introduction of renewable energy sources

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RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES

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UNIT I PRINCIPLES OF SOLAR
RADIATION
Role and potential of new and renewable
source, the solar energy option,
Environmental impact of solar power, physics
of the sun, the solar constant, extra-terrestrial
and terrestrial solar radiation, solar radiation
on titled surface, instruments for measuring
solar radiation and sun shine, solar radiation
data.

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Energy Sources

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Energy Sources

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Energy Sources

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Energy
 Energy is the branch of science
 Energy is the capacity for doing work.
 Energy may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms.
 Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only
changed from one form to another. This principle is
known as the conservation of energy or the first law of
thermodynamics.

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Energy Sources
Renewable Energy
 Solar Energy
 Wind Energy
 Tidal Energy
 Water Energy
 Geothermal
 Biomass and
Biofuels
Non Renewable
Energy
 Coal
 Oil
 Gas
 Nuclear Energy

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Renewable Energy Sources
(Non-Conventional Energy Sources)

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Non-Renewable Energy Sources
(Conventional Energy Sources)

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Solar Energy
Sun is the primary source of energy. Sunlight is a
clean, renewable source of energy. It is a sustainable
resource, meaning it doesn't run out, but can be
maintained because the sun shines almost every day.
Coal or gas are not sustainable or renewable: once
they are gone, there is none left. More and more
people are wanting to use clean, renewable energy
such as solar, wind, geothermal steam and others. It is
called 'Green Power'. It lights our houses by day,
dries our clothes and agricultural produce, keeps us
warm and lots more. Its potential is however much
larger

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Wind Energy
Wind is the natural movement of air across the land or
sea. The wind when used to turn the blades of a wind
mill turns the shaft to which they are attached. This
movement of shaft through a pump or generator produces
electricity. The Potential for wind power generation for
grid interaction has been estimated at about 1,02,788
MW taking sites having wind power density greater than
200 W/sq. m at 80 m hub-height with 2% land
availability in potential areas for setting up wind farms
@ 9 MW/sq. km. India now has the 4th largest wind
power installed capacity in the world which has
reached 36089.12 MWp (as on May, 2019). Private
agencies own 95 % of the wind farms in India.

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Tidal power
Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of
hydropower that converts
the energy obtained from tides into useful
forms of power, mainly electricity.
Although not yet widely used, tidal
energy has potential for
future electricity generation. Tides are more
predictable than the wind and the sun.

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Geothermal energy
Geothermal Energy is heat stored in earth crust and
being used for electric generation and also for direct
heat application. Geothermal literally means heat
generated by earth. Various resource assessment carried
out by agencies established the potential 10600 MWth
/1000MWe spread over 340 hot springs across seven
Geothermal provinces/11 states.
The availability of geothermal power is most
environment-friendly power, round the year 24x7 basis,
not affected by the severity of climate during 6 to 7
winter months like hydro and like dependence on sun in
solar PV.

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Water
The flowing water and the tides in the sea are
sources of energy. India is endowed with large
hydropower potential of 1,45,320 MW. Heavy
investments are made on large projects. In recent
years, hydel energy (through mini and small
hydel power plants) is also used to reach power
to remote villages which are unelectrified. The
estimated potential of Small Hydro Power is
about 15,000 MW in the country. As on May
2019, the installed capacity of Small hydro
projects (upto 3MW) amounts to 4603.75 MW.

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Biomass
The plants fix solar energy through the process of
photosynthesis to produce biomass. This biomass passes
through various cycles producing different forms of
energy sources. For example, fodder for animals that in
turn produce dung, agricultural waste for cooking, etc.
The current availability of biomass in India is estimated
at about 500 million MT per annum, with an estimated
surplus biomass availability of about 120 – 150 million
metric tones per annum covering agricultural and forestry
residues. This corresponds to a potential of about 18,000
MW. An additional 9131.50 MWp power was generated
through bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s
Sugar mills.

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Biofuels
Biofuels are predominantly produced from
biomass feed stocks or as a by-product from the
industrial processing of agricultural or food
products, or from the recovery and reprocessing
of products such as cooking and vegetable oil.
Biofuel contains no petroleum, but it can be
blended at any level with petroleum fuel to create
a biofuel blend. It can be used in conventional
healing equipment or diesel engine with no major
modification. Biofuel is simple to use,
biodegradable, non-toxic and essentially free of
Sulphur and aroma.

