Major Components Of Street Sweepers And Their Functions

The Major Components Of Street Sweeper
In my report, I will be discussing some of the major components of street sweeper and will be
explaining the function of each component. Some of the major features of street sweeper are– Pick–
Up Head– As stated in Key Features (n.d.), street sweeper contains a very sharp feature which is a
pick–up head which contains two attractive features in it. One is suction system and other is air
blast. The main motive of these systems is that it helps to remove debris from the streets. In addition
to that, it has another interesting feature in it which is skids that improves wear life of pick–up head
(para.1.). Figure 2. Pick–Up Head attached to the street sweeper. Sources: Pick–Up Head, n.d. The
Pick–up head also contains another device which is knows as BAH that is only preferred during
"broom–assisted sweeping" (para.2.). The broom is very long in size that helps during dust control.
It has one positive thing that its pressure can be adjusted according to our needs that helps to throw
dirt from the streets into air. Hopper– Hopper has attractive and good features as compared to the
pick–up head. It has a smooth dumping system in it that collects junk from the ground. The main
advantage of hopper over pick–up head is that it does not need any "telescoping hydraulic cylinders"
(para.4.) which is used "for hoisting, hydraulically controlled door latch assemblies" (para.4.).
Figure 3. Opening of Hopper in street sweeper. Sources: Hopper, n.d. Gutter Broom– The
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Manufacturing Processes Research Report On The Production...
Manufacturing Processes Research Report
Introduction
In 2011 the US federal government spent approximately 6 billion dollars on research and
development in the field of Engineering (National Science Foundation, 2013). Through these
technical revolutions we are entering into an age of advanced manufacturing, where down times and
complete turnaround times have been shorted exponentially. One advancement, Hydro–forming, has
changed the way many products are produced and manufactured in the past 3 decades. It is a die
forming operation, used primarily for creating complex parts without the expensive cost of tooling,
and die making. Tubular–Hydroforming will be the focus of this report as it is a key process in the
production of a Bicycle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages/ Disadvantages of Tubular–Hydroforming
The advantages of hydroforming highly out way other forms of manufacturing processes across the
board. One of the largest factors that puts hydroforming ahead of the other manufacturing processes
is sheer cost of tooling.
Due to the fact that you only need the negative mold tool of the product that you are making, your
cost drops significantly. Furthermore unlike conventional tooling processes because the
manufacturing requires no cutting or further machining after the part have been made. You can
reduce the amount of machinery that you need to correct any imperfections.
Also when hydroforming products you are able to deliver an equal amount pressure over the surface
that is required giving a uniform thickness to the part you are making. That reduces costs of material
as well as the ability to guarantee that the part you are making is to the desired thickness, keeping
waste down and rejected parts down to a minimum.
When creating a bike frame, it helps the strength to make all the structural areas with the most
surface area possible. As well, materials need to be reduced to cut down cost, which is mitigated
when hydro–forming because it is a highly calculated operation where the materials are specifically
chosen to maximize the potential. Hydroforming uses the same material and can also do high detail
items within the product

Hydraulic Fracking In The Oil And Gas Industry
Introduction and Background In the oil and gas industry, fracking is a major current issue that
engineers are dealing with for the current state of the United states. Hydraulic fracking, or
"fracking" is the process of drilling a well to the depth in the earth where shale rock is located. Once
the drill bit reaches this specific depth, the drilling alters its path to a horizontal track into the shale
rock in order to span the entire reservoir. Next, fracking fluid, consisting of sand, liquid chemicals,
and water, is injected into the shale rock at a high pressure, which cause small cracks, known as
fissures, in the rock. This action allows oil and natural gas to freely escape into the pipeline. The oil
and gas mixture then flows to the surface ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the disposal of the fracking fluid should be regulated in a non–harmful way to the
environment. Along with many other engineering activities, there are ignorant people that rally
against fracking due to the little information they know and their refusal to research the topic before
making accusations.Conclusion In conclusion, Fracking is an innovative way to extract oil and gas
from shale rock. It differs from conventional drilling from the fact that deeper wells and horizontal
drilling are utilized in order to produce more. There are many benefits that accompany fracking,
such as increased employment and decreased cost of importation for the US because of their large
reserves of shale rock. Fracking does come with some drawbacks, such as environmental issues and
fresh water reserves. With future regulations of fracking, the negative environmental effects can be
mitigated. Also, additional water purification systems should be implemented at fracking sites in
order for excess water to be reused and not disposed. Currently, OPEC has lowered the price to $54
per barrel, which limits fracking because the breakeven price per barrel is $64 ("A key investor's
guide to the crude oil market"). When the price per barrel exceeds $64, US will become an exporter
rather than importing form outside countries. This will ultimately increase the US

Literature Review : The Small Hydropower ( Shp )
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 SMALL HYDROPOWER (SHP) AAAAAAA 1. Powers
et al (1985) did an assessment study on the fishway development and design. Method of water
control and the degree and type of water control were formed the basis to classify fish passes.
Swimming speed of the fishes was related to their lengths for designing the fish passes. Energy
required by the fishes upstream was determined for three scenarios: (i) passing through the pools in
fishways (ii) ascending a sloping channel like waterfall or spillway (iii) jumping over a weir or
waterfall. [23] 2. Kamula et al (2000) studied the effects of modifications on the hydraulics of Denil
fishways. The location of the highest velocities in the cross section of Denil fish passes was
determined to be on the sides and not in the center. Since there is a non– uniform flow in the fish
passes hence the velocities are not symmetrically distributed along the mid–axis. The plots for
dimensionless discharge for the studied designs and for the standard Denil pass were found to be
almost parallel to each other. The topmost portion of the Denil fishpass is subjected to higher
velocities so must be designed accordingly. [24] 3. Boubée et al (2003) studied the downstream
migration and passage technologies for diadromous fishes in the United States and New Zealand.
Intake screens in the form of rotating drums have been the most

Advantages Of Pairee Machine
INTRODUCTION
In order to compete with the growing sectors in manufacturing industries, the manufactures must
frequently looks for the cost reduction ways while enhancing the quality of product and increasing
through–put. The company should have the ability to adopt the fluctuation in marketplace. It can be
possible by automation. The machineries, process in industries are subjected to automatic control
with use of various control system called automation. It have various application in steering and
stabilization of ships, aircraft and various machining operations. The most advantages using
automation is it saves the labor. The advancement in industries leads to use of feedback control
system, usually continuous which includes taking measurements using a sensor and making the
adjustments to keep the measured variable within a set range Automation has been achieved by
various means including mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic and computers usually in
combination.
Due to the automation and innovative technologies a tough competition increasing between
manufacturing industries. These are now much concerned with their profitability and productivity.
The researchers believe that reduction of time and cost of product and increasing quality of
production are very important aspects in achieving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Pairee SPM was ordered and brought to the Rane (madras), pvt. Limited, Ambattur branch,
Chennai in 1997 from Pairee machine tools private ltd. As the name itself states it's a special
purpose machine designed to perform Milling, Boring and drilling operations. During the year 2000
the machine was transferred to Rane (madras) Mysore branch as the steering gear box housing
component requires some operation in sequence eliminate the procuring of new machine which cost
to the company and also the machine can be modified as per the

