Terrorism Is Not Only A Weapon Used By Non State Actors,...

Terrorism Is Not Only A Weapon Used By Non State Actors,...
When discussing terrorism from a realism point a view, many do not believe realists have much to say on the topic since realists concerns focuses on
state interaction and terrorists as some believe are transnational actors. While it may be easier to pick any other international theory, there are some
aspects of realism that can explain terrorism and will be explained throughout this section. One, terrorism is not only a weapon used by non–state
actors, regimes and governments use it against their own citizens, which end up involving other countries in the end. Two, policies that are enacted to
counter terrorism affect how states interact within their countries and with each other. Three, while terrorist organizations may not have a physical
state to operate from, they do many times have governments and justice systems set up as a service to the people, they create armies, they form allies,
and they engage in warfare with legitimate states. There have been numerous times when a state has declared war on a terrorist organization. Terrorism
like security demands a struggle for power. This makes terrorist organizations a serious threat to states and their security. Like states have struggled to
for self– determination, gaining, and maintaining power, so does modern terrorists with the goal to establish their own state or replace one. This is true
of Hamas a terrorist organization that has struggled for years to not only gain power but to establish a Palestinian State and holds
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Australian Defence Policy Essay
The discourse surrounding an appropriate defence policy in Australia has been an intense debate, extending back to the beginning of the 20th century.
Stemming from the Creswell–Foster divide has emerged two sides, the state centric, geostrategic concept of the 'Defence of Australia' and the
alliance–centric concept of the 'Security Based Defence'. As well as these policy approaches is the state coercive notion of 'puritive deterrence'.
The following paper aims to compare and contrast the main arguments regarding Austalian defence policy, through the relevance of geo–strategic
location and gobalisation. It will appraise the three aforementioned options of defence policy, as presented by Paul Dibbs, Michael Evans, and Ross
Babbage and will then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They state that "transnational issues...are not always military problems, but military resources may prove useful to monitoring, controlling or
recovering from them." They later go on to say that the armed forces "may be required to coordinate their operations with humanitarian relief
organisations" , as non–state actors influence their 'warfighting.'
Peter Dean and Ken Gleiman of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), have also noted the revised role of the ADF in combating these
unconventional threats, which has "led to amphibious forces across the globe being deployed to support a range of operations, including assaults, raids,
withdrawals and demonstrations." These forces have been used in "counter–piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean, and against radical
groups such as Al–Shabaab in Somalia."
It is thus evident that globalisation has had a great impact on defence policy, due to the emergence and increased danger of non–state actors,
highlighting a need to revise policy formulation in order to combat the threats they pose.
Conclusion
By assessing the relevance that geostrategic location and globalisation have on Australian defence policy, this paper has been able to compare the
stances of Paul Dibbs, Michael Evans and Ross Babbage, and note their strengths and

State Centricity Is Vital On The Understanding Of Neo...
State centricity is vital in the understanding of neo–realist thought. Neo–realism is based on three key features, Survival, Self–help and Statism where
the outcomes of policies must benefit the state first and foremost. In this way, the decision–making processes are made by the state rather than
international actors. Consequently, the state–centric approach deals predominately with the state being of utmost importance in relation to other global
matters. However this approach fails to appropriately deal with the global problem that is climate change. Thus climate challenges this notion of
state–centricity within the realist discourse.
Combatting climate change requires international commitment and participation. However in the modern day, nature has become a commodity.
Natural resources are something that you can use, buy and sell within the global economy rather than their scarcity being a focus of concern. The
competition between individual states for these resources (such as water and minerals) further enforces the survivalist nature of neo–realism and the
state–centric system. In this sense, the current approach to climate change conforms to the realist notion of state–centricity but if anything is to be done
about it, climate change must challenge the status quo as it is a global problem. This is mainly a consequence of the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
which saw states regarded as the major actors within the international system. Moreover, this saw the emergence of

