7-7. In 1895 an Italian criminologist, Cesare Lombroso, proposed that blood pressure be used to test for truthfulness. In the 1930s, William Marston added the measurements of respiration and perspiration to the process, built a machine to do the measuring, and called his invention the polygraph or lie detector. Today, the federal courts will not consider polygraph results as evidence, but nearly half the state courts do permit polygraph tests under certain circumstances. In addition, its use in screening job applicants is on the rise. Physicians Michael Phillips, Allan Brett, and John Beary subjected the polygraph to the same careful testing given to medical diagnostic tests. They found that if 1,000 people were subjected to the polygraph and 500 told the truth and 500 lied, the polygraph would indicate that approximately 185 of the truth-tellers were liars and that approximately 120 of the liars were truth-tellers ( Solution Type I Error=\"claiming that the person is liar when in fact s/he is a truth-teller\" Type II Error=\"claiming that the person is a truth-teller when in fact s/he is a liar\".