Use Of Hydraulic Systems Used From Ancient Egypt
1. INTRODUCTION
___________________________________________________________________
1.1 Chronology of Hydraulics
A machine could be described as a device which reduces human effort. Machines consist of various
components which perform their intended operations to give the desired result. Engines, Vehicles,
computers etc are all examples of machines we come across in our daily lives. Hydraulic machines
are those devices which use the power of a liquid to perform simple work. These machines are based
on the principle of hydraulics which deals with the mechanical properties of liquids. Properties of
fluids provide the basis of hydraulics. A hydraulic press is one such device which is based on this
principle. The use of hydraulic systems can be traced to the regions of ancient Egypt, China and
various other regions where the principle of hydraulics was used for a variety of purposes but it was
only in the modern era that the concept of hydraulics was put to use for operating machinery and in
the development of hydraulic power networks. Numerous scientists like Blaise Pascal and Benedetto
Castelli contributed enormously in this regard.
1.2 The Science of Hydraulics
The term "hydraulics" is derived from the Greek words "hydro" (meaning water) and "aulics"
(meaning pipes). We come across hydraulic machines like cranes, forklifts etc in our day to day
lives. Aeroplanes and cars use the concept of hydraulics for carrying out certain operations. A
hydraulic system works on the

Excavator Boom Design
UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
MENG 2005 – ENGINEERING DESIGN 1
LECTURER – DR. BRIDGE
GROUP PROJECT – DESIGN OF A MINI – EXCAVATOR
DATE SUBMITTED – 19TH NOVEMBER, 2010
GROUP NAME – THE A–TEAM
GROUP MEMBERS     GERARD MOHAMMED JUSTIN KALLOO SHIV RAJ
BALROOP ADRIAN PIRTHYSINGH 809000675 809002400 808000136 809000847
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
Introduction Literature Review Definition of Problem Functional Analysis Final Design Project
planning Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis Calculations Discussion and Interpretation of
Findings Individual Attachments References List of Figures and Tables Table 1 Table 2 Table 3
Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Morphological Table Part 1
Morphological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to this, there were even excavators whose arms and its mechanism for digging were run by
cables, running along pulley systems. Excavators have a wide variety of uses and can be customized
to fit the desired job. The customization of an excavator involves changing of the bucket or adding
hydraulic attachments. The standard bucket can be changed with various sizes of different types of
buckets (ditch/trench cleaning) and other attachments include augers, hammers, vibratory
compactors, dozers, breakers, grapples, thumbs, clamshells, wood clippers, brush cutters and
concrete crushers. Excavators are used in digging of trenches, holes for foundations beams, general
construction or even demolition of old buildings, sewage works, road widening works, pipe laying
and rock breaking and dragging; resources mining which include overburden, removal in coal
mining, gravel collection; forestry works which entails timber handling and prune off work; metal

recycling which involves slag handling and scrap handling; brush cutting with hydraulic
attachments, general grading and landscaping. To assist in understanding the basis of operation of
the excavator, an article on hydraulics was used. This article gave a general understanding of the
principles governing the transmission of pressure due to hydraulics and its widespread application.
The basic idea behind any

Taking a Look at Pal Fabricators
Offering a wide range of Hydraulic Product & Equipment, Coil Straightening Machine / Plate
Levelling Machine, etc., at most reasonable prices. About Us Pal Fabricators offers Hydraulic and
Machinery Solutions to sectors like agriculture, heavy equipment and mining. We have acquired a
reliable status in these sectors as a prominent manufacturer of Hydraulic Product & Equipment, Coil
Straightening Machine / Plate Levelling Machine, Power Operated Shearing Machine, Fittings and
Spare Parts. Our complete range of products commands a significant industry presence due to its
impeccable quality and wide usages. We develop the array using best grade of raw material and as
per international quality standards. We understand the value of our client's investment and show our
gratitude towards it by delivering precision engineering solutions matching to our commitment and
customer's requirements. Conforming to it, we have strong manpower support whose deep
engineering expertise and consistent approach towards developing quality products has helped us in
providing optimal solution to patron need. Our skilled professionals spend time with the purchaser
to find out their specific requirements and then suggest optimized solutions to them. The motto of
our company is to make sure that customers are getting best products at most competitive prices.
Besides, our financial strength, commitment to quality and geographical diversity has strengthened
our partnership between employees, customers

Hydraulic Fracturing : Natural Gas
Hydraulic Fracturing
Natural gas is a keystone of United States economy, it providing the United States a quarter of the
country's total energy; Outstanding to the many advances in technology. Production from shale
formations has gone from a small amount just a few years ago to being almost thirty percent of total
United States natural gas manufacture. This has gotten lower prices, domestic jobs due to the
possible of extensive production growth. Although the growth has also brought many difficult
questions about both current and future making can be done in a naturally way that meets the needs
of the public trust.
Hydraulic fracturing is a gas and oil, which involves a process that involves injecting sand, water,
and many other chemicals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These wells are drilled to a depth of 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Many argue that this water is taken out of
the hydrologic cycle because it doesn't evaporate back into the atmosphere.
In a political perspective is very uncertain many are against this because the facts surrounding
chemical use are clear water and sand comprises and majority of the mixture used. United States
environmentalist and civic community groups are seeking specific chemical disclosure and
supporting lawsuits of potential drinking water contamination. Many other questions are being
raised about the use and reuse and disposal of water in the process of fracturing. The EPA had
already concluded a study explaining that hydraulic fracturing environmental risks in 2004.If
hydraulic fracturing environmental risks existed, they would occur in the shallow fields. The federal
government has been really reluctant to enact some environmental regulation to the expanding
industry to expand. As natural gas prices rise and the use to use a different source for oil has spread;
it has become a very large export for the United States (Mandel, 2010).
From an ethical point of view we have to look at both the harms and benefits that we can obtain
from hydraulic fracturing. We have to view the dangers of fracking; which can mean contaminating
our water supply. But on the other hand there are huge benefits,

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Pneumatics
Introduction
The technology of Pneumatics deals with the application and uses of a compressible gas such as air
or a suitable pure gas but hydraulics uses an incompressible liquid such as oil. The application
started to grow due to a gradual shift towards automated machines and equipment. The introduction
of pneumatics in manufacturing has introduced the cheaper mode of production in wide areas of
application such as Packaging machinery, Bottle filling Industry, artificial heart, logic control
systems and robotic materials handling devices etc. Due to several advantages, pneumatics is
preferred over hydraulics. The coming future technology in this field is further improving the
hydraulics in terms of cost and energy efficiency.
The early application ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first compressors were seen around 3000 B.C. to provide small blows of air to aid in starting
fire. In around 1500 B.C, these simple devices were evolved into larger units and used in metal
smelting. Around the 18th century, mechanical compressors were used to do useful work, any many
experiments were done to test the power and applicability of pneumatic systems. Pneumatics was
used to power a tunneling project in Mt. Cenis, located in the Alps. If traditional drilling methods
were used (manual) the project would have taken around 30 long years. By using pneumatic drills,
the tunnel was completed in just 14 years and was open to traffic in 1871. This project caught the
attention of many government agencies and they began to talk of compressor stations for city–wide
power consumption. (6)
Paris was actually the first city to try pneumatics in 1888 when a 65 horsepower (HP) rated
compressor fed 4 miles of main wire with 30 miles of branch circuits delivering 90 psi. By 1891 the
capacity of the motor was increased to 25,000 HP. Electricity would become the most convenient on
large–scale energy transmission while pneumatics were used in more industrial applications
including power, process, and control