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Non Renewable energy
Coal, Oil and Natural gas are the non-renewable sources
of energy. They are also called fossil fuels as they are
products of plants that lived thousands of years ago. Fossil
fuels are the predominantly used energy sources today.
India is the third largest producer of coal in the world,
with estimated reserves of around 3,19,020.33 million
tonnes of Geological Resources of Coal (as of 1.4.2018).
Coal supplies more than 70.87% of the country's total
production of energy by commercial sources. India
consumes about 245 MT of crude oil annually, and more
than 70% of it is imported. Burning fossil fuels cause
great amount of environmental pollution.

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Environmental Impacts of Solar Power
1) The use of Land
2) The use of Water
3) The use of Natural Resources
4) The use of Hazardous Materials
5) The life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
6) The Visual Impact

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SOLAR SYSTEM

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SOLAR SYSTEM

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• The sun is a gaseous body composed mostly of
composed mostly of hydrogen
SUN
• Sun is a sphere of hot
gaseous matter with a
diameter of 1.39*10^9m.
Due to its temperature,
sun emits energy in the
form of electromagnetic
waves, which is called
radiation energy.

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Sun to Earth

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Sun to Earth

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Sun to Earth

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Sun to Earth

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Solar Constant
The solar constant is defined as the amount
of heat energy received per second per unit
area (J/s/m2, or W/m2 ) and completely
absorbed by a “perfect black body” at the
surface of the Earth.

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Solar Radiation

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Direct Radiation or Beam Radiation:
Radiation from the sun that
reaches the earth without scattering
Diffuse Radiation:
Radiation that is
scattered by the
atmosphere and clouds

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Direct Radiation vs Diffuse Radiation

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Instruments for Measuring Solar
Radiation
 Pyrheliometer
 Pyranometer
 Photoelectric sunshine recorder

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Pyrheliometer
It is used to measure direct beam radiation at
normal incidence.
Pyranometer
It is used to measure total
hemispherical radiation - beam plus diffuse -
on a horizontal surface. ...

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Photoelectric sunshine recorder
The natural solar radiation is notoriously
intermittent and varying in intensity. The most
potent radiation that creates the highest potential
for concentration and conversion is the bright
sunshine, which has a large beam component. The
duration of the bright sunshine at a locale is
measured, for example, by a photoelectric
sunshine recorder.

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Pyranometer

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Pyranometer

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Pyranometer

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Pyranometer

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Pyranometer

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Pyrheliometer

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Pyrheliometer

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Sunshine Recorder

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Sunshine Recorder

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Measurement of Sunshine Duration
Sunshine duration is the length of time
that the sunlight reaching the earth's surface
directly from the sun.
World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) defined sunshine duration as 120
watts per square meter (W/m²).

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Sunshine Recorder

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Sunshine Recorder

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Working Principle of Sunshine Hours
A homogeneous transparent glass sphere L is
supported on an arc XY, and is focused so that an
image of the sun is formed on recording paper
placed in a metal bowl FF' attached to the arc.
The glass sphere is concentric to this bowl,
which has three partially overlapping grooves
into which recording cards for use in the summer,
winter or spring and autumn are set.
Three different recording cards are used
depending on the season. The focus shifts as the
sun moves, and a burn trace is left on the
recording card at the focal point.

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Working Principle of Sunshine Hours
A burn trace at a particular point indicates
the presence of sunshine at that time, and
the recording card is scaled with hour
marks so that the exact time of sunshine
occurrence can be ascertained.
Measuring the overall length of burn
traces reveals the sunshine duration for
that day.

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Solar Radiation on a Tilted
Surface
The amount of solar radiation
incident on a tilted module surface is
the component of the incident solar
radiation which is perpendicular to
the module surface.

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Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface

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Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface

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Solar Radiation Data Variables
• Average temperature
• Relative humidity
• Wind speed
• Air pressure
• Sunshine hours
• Suspended Particulate Matter
(SPM)

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