Essay on Structural Realism and Non-State Actors
The rising power of transnational terrorist organizations post 9/11 has weakened the state–centric framework of the international system and
challenged the structural realist's conception of power. As one of the major theories, one would assume that the premises of structural realism would be
more applicable in the 21st century. However, leaders of today are enveloping countries in a globalist mindset, contesting a state mentality that honors
sovereignty. 9/11 represents a historical turning point; in which clashes between state and non–state actors increased the vulnerability of state actors
and challenged their internal sovereignty. This paper will examine the premises of structural realism and explain how the rise of non–state actors...
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While nation–states are not the only actors, they are the primary ones and form the structure of the international system.
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 altered the environment of international relations, as the world saw first hand the damage a non–state actor
can inflict on a regional hegemon. While non–state actors have always existed, for example maritime pirates or private mercenaries, the events of 9/11
provided non–state actors, in the form of terrorist organizations, the platform needed to expand their influence. Despite the urgency posed by the rise of
non–state actors, the field of international relations continues to use an interstate framework to analyze conflict. This is the natural result of a long
history of state–centered analysis that came to formal fruition post–WWI and dominated through the Cold War. Even after the fall of the Berlin Wall in
1989, this discipline remained intact. However, as most conflicts today involve non–state actors, such as terrorist organizations in the mountains of
Afghanistan and pirates off the coast of Somalia, this state–centric framework is deteriorating.
The rise of terrorist organizations post 9/11 has challenged nation–state borders and their sovereignty. The presence of insurgencies and terrorist
organizations has begun to affect the legitimacy of governments externally and their internal sovereignty.

Viability of Non-Nuclear Deterrence Strategies
Near the end of World War II, the United States (U.S.) atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki demonstrated that nuclear weapons can technically
be used as a strategic imperative [1]. Nuclear capability, thereafter, was much sought after by states as the basis for deterrence and thus fuelled the
nuclear arms race during the Cold War, especially between the U.S. and the Soviet Union [2]. However, several literatures [3] [4] [5] have debated that
nuclear deterrence and utilisation of nuclear weapons are morally and ethically unacceptable. Several others [6] [7] argued that nuclear capability is not
the be–all and end–all of deterrence. In addition, the existence of Nuclear Non–proliferation Treaty (NPT) measures, theoretically, makes it difficult for
non–nuclear states to acquire the capabilities to produce nuclear weapons and to do so without being detected [8]. Hence, this essay seeks to examine
the viability of non–nuclear deterrence strategies, particularly to address the question – Who are the potential adversaries of non–nuclear states and
what are the deterrence strategies that are viable?
Setting the Context
The potential adversaries that non–nuclear states may face will be generalised into three types for the purpose of this discussion. These are nuclear
state actors, non–nuclear state actors, and non–state actors (NSAs). 'Nuclear state actors' includes the five nuclear–weapon states under the NPT, as
well as the three non–NPT and one undeclared nuclear powers [9].

Friendship Circle Research Paper
Friendship Circle is a residential organization located in West Bloomfield, Michigan united with Lubavitch of Michigan. Their method is to pair local
teen volunteers with individuals who have special needs. They all participate in different weekly programs that the organization provides such as sports
such as, dance, music, and martial arts. Through these activities and with the help of local volunteers the special need individuals are able to develop
friendships and gain confidence through community attachment. Rabbi Levi and Bassie Shemtov founded Friendship Circle in 1994 starting with eight
families and sixteen volunteers. Friendship Circle of Michigan has grown to include 300 families and over 800 volunteers. Their goal is to provide ...
The generosity comes on a variety of funding sources including foundation grants, individual donors, corporations, and supported by personal
donations. Donor support also allows them to provide ongoing support for children, families, and volunteers to build and sustain long–lasting
relationships, which is the key to successful mentoring. Big Brothers Big Sisters is proven to engage the community by improving children's chances
of succeeding in school, behaving nonviolently, avoiding drugs and alcohol, and breaking negative cycles. Friendship Circle is also a non– profit
organization founded as a public organization. They are also supported by personal donations, foundation grants, and participation in their own
annual Walk 4 Friendship. The Friendship Circle benefits from state and federal grants targeted towards specific programs. The organization
believes that every human being, regardless of background or faith, deserves the gift of true friendship. Friendship has a ripple effect on the
community, impacting the lives of all involved, raising the consciousness of society at large. I believe that friendship circle is an amazing program
because when you surround yourself with a group of individuals you can call your friends and individuals you can rely on; it's as if you have both a
team and a support system by your side. Friendships can have a major