The Sampling Interval For The Current Clamps
The sampling interval for the current clamps can be changed depending on what we want to know.
For the air compressor we may log more frequently, for example every five seconds, if we find that
the compressor is switching mode very frequently, otherwise logging at 60–second intervals may be
enough. The purpose of the continuous measurement will also affect the logging interval. If the first
visit gives us the impression that the compressed air system is an important part of the energy use,
we may measure more carefully to have enough information to suggest detailed measures. The
drawing of the electric
(Table 3. Example of plan for energy measurements to allocate electricity use to unit processes.)
In this case we will have a measurement from a switchgear cabinet that covers several unit
processes, for example lighting and forklift charging for a garage and picking stock, as shown in
Figure 8. The data from clamp no. 1 in the switchgear must be complemented by simulta‐ neous
measurements from clamps 2 and 3 in the distribution board, where clamp 2 measures the total
incoming current to the Central Garage board and clamp 3 measures the outgoing current to the
forklift chargers. Later, the data from clamp 2 in the Central Garage distribution board can be
subtracted from clamp 1 in the switchgear to get a picture of the energy use in Central Picking Stock
and Central Large Hall. At the same time you have parallel measurements of the air compressor
from clamp no 4. The clamp

Fracking And Its Early Technological Advancements
Contents
Introduction 1
What is Hydraulic Fracking? 2
The Roberts Torpedo, 1864 3
Kelpper Well No. 1, 1947 5
Hydrafrac, 1949 6
The Growth of Hydrafrac, 1949 – 1954 8
Introduction
Hydraulic fracking ('Fracking') dominates the US oil and gas industry. Although it is currently a
politically dividing topic due to environmental concerns (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2010), the concept behind fracking has been around for over 150 years (Roberts, 1866), and
has been in use in its current state for over 60 years (Clark, 1949). This report will cover the early
history of fracking, and its early technological advancements.
What is Hydraulic Fracking?
Fracking is a well–stimulation technique used most commonly in oil and gas production. Hydraulic
fracking is usually performed on shale reserves, but conventional wells are also able to be fracked.
Fracking is an extremely important technique; not only increasing production rates of wells but also
adding approximately 20 trillion m3 of natural gas and 9 billion bbl of oil to the US reserves
(Montgomery & Smith, 2010).
Fracking follows this basic process:
1. Fracking fluid is pumped into the well under high pressure (United States Environmental
Protection Agency, 2010).
2. This flows into the (perforated) reservoir rock, and creates hairline fractures (United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2010).
3. Minute particles such as sand, called 'proppant' are suspended in the fluid

Diagnosis Of Street Sweeper : Failure Of Motor Shaft Seals
DIAGNOSIS OF STREET SWEEPER Problem 1– Failure of Motor Shaft Seals Recently one of the
operators of street sweeper had a complaint that the motor shaft seals of street sweeper were failing.
Figure 4– Part of Brush motor. Source: Sheaf, 2013 It was found that "the motor on the curb side
seemed to fail more than the one on the street side" (Sheaf, 2013, para.2.). According to the
manufacturer's catalog, the hydraulic motor was only designed to work best at high pressure. Also,
"High pressure Viton shaft seals eliminate the need for case drain" (Sheaf, 2013, para.3.). During the
working of the hydraulic system, it was observed that the pressure in the system was found to be in
"between 1,500 to 2,000 psi" (para.3) instead of 3,000 according to the catalog. To overcome this
situation, shaft seal kits were ordered, but it did not manage to overcome the failure. Solution High
pressure created in the system was one of the reasons for the failure of shaft seals. Moreover, oil
contaminants were found to be the second cause for its failure. (Sheaf, 2013, para.4.). "The rotation
on most hydraulic motors can be reversed by switching the port connection" (para.5.). One of the
contractors in the New Orleans had no idea that switching the inlet with the outlet port can "cause
premature shaft seal failures rotating in one direction" (para.6). This was the third reason that was
causing the problem. However, "the original circuit called for clockwise and counter–clockwise
motors both

A Hydraulic Crane : The Present Work Is Carried Out On...
1.1 Telescopic crane: The present work is carried out on telescopic crane. A telescopic hydraulic
crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside the other. A hydraulic or other
powered mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the total length of the
boom. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus moves loads
beyond the normal capability of human. These types of booms are often used for short term
construction projects rescue jobs, lifting boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness
of telescopic booms makes them adaptable for many mobile applications. Boom play objective role
in the load lifting operation and the maximum direct effect of the stress is initializing from it and
effects to another attached assemblies of crane. Sometimes this crane is truck mounted to travel on
highway and eliminating the need of the special transportation for crane. The telescopic boom is
composed of a series of rectangular shaped symmetrically cross–sectional segments which are fitted
with one inside the other.The boom base section is the largest segment while the boom tip section is
the smallest. In between there are six sections exist in the telescopic crane boom. There are different
types of Telescopic booms which may be pinned boom, full powered boom, or a combination of
both pinned boom and full powered boom. A pinned boom is one in which sections are pinned in the
extended or retracted

The Advantages Of Top Down Approach To Engineering Problems
PART 1
*QUESTION;
*Research, describe and explain in your own words the advantages of using 'TOP DOWN' approach
to engineering problems.
*ANSWER;
Top Down Approach
There are many strategies available to solve the engineering problems. One of the most famous
strategies is Top Down approach. The strategy, in which the complex engineering problem is solved
by dividing it into many sub small problems, is called Top Down approach in problem solving. At
below part, four advantages are described which are related with the top down approach of problem
solving.
Advantages of Top Down Approach;
If the problem is divided into the parts, it is easier to understand clearly what should to do.
Reproduce the parts to new parts reduces the level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smaller size: In alike capabilities, electrical actuators generally have a lesser footmark than either
pneumatic or hydraulic actuators because of the lesser number of components but in the all
implementation or designs, the lesser dimension results are more intensive so, is gained more
elasticity due to including the actuator.
8. Cleaner: Pneumatic and hydraulic devices may have some failure probability. Pneumatic ones
count on compressed air and if failures occur, it may cause an environmental pollution with blow
contaminants. In the same way, hydraulic ones may danger for every kind of thing that next to it
because, it may leak and contaminate the area and product as well, especially workers may be at risk
as life hazard. In contrast, an electrical actuator utilises just efficient, clean and safe electricity to run
that's why is much better than

