperms a large and diverse group of plants that
reproduce by forming flowers and subsequently fruit containing seeds; includes much of the diversity of the plant group
Opisthokont large group of eukaryotic multicellular life-forms that includes the fungi and animal kingdoms. Flagellated
cells in this group have a single posteriorly oriented flagellum Fungi that kingdo of Opisthokont characterized by cells
with chitinous walls surrounding their membranes; organisms that secrete extracellular digestive enzymes and that
subsequently absorb the resultant nutrients Chordata group of animals that (at some point in their development) possess
a stiff,dorsal notochord that lends support to surrounding structures; includes all vertebrate organisms Aves large class
of animals that have feathered wings,are warm-blooded and lay eggs; all birds Passeriforms an order of smaller birds
characterized by perching behavior and singing,includes some 8072 species The Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic life-
forms,usually quite small in cell size; both autotrophic and heterotrophic forms exist,as do both unicellular and colonial
forms The Archaea are fundamentally similar to bacterial forms but have
Biol101 Exam 1
different cell wall structures,different ribosomal RNA sequences,and they tend to live in environmentally extreme
habitates The Excavates are all heterotrophic,microscopic in size,and eukaryotic in cell structure,they are defined by
having two or more flagellae facing anteriorly that pull the cell through the medium The Rhizaria are microscopic amrine
forms that are unicellular and eukaryotic; they have produced most of the world's limeston The Discicristates are a
collection of unicellular and colonial forms that vary widely in size; they have the same flagellar arrangement as the
Excavates but their mitochondria contain disc-shaped cristae The Alveolates are microscopic,ciliated,mostly unicellular
life-forms that have flattened vesicles packed into an alveolar layer beneath their cell membranes; this layer adds to their
structural stability The Stramenopiles are unicellular and colonial life-forms that are eukaryotic in structure and diverse
in habitat; they include the diatoms-some of the most biologically valuable and artistically beautiful parts of the marine
food chain The Amoebozoa are also unicellular and colonial,multicellular eukaryotic forms that are capable of ameoboid
movement; developmental biologists study tha transition of some species fro the unicellular to colonial mode of existence

7. The Plant group is a diverse,multicellular collection of eukaryotic life-forms that includes mosses,ferns,conifers,cycads
and flowering plants; gingko trees are in theis group Opisthokonts are a very large collection of fungal and animal forms
whose genetic similarity is represented by a common tendency for flagellated cells to possess just one posteriorly
oriented flagellum Animals within the Opisthokonts are divided into phyla of which the Chordata contain humans and
other animals with backbones monotreme small group of mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to young alive;
the platypus and spiny anteaters are the two major extant representatives therapsid an evolutionary term given to
modern mammals and all of their presumed immediate ancestors that are believed to find their roots in an earlier
reptilian group DNA samples taken from soil and water suggest that many thousands
Bio 101 Chapter 14 Terms Liberty University Flashcards
of other species of microorganisms are known to exist in nature but have yet to be isolated and cultured in the laboratory
A growing variety of individual species,like the platypus,have characteristics that place them into two separate groups
simultaneously,confounding our classification system placenta an organ of fetal origin that connects the fetal circulation
with the maternal circulation so as to allow molecular components to be exchagned between the two Primates a
toxonomic order that includes man,apes,monkeys,tarsiers,lemures,lorises,and galagos Hominids the taxonomic family to
which man and the great apes belong; does not include monkeys Dos man possess quasiphysical or nonphysical
characteristics that qualitatively separate him from other primates and all other organisms Man has been physically
related to other organisms by placing him within class Mammalia,order Primata,family Homidae,and genus Homo While
human characteristics of increased intelligence and worship are reletively easy to measure behaviorally,do they point to
an aspect of man that is unquantifiable scientifically While scientific study finds Biblical assertions about man's nature
untestable,does that render those assertions untrue or meaningless YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE... Core Topic 5 Evolution
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