Diverse Personal Encounters With Non State Armed Actors
Diverse personal encounters with non–state armed actors animate my research agenda, and I seek to discern the meaning of a picture formed by
pieces of a puzzle collected during my years of military service. As a peacekeeper in Kosovo, I witnessed how a random rifle shot could spark a
series of reprisals across invisible lines that separated villages. My soldiers and I were almost powerless to stop them. On one hand, our legal mandate
prevented our ability to take direct action. One the other, we understood so little about our adversaries we did not fully know which action to take.
Subsequent experiences leading soldiers during counterinsurgency efforts in both Iraq and Afghanistan immersed me again in the turmoil created by
overlapping networks of non–state armed groups competing for economic, social, and political power. Each incident revealed another piece of the
puzzle, but the picture it formed remained unclear. I started to wonder if the pieces actually fit, or if I was putting them together incorrectly. I
intuitively sensed the ascendant role of non–state–armed actors in Kosovo. However, my experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan crystalized in me the
desire to explore the broader political and social ramifications of the rising influence of non–state armed groups. I began to ponder the strategic impact
of their decisions and actions on the long–term evolution of political institutions. What are the consequences when local political elites try to incorporate

The Fundamentals Of Globalization On The National Security...
The Fundamentals of Globalization directly affect US interest IAW the National Security Strategy 2015. Those interests' hinge on four critical aspects
in which, global economic malaise and violet extremism can adversely affect two of the four interests. Those two interests are the security of US
citizens and allies, and a strong and prosperous international economy. Violet extremism is by far the greatest challenge of the two.
Globalization is an appealing concept that has many various interpretations and definitions. Globalization is the expanding connectivity and
interconnectedness between diverse geographic nations to increase the efficiency of providing goods, enhancing relationships of cultures, economics,
and technology to state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The US economy is the engine that drives the world's economic growth because it is the biggest, most open, and innovative in the world. The United
States must maintain active leadership in economic growth to preserve the economic advantage. This will promote an attractive destination for
investors, researchers, and students.
Violet extremism directly affects the security of the US citizens and its' allies, also indirectly damages the world economic structure. "The immediate
and foreseeable future, the most direct threat to the United States at home and abroad is terrorism and violent extremism." The US greatest responsibly
is to protect the American citizen; however this responsibility does not stop at the US borders. The US must brace and influence international security
because it serves our national interest, upholds our commitment to allies, and addresses global threats. Violet extremism has a negative effective on the
global economy and instills fears throughout nations.
The most demanding challenge to National Security is violet extremism. The reason is counter– terrorism is getting more difficult, these three factors
are why; first, civil wars in Libya, Yemen, and Syria have led to the breakup of the Middle East. The direct results are more safe havens for terrorist to
train, tougher to tract the flow of

Strategic Challenges And The Global Security Environment
The central problem discussed in this paper is to determine the general capabilities needed to rebalance the Joint Force 2025 (JF25) considering the
current strategic challenges and the global security environment. This paper proposes that the JF25 focus on its competitive advantages and curtail
ineffective and expensive programs to preserve its ground forces' capability to provide deterrence and defeat capabilities critical to our National
Strategic Objectives. To support this position, this paper articulates the emerging threats to U.S. National Interests and highlights the key strategic
direction of published Department of Defense (DoD) strategy and strategic concepts. Secondly, this proposal provides the broad capabilities that the
JF25 must aggregate from each service of the DoD. Finally, this paper articulates and mitigates the inherent risks to its proposed capabilities. The
emerging threats to U.S. National Interests are several. At the same time, sequestration magnifies the criticality of miscalculated capability decisions.
The persistent threat–trends of 2025 include the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the rise of modern competitor states, violent extremism,
irregular warfare, regional instability, transnational criminal activity, competition for resources, and lone actors. The National Military Strategy (NMS)
of 2015 breaks down future threats into the categories of revisionist states and violent extremist organizations, while recognizing the