The Environmental And Economic Pros And Cons Of Hydraulic...
The Environmental and Economic Pros and Cons of Hydraulic Fracking Figure 1 – Drilling on the
Pinedale Anticline (Rocco 2013) Submitted to: Dr. Judy Sneller Professor of English Humanities
Department South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Submitted by: Molly Nelson December
3, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF
ILLUSTRATIONS............................................................................3
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................5
BACKGROUND.........................................................................................5–11
METHODS....................................................................................................11 PRIMARY
REESEARCH........................................................................11 SECONDARY
RESEARCH.....................................................................11 EXPECTED
RESULTS.....................................................................................12
REFERENCES............................................................................................13–14
TIMELINE................................................................................................15–16 ACADEMIC
ADVISOR'S SIGNATURE...............................................................17 TABLE OF
ILLUSTRATIONS TABLES TABLE 1– U.S. Crude Oil Price Per
Barrel...................................................10 FIGURES FIGURE 1– Drilling on the Pinedale
Anticline.................................................1 FIGURE 2– Shale Gas
Extraction................................................................6 FIGURE 3– U.S. Oil and Gas Producing
Wells................................................8 FIGURE 4– Oil Boom in Williston, North
Dakota...........................................11 ABSTRACT Our society has faced two major energy related
problems since the Industrial Revolution. The first is where our future energy resources are going to
come from. The United States both consumes and produces an immense

The Cause Of Plumbing In Katy
Low Water Pressure | Plumbing Katy
Low water pressure is annoying to deal with, and it may be a cause for concern. Low water pressure
can make the simple task of taking a shower a chore. Furthermore, it lengthens any of the tasks
around the home requiring water. There a several potential causes of low water pressure, and
identifying the source is the first step in resolving it. In the following the most common causes are
discussed. A Benjamin Franklin Plumbing plumber can find the cause behind your home's water
pressure problem, and provide the professional repair of your plumbing in Katy.
First, you need to verify the problem causing a low water pressure is in your home. Ask your
neighbors if they are also experiencing unusually low water ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
You can count on our plumbers in Katy to provide professional and reliable plumbing services that
meet and/or exceed the industry standards. Our plumbers offer a wide range of plumbing services
for residential and commercial plumbing in Katy, including emergency 24 hour service. We serve
Katy, Houston, Sugar Land and the surrounding areas. Ben Franklin is a member of the BBB with
an A+

Disadvantages Of Rowing Machines
A rowing machine offers you a great chance to get a full–body workout. It does so by providing a
low–impact exercise without having to damage your joints. The trainee enjoys all the benefits of
cardio workouts in one room. Thus, there is no high risk of getting injuries as with other kinds of
fitness machines. However, it is important to first understand the various types of these machines
prior buying. By doing so, you are sure of getting the best machine that will suit your needs. Such
types include the following.
1. Piston resistance machine
This rowing machine contains arms that are mounted with hydraulic cylinders. It has features that
make it more beneficial for use. In need to know some of these features and how beneficial they
are? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is very crucial especially to the beginners in order to have a comfortable training session. It is
also very vital for warming up at a lower stroke rate prior vigorous session.
4. High intensity rowing machine
This is yet another great workout machine that you may use. Is it not clear to you what makes it very
important? Well, it is none other but its features that are associated with the following benefits. To
start with, this machine is as fast and hard as you can for a pre–determined period. This stimulates
the racing conditions needed. However, this one is not good for beginners. On the other hand, it is
very beneficial for both intermediate as well as advanced rowers. It is favored by the elite
competition rowers for building stamina both physical and mental.
5. Water resistance rowing machine
The water resistance machine keeps on increasing its resistance as the pace of the trainee keeps on
increasing. Its resistance changes as the trainee removes or add water in the resistance tank. This
gives the user more control over the workout. It operates silently since it uses water to operate. It is
the best choice for those looking for a machine that they can keep in one place for long periods of
time. it is also good for those who want a real feeling of rowing on

Advantages Of Cold Roll Forming Machine Industry
Cold Roll Forming Machine Industry is fully customized solution, Lean upon Copra FEA solution
and experienced technician design capacity, Jingjing Machinery has specialized in this industry over
10 years, with fabrication by advanced CNC controlled machine tool, adopt original Mitsubishi PLC
control system, and experienced assembling and testing team, Jingjing Machinery have confidence
to supply you both European Style and Traditional Style roll forming machiney with top quality in
china. Cold Roll Forming Machine Product Feature:
The metalic profile produced by roll forming machine look beautiful, elegant and noble. They are
widely used for garden, factory, hotel, exhibition center and villa, etc. Cold Roll Forming Machine
Components:

Lock And Dam Research Paper
Recreational usage is a courtesy and is not considered in the outcome for the locks. This Lock and
Dam's sole purpose is not for flood control, or recreation, but it is for the transportation of goods.
Accurate record keeping is a must to keep the money allocated by Congress for the Lock and Dam.
.2. Maintenance Communication My maintenance duties consist of a myriad of working knowledge
of power tools, hand tools and heavy equipment. I am required to have a working knowledge and to
be proficient in the use of precision tools like multi–meter, volt meter, dial calipers, and
micrometers. I must also possess the skills to train others to use them. Basic knowledge of drawings,
prints, and schematics is required. I conduct or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Quality communication was essential in each of these situations not only for the repair but the safety
of everyone. The maintenance part of my job requires me to research where to find replacement
parts for an aging system or like parts of the existing system every time something breaks or needs
preventative maintenance. I must read and research prints and plans for circuits and piping. There is
not a perfect manual for everything so, I must research and test hypothesis –to troubleshoot
mechanical, lighting, hydraulic pumps etc. The data is then input into FEMS (Facilities and
Equipment Maintenance System) to track hours worked and non–routine maintenance. Maintenance
is consistently monitored and stored in the FEM system which has a record everything the operator
needs to do to keep the facility running such as storing work orders. An example of data we store
beyond maintenance hours and scheduling, is the gap in the bull nose, which is an opening in the
concrete at the end of the guard wall where the boats enter. The guard wall keeps the boat from
moving over and hitting the dam. This crack is frequently measured and recorded for repair and
safety purposes.
3. Teaching classes
A. Military One of the important ways of communicating is teaching, it is rich in verbal, written,
and nonverbal communication. I have given on the job training and taught numerous classes in the
military to hundreds of soldiers including: basic skills, marksmanship

Trench Shoring Of The Trenches
Trench Shoring Boxes
Shoring is a very critical and safe process of excavation that used to prevent collapse of the trenches.
This quick and easy temporary earth retaining structure works by ensuring ground stability within
the trench. Trench shoring and excavation services are undertaken thousands of time everyday
throughout the US. However, because of the risk of accidents, safe equipments that comply with
laws and regulations governing trenching and excavation must be used. Trench shoring offers
durable trench boxes made from steel or aluminum. This is certain securing the workers and
protecting the utility employees.
The boxes feature sidewalls of varying thickness and interchangeable steel or aluminum spreaders.
Trench Shoring boxes, rent to own steel trench boxes feature reinforced knife edge, pounding pads,
all steel design and vertical and horizontal steel members for strength. The aluminum trench boxes,
on the other hand, are great for light repair work as well as scheduled maintenance service. The
company also offers an array of Kundel lightweight aluminum hydraulic shoring equipment models
of different stackable range and sizes such as Shorelite, Shorelite Lite, TuffGuy, and V–Panel.
The TuffGuy box series features durable panels and steel made end members designed to maximum
protection in the trench. Kundel boxes and safe and incompliant with OSHA regulations and
standards set for hazardous working conditions. The Kundel V–Panel, on the other hand, is used

