2. Brief History Early Research Ohio State University studies University of Michigan studies Contemporary Theories Practical Applications LBDQ Synopsis
4. Pre -1940’s: “Great Person” approach Heavy focus on traits (innate characteristics) Intelligence, integrity, sociability, physical traits, etc. No “trait set” predicts effective leadership (Stogdill,1963) 1940’s +: Observable leader behaviors Actions of leaders in various settings Objective assessment of leader actions Can be altered/enhanced Brief History
7. Impact of leader behaviors on small groups 2 leader behavior types (similar to OSU study) 1. Employee Orientation (human relations emphasis) 2. Production Orientation (results emphasis) Can incorporate both at once (Kahn, 1956) Research still unclear on most effective methods (Yukl, 1994) University of Michigan Studies (1950s)
Editor's Notes
-Traits First logical approach to leadership researchThings like: intelligence, integrity, determination (or willpower), and even physical traits such as heightEither had them or you did not-Behaviors Contrary to the trait approach, which does not allow leader development, the behavioral approach allows leaders to identify and enhance effective behaviors
-Subordinates rated leaders on several leadership aspects -Used in militaryConsiderate: Caring, concern for others, mutual trust Initiating Structure: facilitating group interactions toward goal achievement, defining roles/goals/strategies -Gilmore: high on consideration and initiating structure increased quality and quantity of product among salespeople -Effective style: situation/context specific
-Employee orientation is very similar to consideration style identified in the Ohio state study while production orientation is similar to the initiating structure leadership style-Employee orientation styleAttention to individual needs -Production styleTask completion and work activity focus