The United States Is Ill Prepared For Cyberwarfare
The United States is Ill Prepared for Cyberwarfare Nuclear silos launching warheads. Power plants exploding. Water systems contaminated. Currency
devalued and locked away. Vehicles simultaneously going haywire all at once. That could be just the first 10 minutes of reports simultaneously
reaching the President of the United States. How could all of these disasters happen? Simply put, all of these scenarios involve components which
rely on the use of cyberspace. While citizens of the United States have been increasing our dependence on the use of computer systems in all walks of
life, we citizens have been becoming systematically and increasingly more exposed to the possibilities of cyberattacks and by extension all out
cyberwarfare. Is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By United States, I mean our country. As a product of my generation, however, I envision our country as being the leader of the free world though.
So it follows that I conclude it is also important to recognize that a leader must set the standard by which they wish to lead. Therefore, if the United
States fails, the free world fails. Likewise, when any single piece of free world fails, then by extension, it can be reasoned that the United States
has failed in its leadership. When I say the United States is ill prepared for cyberwarfare, I am not only speaking solely to attack directly against our
nation alone. I am also referring to our standing as leader of the free world, which no doubt is weakened any time one piece of the free world is
weakened or vulnerable to threat exposure.
By using the term ill prepared, I aim to convey that the United States is not equipped with enough protection to prevent every possible instance of
the threat of cyberwarfare from occurring. I propose we are not where our nation should be in terms of dealing with all actual occurrences of the
threat of cyberwarfare, were it to be fully realized. This can be carried over into our response capability to any such attack, which may manifest in
many forms. For example, our response against perpetrators and those who aid or comfort

Policymakers have a range of tools to use in conflict...
Policymakers have a range of tools to use in conflict resolution and post–conflict reconstruction. While varied in breath and effect, the political,
economic, and military tools policy makers use ties to traditional methods of conflict resolution. However, as conflicts have evolved to occupy the
larger and more public stages following globalization, so have the tools. Globalization not only increased state–to–state awareness of inequalities in
wealth and resources, but also within states; increasing tension along ethnic and tribal lines. (Bercovitch and Jackson, 5) The political, economic, and
military tools used in conflict resolution and post–conflict reconstruction present a deeply interconnected method of reshaping a war–torn ... Show more
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Economic measures seek to establish long–term macroeconomic policies and sustainable community development by providing humanitarian relief,
essential social services, and communication. Military measures seek to demilitarize politics and transform cultures of violence through disarmament,
demobilization, establishing law and order, and rebuilding military and police forces. Ramsbotham also identifies a fourth tenant not mentioned in the
paper's question but equally important, social measures. Social measures seek to heal psychological wounds and facilitate reconciliation by building
trust and inter–communal dialog. Together these lines of effort replace lost essential infrastructure, rebuild manufacturing capability to support the
population, and construct the framework for a state to thrive. (Week 3 Lecture, 3) Yet despite the different goals in each of the categories, they are far
from disconnected in practice. Political, economic, and military tools are as intertwined as their counterparts in a Realists Balance of Power system. In
The Balance of Power in International Relations, Richard Little describes power as a function of the size of the population and territory, resource
endowment, economic capability, military strength, political stability and competence. (Little, 174) Stronger nations tend to show stronger

Why The State Is A Weak Player On Public Policy
I argue that the state is a relatively weak player in delivering public policy in contemporary governance. I make this argument with reference to a
program implement after the 1997 economic crisis in Indonesia. Djiwandono (2006) concludes that the economic crisis in 1997 was caused by the
combination of weak domestic economic and inefficiencies financial structures and "contagion" forces from external. Specifically, the combination of
external shock starting in Thailand in 1997 and the weak Indonesia banking system soon resulted a systemic banking crisis (Omori, 2014). Data shows
that Rupiah depreciated 80% in just less than 12 months, economic growth slumped from 7–8% annually to negative growth of approximately 14%,
inflation hiked from single digits to 80%, reversed capital flowed by $22 billion, unemployment rose by 5 million and poor people doubled from 12%
to close to 25% (Djiwandono, 2006). On January 15, 1998 Indonesian government launched a program known as an "Economic Recovery and Reform
Program" or "IMF–Plus Reforms Program". This was a broad program which consisted of some specific programs such as currency stabilization
(Rupiah in term of Dollar), hyperinflation prevention, banking restructuring, structural reformation, private foreign debt settlement and assistance
programs for the poor (Ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia, 2013). The aim of the program is to seize the decline of Rupiah, to restore market
lost confidence in government, to deal with