Personal Statement In Water Engineering
"The best revenge is massive success." – Frank Sinatra
It may seem wired, but the sense of revenge threw me into the field of water engineering. I spent
most of my childhood outdoors on my father's farm close to a small city in the west of the province.
As a hobby, my father gave me a small part of his farm, where I grew up different crops with his
help. During that time, I enjoyed nothing more than to see the farms green. But those days did not
last long and water scarcity impacted the farm's yield, resulted in water conflicts between farmers.
The whole income of the family depleted and left no choice other than selling the farm and
migrating to the capital of the province for other means of income. During high school when my
classmates were thinking about the major primary branches of engineering such as chemistry,
mechanic and electric for their post–secondary education, I was thinking about a different major. I
missed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among those courses, I found the hydraulic ones quite interesting, especially designing different
hydraulic structures for various water engineering purposes. Thereafter, hydraulics has become my
all–time impressing subject. In fact, its attractiveness motivated me very much to become among the
three top students in related courses. Apart from hydraulics theories, I enjoyed the practical courses
very much especially my internship in a laboratory where I cooperated a PhD student to conduct
experiments on the hydraulic jump over a rough bed. This event ignited my desire for doing my own
research and advancing my education to the next level. Therefore, I took the Iranian National
Entrance Competition for Master Programs and gained the rank of 23 out of 1710 rivals for
Agricultural Engineering–Hydraulic Structures program in 2008. I spent a whole year studying
intensively for this competitive exam; however, my enthusiasm helped me win a place with a very
good

Design Optimization Of Worm Gear Drive
Conventional tipper mechanism an unload materials only at the backside of the tipper using
hydraulically operated cylinder which may cause the problems of road blockage in the limited space
area. The revolving hydraulic trailor overcomes the problem of unloading the vehicle on side way
by using hydraulic cylinder. By using cylinder the material can be unloaded in 180 degree as per
requirement. The revolving hydraulic trailor is developed and tested for its movement in all 180
degree possible angle to unload the materials in the tipper trolley and monitor the inclinations for its
gradualism (linearity).
Key words: Design Optimization of Worm Gear drive, Hydraulic Cylinder, Worm & Worm Gear
Introduction
Material handling in construction and civil works is one of the basic necessities. The material supply
to civil and construction is provided through trucks, tractor, dumper etc. The material should be
properly loaded, managed, stacked, transported and unloaded. The trailor carries the material which
is loaded from the site, where the material is initially stored. It is then loaded to the trailor and
transported to the required site and then unloaded. The major issues raises over here, the
incompatibility of the site with the fully loaded trailor causes a lot of settling time for the trolley to
get the material properly arranged and transportation time to reach its location. The trailor unloads
the material in

Science Fair Project Report
This year, for my Science Fair Project I plan to do a study on how varying system parameters affect
the dynamics of a multi–tank liquid–level hydraulic system. The purpose of this type of system is to
maintain a constant fluid flow. In order to maintain this fluid flow the tanks have to preserve a
certain liquid level, this necessary level depends on the other variables. My system will consist of:
an inflow valve, the tanks, valves to go between the tanks, and an outflow valve. I want to do this
experiment because about two years ago, when I was in the seventh grade, I did a science fair
experiment where I tested how changing the variables in a mass–spring–damper system affected
system response. In that experiment, I changed the amount of mass,

Developing The Stormwater Master Plan
Following is a description of the important data and their potential uses in developing the
Stormwater Master Plan:
a) The accuracy and resolution of topographic data that determines the drainage area boundaries,
slopes and flow paths have a significant impact on the quality of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling
and flood mapping. The FMC team expects that the high quality topographic data of Freetown,
including the upstream mountainous areas, will be provided by SLRA within a week of the project
inception. A basemap showing ortho–rectified aerial imagery will significantly help in ground
truthing and resolving discrepancies in data. Additionally topographic survey will be required to
determine the centerline of existing and proposed storm drain alignment and establish vertical and
horizontal geometric characteristic of the urban storm water drainages and structures, centerlines
and cross sections.
b) Geographic coordinates of significant features on or adjacent to the urban storm water drainages
and structures, including buildings, markets and roads will be required. It is assumed that such GIS
data are readily available to support the development of the Master Plan.
c) Assuming the long–term rainfall data are readily available from the Meteorological Office, all
rainfall records from local rain gauges will be compiled. The rainfall data should have a time
interval of one hour or less. The rainfall records will be used as input to the model and to determine
the peak flows

The Crash Of The Air Crash
Nowadays, the airline industry is known as one of the most common type of transportation for long
and short distances. Over thousands of passengers are traveling by aircrafts every day. But, this
industry had faced with serious failures during last decades that in some cases, the human loss was
one of these failures consequences. The Turkish 981 air crash (as shown in Figure: 1) is a known
example of design process issues in airline history because of losing all 346 passengers after 10
minutes of flight. The Turkish aircraft was the second Mc_ Donnell Douglas unsuccessful flight that
proved the weak performance of Dc_10 jumbo jet (Kilroy, para. 1–4). Douglas started to enter
different jumbo jets to airline industry after producing jet planes for US military in order to
introduce a new method of cargo door design. While, after the disaster, it was found that technical
issues during the design of Douglas productions were the main reasons of Turkish flight crash
(Johnston, 1976, p. 2).In this essay,Douglass history, main reasons of this air crash as design issues
with cargo door,vent floor, actutor and hydraulic system, also a compression of Douglass process
with a correct design process would be explained. Figure1: Turkish 981 aircraft
The history of Turkish air crash
On 3rd of March, the Turkish 981 flight left the Paris to London after 20 minutes delay. A few
seconds later, at the height of

Hydraulics Personal Reflection
As a second–year Marine Machinery Mechanic Apprentice, I am fortunate enough to continue my
career on one the most knowledgeable teams. As a member of the Hydraulics Team, I learned what
it is like to handle some of the largest Hydraulic components in existence. I am specially trained to
disassemble, clean, rebuild, and test hydraulic components according to required specifications.
Speech 251 has built my communication skills up to the point where I can clearly communicate,
with my team members, while conducting hydraulic tests. As the year is coming to an end,
Hydraulics is experiencing another slow period. As work slows down, I continue to educate myself
by reading step processes in technical manuals and by studying drawings to continue my growth in
aspects that pertain to my job. Moreover, as a second–year apprentice, communication has proven to
be one of the most valuable skills, both written and verbal. Speech 251 has lent me a hand. Dr.
Halbert's persistence in the value of public speaking has been beneficial in establishing
communication skills. In example, we regularly hold board meetings where job statuses and injury
reports are discussed with upper management. Having the confidence to speak professionally, in a
public setting, helps the production move on schedule. Being able to update those, who manage the
projects, allows future planning to flow accordingly. In my opinion, a sense of pride can be seen in
my work. Despite the ever so changing environment that

Fracking For Oil And Natural Gas
ASSIGNMENT #13
Fracking for Oil and Natural Gas
WRITTEN BY
MOSOPE ODUWOLE
250817380
moduwol@uwo.ca Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL
For centuries, oil and natural gas have been drilled and mined using conventional means, by digging
in oil rich sandstones, conventional rocks. Due to the permeability of these rocks, it is easy for the
oil and gas to flow to the surface from well bores and be collected for commercial use. But recently,
concerns have been raised regarding the over–exploitation of these resources, as various reports
show that with the current level of exploration, these reserves will soon be depleted. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The difference between these two sources – conventional and unconventional oil – is in the type of
rock and depth of drilling, as well as the method used in bringing up the oil and gas. Whereas
conventional oil and gas makes use of vertically drilled bores and shallow depths, unconventional
oil is drilled at depths farther below in the earth's surface (depths of up to 10,000 feet have been
recorded), by making use of horizontal bores (figure 1).
1.2 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FOR OIL AND GAS
Prior to what is today known as Hydraulic Fracturing or "Fracking", in the 19th century, water wells
and bores had been fractured using explosives to create high permeability for both water and oil
wells. Over the years, the technology has been refined and improved into what is used today for
exploration in Shale rocks due to their low–permeability.
Fracking is the process of pumping large gallons of water, mixed with sand and a "cocktail" of
chemical compounds into existing crevices of underground oil and gas reserves, under very high
pressure, thereby creating fissures and cracks in the rocks and hence improving the porosity and
permeability of the rock formation. Figure 1: Conventional Gas reservoirs and Unconventional Gas
Reservoirs (Shale Rock)

Naturally occurring veins in the rock formations are used in the conventional sources to tap the oil,
but in unconventional sources, these veins are either not large enough, or are too far apart and not

Statement Of Sop In Mechanical Engineering
Engineering, when I think about it or hear about it, the first thing that flashes in my mind is that
preparing toy cars with bottle caps and cardboard. From childhood my thoughts, imaginations was
about creating a toy or a thing from scrap. When, I was in my school I read a magazine about cars
which created a zeal in me to know more about automobile and I started a bit of research about it.
Encouraged and inspired by all those fascinating models that came forth from my own dexterity,
eventually I decided to pursue a career in Mechanical engineering. Alongside from routine
curriculum, daily I seek to learn a part or working of a part in an engine. This made to take a masters
course in Automotive Engineering.
Right from childhood I am a meritorious student being in the top 5% of the school in every
academic year. I completed my SSC from Tagore's High School with 90.16%. I stood in top 10% of
the school in mathematics competition conducted by 'All India Mathematics Teachers Association'.
For the excellency in studies I received silver medal in HDFC ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I got placed in Tech Mahindra. The major courses I studied are Automobile Engineering, Thermal
Engineering, Heat Transfer, Design of Machine Members, Theory of Machines, Operations
Research, Machine Tools, Production Technology, Robotics, Engineering mechanics, Mechanics of
Solids, Power Plant Engineering, Engineering Drawing, Machine drawing, Production Drawing,
Mechanics of Fluids and Finite Element Analysis.
Till date in my course, I submitted one mini project which is about 'A Study of Industrial Hydraulics
in Blast Furnace in Vishakapatnam Steel Plant' and major project is yet to done. In this mini project
I studied about of the working of hydraulic system of blast furnace and functioning of blast furnace
to produce steel, I studied about the hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic

Water Hammer: Plumbing Sugar Land
Water Hammer | Plumbing Sugar Land Water hammer, also called hydraulic shock, occurs when
water stops suddenly after a faucet is quickly turned on or off. The sudden stop of running water
causes the loud banging characteristic of water hammer in a home's plumbing in Sugar Land. When
it occurs suddenly having never happened before, it indicates there is a problem in the home's pipes.
Water hammer is not a benign condition; the causes of water hammer requires repair to prevent
damage to a home's plumbing in Sugar Land. Hiring a qualified plumber to correct the issue is
essential, in order to prevent the potential damage and leaks that can occur due to the condition. If
your home's plumbing in Sugar Land is experiencing water hammer, a Benjamin Franklin Plumber
can determine the cause and provide the plumbing repair needed. Pipe Damage from Water Hammer
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treating Water Hammer Treating water hammer will depend upon the cause. The homeowner can
provide the following to restore air to the chambers before calling a plumber. If the condition
continues, other plumbing problems are likely present that will require a qualified plumber in Sugar
Land. You will need to shut off the water entering the home. Drain all the water out of your water
pipes by turning on all outlets. Draining the pipes will allow water to fill the pipes and air chambers.
Close all outlets and turn the water back on. While this may solve the problem, it is typically only a
temporary solution. When high water pressure is the cause of water hammer, the installation of a
pressure–reducing valve will ensure a normal water pressure. High water pressure not only causes
water hammer, it can also damage pipes, faucets, and water using appliances. A professional
plumber is required to provide this service as installation of the valve requires cutting the home's
water

Pros And Cons Of Hydraulic Fracking
Hydraulic Fracking is a drilling method developed for the extraction of energy resources buried
beneath shale formations located deep below the Earth's surface. The practice of vertical drilling has
been safely performed for more than 50 years, but the recent development of horizontal drilling has
exposed the practice to harsh scrutinization. Vertical drilling inserts pipe directly into the shale
formations allowing for limited access to pockets of methane. The last 10 to 15 years has brought
about the development of horizontal drilling, which allows drilling to be conducted with greater
economic benefit. The process splinters shale formations horizontally, allowing the escape of larger
amounts of methane. The methane travels through fractures and eventually is stored for transport.
Proponents of hydraulic fracking contend the practice is safe, provides jobs, and is healthier for the
environment than fossil fuels. Opponents postulate the practice pollutes the water table, is a health
risk, is a viable danger to the climate, and causes earthquakes. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Studies, conducted in the Midwestern United States, have shown an increased amount to earthquake
activity surrounding drilling locations. From 1970 to 200, the region experienced approximately 20
quakes per year; it experienced 29 between 2001 and 2008 with an exponential increase from 2009
to 2011 (Ehrenberg 22). The problems do not seem to be associated with the drilling itself, but with
the waste water disposal re–injected back into sandstone below the Earth's surface. The waste water
acts as a lubricate between fault lines causing movement resulting in the shift of bedrock formations.
Both advocates and opponents acknowledge the possibility for earthquake damage, however
fracking proponents believe the risk is validated by the associated economic