What Are The Weaknesses Of NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was established in Washington on April 4th 1949. It was created as an intergovernmental military
alliance based on the principle of collective defence that states in article 5 that "the parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in
Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all". The organization's goal was to "keep the Russians out, the Americans in and
the Germans down". NATO's fundamental goal was to safeguard the allies freedom and security by political and military means. Over the past 67
years of existence, NATO evolved from the need to protect its members from the soviet power to proving that it could do more than balance the soviet
power or the soviet threat. NATO's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But conventional security measures in present times have many weaknesses that need to be taken into consideration. These include unknown threats,
unknown actors and attackers, limited efficiency, focused on assessing the threats while ignoring the need to cover the vulnerabilities. In order to
achieve conventional security there is an absolute need to develop new instruments to counter the threats and to improve the old ones. Conventional
security could be achieved by adapting the old and including the new. In our times, the threats need to be assessed on a regular basis as well as the
measures to counter them. The evolution of technology, the communication as well as the weapons used, led to the need of novelty in action. If the
alliance wants to win in the fight against these threats must always improve measures, must cooperate with other intelligence organizations, invest in
law enforcement capabilities, security, access to ports and airfields, arms control, develop capabilities to prepare and respond or engaging cooperation
between allies and other international

Big Brothers Case Study
The influence of a Big Brothers program on the adjustment of boys in single–parent families Abbott, Douglas A., et al. "The Influence of a Big
Brothers Program on the Adjustment of Boys in Single–Parent Families." The Journal of psychology 131.2 (1997): 143–56. ProQuest. Web. 27 Nov.
2017. This study evaluated the change in boys who live in single parent homes headed by their mothers, who had weekly contact through an adult
male mentor. The BBBS program is a national, nonprofit organization volunteers are carefully screened and matched to make sure a child receives the
support they may be missing at home. The major goals of the Big Brothers Big Sisters program are: improve the child's feelings of self–competence,
encourage the child's achievement in school, monitor the child's psychosocial problems, and encourage a positive parent–child relationship. They
found that the weekly companionship of an adult volunteer was not related to positive changes for boys. These findings are not consistent with the
social support literature. Developing a Student Mentoring Program: Building Connections for At–Risk Students Dappen, Leon D., and Jody C.
Isernhagen. "Developing a Student MentoringProgram: Building Connections for at–Risk Students." Preventing School Failure49.3 (2005): 21–5.
ProQuest. Web. 27 Nov. 2017. This article examined the long history of student mentoring for at risk kids. They found that there was a seventy percent
growth in school–based mentoring programs. Big

Why Do Non-State Actors Target The US
Succeeding the Cold War, the threat to the U.S. has shifted from traditional to non–traditional. As a global power, both actors target the U.S.;
conversely, nation–states (traditional threat) have become steady while Non–State Actors (NSAs) (non–traditional threat) have cultivated at an
amplified rate. Nation–states are defined as a sovereign geographical area with political legitimacy over a cultural population. "Non–state actors (NSA)
are individuals or organizations that have economic, political or social power and are able to influence at a national and sometimes international level
but do not belong to or ally themselves to any particular country or state," (Joey 2015). The U.S. must assess the actors' level(s) of the threat(s) as...
Again, nation–states are restricted by rules and regulations, such as international laws and the Geneva Convention. NSAs do not adhere to these laws
and policies. Nation–states use military–grade defense systems that include costly weapon systems whereas NSAs use cheap, "do–it–yourself"
solutions and weapons (source website). Most NSAs often use guerrilla warfare tactics that leave little evidence to detect them from citizens.
"Imbalances of resolve result in asymmetries in intensity, expressed either as a willingness to endure a different degree of violence and/or as a
willingness to inflict a different degree of violence" (V28N2, 2). "Asymmetric warfare is a dynamic and evolving phenomenon"