The Basic Function Of The Hydraulic System
As we know that there is increase in population and due to this there is a very high demand of
vehicles. As the sales of cars and bikes are increasing there is a shortage of parking spaces. People
park their cars on road, which causes very long traffic jams and due to this common man faces a lot
of problems. So we came up with what was called "Multilevel Parking".
Its sounds pretty cool, but the main problem was how are we going to achieve it?
We build track through the building for the vehicles to take them on different parking level, which
will cost more and will not be for generations.
Another solution was using Hydraulics, motors and electric system to take the cars to different level
and it will last much longer.
Why to Use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Automated multi–level car parking is less expensive because they use the volume but less ground
area than a conventional facility with the same capacity would use. Both automated parking system,
automated car parking system protects the environment by saving emissions from the car while the
driver searches a parking space.
Automated Hydraulic car parking system
How Automated parking System Work
Automated car parking system using a similar type of technology to use the package for mechanical
handling and document retrieval.
The driver leaves the car inside the system/parking lot with the help of equipments (like sensors) the
vehicle is parked in an assigned area. Hydraulic lift or Mechanical jack is used to move the vehicle
to higher or lower levels of the parking for proper parking. The vehicle can be moved vertically in
the parking (up down) and horizontally (left or right) until the car needed again. When the vehicle is
required, the process is reversed and the transport car raises the vehicle again to the same area where
the driver left. In some cases, a turntable be used to position the car so that the driver comfortable
drive away without saving the need. The car parking system uses hydraulic lifters for this purpose.
History
Over the years, the parking system and accompanying technologies have increased and diversified.
Car parking

The Cooper-JACOB Time-Jacob Method
1.1 AQUIFER PAREMETER ESTIMATION
The transmissivity and storativity was estimated using the Cooper–Jacob (1965) time–drawdown
and Theis (1935) recovery methods. The field data was uploaded into the FC program for Aquifer
Test Analysis (2014 version) which calculated the values for each method manually.
1.1.1 COOPER–JACOB TIME–DRAWDOWN (1965)
Using the Cooper–Jacob method the T and S value had been estimated for early and late time,
respectively, by plotting the best fitted straight line on the time–drawdown plot (figure 18). The T
and S values are tabulated in table X. Borehole B2017 has been excluded from the plots as no
drawdowns have been measured. It should also be noted that UO–13 plot should be ignored as the
data obtained was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UP–16 and UO–25 falls outside this range. The T during late time is very consistent, ranging
between 6.1 and 7.2 m2/d, for four of the six boreholes. UP–15 and UO–23 have high T value
indicating water influx from the matrix as well as fractures. The existences of fractures are
supported by EC profiling and flow characteristics.
1.1.2 THEIS RECOVERY (1935)
The transmissivity of the eight boreholes was estimated by plotting the best fitted line on the Theis
plot. This was done using the FC program for Aquifer Test Analysis (2014 version) which produced
the plots in figure 19. The transmissivity is tabulated in table. By comparing the transmissivity
estimated by Theis method to the transmissivity estimated by Cooper–Jacob method, the
transmissivity corresponds moderately. According to Thies method the T ranges from 22.4 to 54.8
m2/d with B2017 to have an exceptional high T of 111.0 m2/d. According Cooper–Jacob method the
T ranges from 23.0 to 53.5 m2/d for early time and 6.1 to 28.0 m2/d for late time. By applying the
transmissivity standards (Gheorghe, 1978) six of the eight boreholes are classified as low potential
and two boreholes as moderate potential.
Since the test was done in a well in the Karoo Supergroup, it should be noted that the Theis method
tent to measure errors during the drawdown observed during the constant rate test, specifically when
the drawdown is measured manually (van Tonder et al., 2001a).
1.1.3 COOPER–JACOB

Unit 8 Assignment
Unit 80 Aircraft Hydraulic Systems Manual and Hydraulic Flight Control Systems and Components.
Assignment 4 / 4 CONTENTS Title page 1 Introduction 3 References 9 TASK P6 Task P6.1 –
Alighting gear assembly 4 Alighting gear assembly sketch 4 Alighting gear assembly major
component description 4 – Main actuator 4 – Downlock actuator and bracing strut 4 – Piston/oleo
strut 4 – Scissor (torque) link 4 – Wheel axle 4 TASK P7 Task P7.1 – Alighting landing gear circuit
operation 5 How the alighting circuit works through one complete cycle of its operation. 5 TASK P8
Task P8.1 – Operation of two retardation systems 6 Aircraft dual disc brakes 6 Thrust reversers 6
TASK M2 Task M2.1 – Relationship between landing gear weight switches and the nature of the
landing gear indications and warnings. 7 Aircraft dual disc brakes 7 TASK D1 Task D1.1 – Compare
a conventional hydro–mechanical anti–skid unit with a modern hydro–electronic anti–skid unit. 8
Comparison of both anti–skid units 8 Advantages and disadvantages 8 INTRODUCTION In this
assignment, I will:  Describe the construction and explain the operation of a rod and a cable
operated system and for each system, state the purpose of their major components.  Explain the
operation of a hydraulically powered aircraft rudder system and state the purpose of each of the
major components within the system.  Explain the operation of a hydraulically powered aircraft
trailing edge flap

Fracking is considered one of the most controversial...
Fracking is considered one of the most controversial methods of obtaining Earth's natural gases. It is
also known as hydraulic fracturing, which is drilling and introducing fluid (mostly water) into the
ground to get certain rocks to produce natural gases. Fracking could cause devastating effects to the
environment. According to the article "Hydraulic Fracturing 101" on the web–site earthworks.com,
fracking can not only use up a lot of water, but it can also contaminate groundwater. Two to ten
million gallons of water can be used to fracture a single well. Also the water used to fracture has
many additives, such as hydrochloric acid, that can prove deadly to those who come in contact with
them. In "Hydraulic Fracturing 101" it stated that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the fracturing process is over, GasFrac is able to recover one hundred percent of it's fracturing
components, un–like conventional fracturing which can leave up to 80% of it's fracturing liquids in
the ground, which causes pollution and extensive cleanup. Also it takes much less space to store
LPG, which decreases the amount of trucks needed to transport it compared to conventional
fracking. As you can see, there are more positive factors to LPG vs. conventional fracking liquids
than being water–less.
But how does water–less fracking work? GasFrac.com stats that the GasFrac system is completely
closed, pressurized well, that doesn't allow any exposure to the air around it. Due to this there is no
vapor build–up, or air pollution. The injection process uses LPG combined in a mixer with sand,
which stimulates the release of gas from the rocks in the ground below the GasFrac system. After
the process is done, all the fracturing fluids, and natural gases are efficiently recovered, leaving less
of a footprint in the environment and reducing cleanup. The process itself is also much more
efficient than fracking with water, getting a greater uptake in less time. The system itself is
controlled completely by computers. The personnel doesn't even have to be near the GasFrac system
while its fracking, which means greater workers safety. Monitors are constantly examining the
work–site searching for any sort of gas build–up, or LPG release into the

Hydraulic Fracturing : A Common And Widespread Technique
Hydraulic fracturing has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in
North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so–
called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds and shale formations). The socalled high
volume hydraulic fracturing (with treatments typically an order of magnitude larger than the
conventional fracturing procedures) began in 1968. This was complemented by horizontal drilling
since the late 1980s, and the use of chemicals (known as "slickwater fracturing") since 1997.
The conjunction of these techniques (directional drilling, high volume fracturing, fracture
divergence systems, slickwater) with the development of multi–well pads has been especially ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the hydraulic pressure is removed from the well, small grains of hydraulic fracturing
proppants (either sand or aluminium oxide) hold the fractures open.
The term "hydraulic fracturing" is nowadays widely used to mean the process of fracturing rock
formations with water–based fluids. In general terms, hydraulics is a topic in applied science and
engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids (not just water).
2.2. Why Fracturing is used?
Fracturing is a technique designed to recover gas and oil from shale rock. Fracturing allows for
extended production in older oil and natural gas fields. It also allows for the recovery of oil and
natural gas from formations that geologists once believed were impossible to produce, such as tight
shale formations in the areas shown on the map below. Hydraulic fracturing is also used to extend
the life of older wells in mature oil and gas fields. The process can be
INST2450 Technical Report Outline Muhammad Derya
XXX
carried out vertically or, more commonly, by drilling horizontally to the rock layer and can create
new pathways to release gas or can be used to extend existing channels
2.3. Types of Fracturing
2.3.1. Hydraulic fracturing
The technique of hydraulic fracturing makes use of a liquid to fracture the reservoir rocks. A
hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping the fracturing fluid into the wellbore at a rate sufficient to
increase

Brake System Essay
HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS FOR OFF–HIGHWAY VEHICLES
AND EQUIPMENT
David E. Keyser Applications Coordinator
Keith Hogan OEM Sales
MICO, Inc. 1911 Lee Boulevard North Mankato, MN U.S.A. 56003–2507 Fax: +1 507 625 3212
Tel: +1 507 625 6426
ABSTRACT This paper will identify some prerequisites for brake actuation circuit design,
describe three basic types of brake actuation circuitry, and will point out some common problems to
be avoided in brake actuation circuit design for off–highway vehicles and equipment. It will deal
only with the actuation of service brakes (as opposed to parking brake). Service brake selection,
pneumatic, and vacuum powered brake systems are beyond the scope of this paper.
PREREQUISITES Although we are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The designer needs to know the minimum, nominal, and maximum volume of fluid required.
Different types of actuation operate in different ranges of volumetric displacements.
1
Input Pedal Force Input pedal force is generally expressed as a maximum force allowed to
generate the desired maximum brake line pressure. Again, there are governing agencies that make
recommendations to assist in identifying this value. BRAKE ACTUATION CIRCUITS The system
designer can accomplish brake actuation in different ways. The use of a direct means of actuation,
such as hydraulic pressure to apply the brakes is but one method of brake actuation. Another type of
actuation is reverse modulation or negative braking as it is referred to in the European community.
Reverse modulation uses hydraulic pressure to release a spring apply brake. Maximum torque is
produced when hydraulic pressure is absent either intentionally or due to system failure. The subject
of reverse modulation requires further detailed explanation beyond the scope fo this paper. Also
beyond the scope of this paper are pneumatic and vacuum boosted hydraulic circuits as it is felt that
the trend is clearly away from them toward full hydraulic circuits. This paper will discuss three
broad categories of hydraulic pressure actuation circuits, these are:
cylinder bore closing off the compensating port, see Figure 1 (E). This completely seals the

hydraulic system.
E C
D
Figure 1
F B Straight Bore Master

Numerical Modeling And Validation Of Neo Hookean Materials
Student number: s3378766
Project title: Numerical modelling and validation of Neo–Hookean materials in an automotive
design application
1. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
1.1 BACKGROUND
Cauchy elastic materials, also known as simple elastic materials are a type of material in which the
stress at each point can only be determined from the state of deformation in which it is currently in
with respect to a arbitrary co–ordinate system [1]. The fact that these stresses depend solely on the
state of deformation means that these stresses, which cause work, can depend on the path in which
the material deforms. This translates to the material being conservative, also known as a
hyperplastic material (e.g. rubber).
Hyper–elastic material, also know as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, the hydraulics pressure is generated from either the geroter (generated rotor), or a rotary
vane pump, which are driven by the engine of the vehicle. The turning of the wheels is done by a
hydraulic cylinder which has a force applied to it from a hydraulic cylinder, which is directly
controlled by valves allowing for flow according to the drivers steering. The more force applied by
the driver allows for a grater flow in the hydraulic system thus, allowing for a greater displacements
of the steering heel, leading to an increased turning rate of the vehicle.
Considering hydraulic pumps are designed to in effect only during positive displacement the speed
of the engine, directly relates to the flow rate of the hydraulic pump meaning that at high speeds the
cars steering operates easier and faster compared to low speeds.
FIGURE 2: Power steering unit layout [3].
The equivalent linear stiffness of the dust–boot covers is important for the feel of the steering, and
the packaging constraints in that area are restrictive so a trade–off needs to be found between the
maximum diameter (minimum stiffness) of the concertina folded cover and the effect of the stiffness
on the steering.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Thin wall structures comprised of hyper–elastic materials are commonly found throughout many
engineering disciplines (i.e. mechanical and biomechanical engineering). Such devices are utilized

Exerpose For Statement Of Purpose In Mechanical Engineering
Statement of Purpose
I have always been besieged by creative spurts to give shape to my imaginative streak. I revelled in
making toys from scrap and cardboard and an opportunity to come across a magazine about cars
only served as a catalyst. Exhilarated and inspired by all those fascinating models that came forth
from my own dexterity, I eventually decided to pursue a career in Mechanical engineering. I made it
a point to learn something outside the curriculum regarding the working of a part in an automobile
engine, jet engine and others. It is this eagerness that propels me to choose M.S in Automotive
Engineering. The elucidated inputs, received from various sources, about Esslingen University has
aided me in pursuing my aspirations to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Continuous knowledge gain of scientific theories, inventions, discoveries, machineries and the
physics around me laid a path which helped me to take a direction in choosing Mechanical
Engineering.
Currently, I am pursuing my Graduation in Malla Reddy Engineering College (affiliated to
Jawarharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad) with Mechanical Engineering as my
discipline. The curriculum includes major courses like Automobile Engineering, Thermal
Engineering, Heat Transfer, Design of Machine Members, among the many core subjects. My
aggregate up to 6th semester is 83%.
The title of my main project is Measurement of cutting forces using grinding tool dynamometer. My
project is yet to be finished. We started calculations of cutting forces generated in work pieces using
grinding tool dynamometer. From my main project, I learnt how the cutting forces generated in
metal cutting have a direct influence on heat generation, tool wear or failure, quality of machined
surface and accuracy of the work piece. By using this dynamometer, we measured the static and
dynamic cutting forces by using strain gauge and piezo–electric accelerometer. As a team leader of
my project, I am responsible for the complete knowledge transfer within the team

Major Components Of Street Sweepers And Their Functions

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Major Components Of Street Sweepers And Their Functions