Global Governance: Globalization and Non-State Actors
"The process of globalization and the increasing role of non–state actors in global governance are undermining the role of the state as the principal
actor in global policymaking."
Globalization and the increasing role of non–state actors have shifted the position of states, the traditional "main players" in global governance.
However, whether this change undermines states is debatable. In one sense, states' roles have somewhat diminished: Non–governmental entities –
namely transnational corporations (TNC), but also global non–governmental organizations (NGOs) and others – have an increasing voice in global
policy debates, which may lessen states' influence in governmental affairs. But in several other key ways, states' retain their ... Show more content on
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Transnational corporations are not the only parties playing an increasing role in global governance. Other entities, such as nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs), are also becoming more present and influential. NGOs perform a number of functions related to global institutions, such as
helping implement programs, serving in a "watchdog" role, conducting research, raising awareness on issues, and others (London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine [LSHTM], Session 6, n.d.). Although these non–governmental organizations often lack voting powers in international
institutions, they are progressively serving in more formalized roles. For example, the World Health Organization(WHO) has official relations with
about 185 NGOs. The International Health Partnership – meant to help developing countries reach the United Nations Millennium Development Goals
– have around 50 members (Ibid). The influence of NGOs, TNCs, and others are displayed in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Global health governance mapped (Dodgson, 2002) Nonstate actors such as TNCs and NGOs have unmistakably gained greater influence in
global governance, as seen in Figure 1. But – as that graphic also shows –

Terrorism And Terrorism
The crime – terror nexus of narcotics traffickers and terrorists is a phenomenon that has been discussed for several decades. While there exists
widespread agreement that the violent non–state actors and criminal narcotics organizations share similar characteristics and cooperate, there is a great
deal of disagreement regarding strategies to combat these two when they occur simultaneously. In the current case of Afghanistan, where the
international community has been engaged in both counterinsurgency and counternarcotics campaigns for over a decade, the effects have not been as
successful as was once hoped. The recent Global Terrorism Index Report indicating terrorists acts are again on the rise (The Institute for Economics
and Peace, 2014 p. 17) is complicated by the release of the recent UN report which revealed that opium–poppy cultivation levels are at another all–time
high (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014 p. 12). Some 9,000 miles (14,500 kilometers) away in Colombia, the international community
has witnessed a similar effort of simultaneous counterinsurgency and counternarcotics campaigns in the Western Hemisphere's longest running armed
conflict between the government of Colombia and the biggest guerrilla group in the country, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de
Colombia–EjГ©rcito del Pueblo (FARC–EP). The FARC–EP, as a budding insurgency in desperate need of more reliable financing, eventually
encountered the burgeoning drug trade in Colombia – this

Non-State Actors And Terrorism
Non–state actors and terrorism in international relations are complicated subjects seeing it in different perspectives. Non–state actors see themselves as
freedom fighters, whereas the victims see them as terrorists. There isn't a solid definition on terrorism however, there are three different qualities that
defines a terrorist. Violence is a quality that causes destruction of properties and murder within states. Targeting civilians is another quality that terrorist
have because they use them to create examples to threaten state actors. Finally the most important quality out of all is political purposes because
without it, it would be a group of sick people who slaughter other people out of pleasure. Non–states actors, and terrorism existed ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Using violence, targeting civilian, and having a political goal is three main qualities that defines a terrorist because without it any of these qualities it
would be either a protest or group of psychopaths killing civilians. In the movie "Olympus Has Fallen" shows the violence of killing innocent people,
causing destruction of properties and taking president as hostage for political reasons. Kang Yeonsak the antagonist of the movie wanted to turn United
States of American into an irradiated wasteland and watch them suffer as revenge for his family. There are similar historical examples of terrorism
that happened such as the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 nearly killed 2,500 innocent people in the World Trade Center and 1979
–1980 Iran
hostage crisis using hostage as blackmail toward the government for exchanges of

The Classical Realism And Constructivist Theory
Terrorism has many forms. Though society knows many of its vicious faces, little does the world acknowledge that these terror–spurred events are
often encouraged and sponsored through the politics of well–known nations. I will be applying both the classical realism and constructivist theory to
highlight ways in which the constructivist perspective better addresses state–sponsored terrorism's effect on global relations.
Classical realism focuses on the interactions of state players. There are three main components to the classical realist perspective; state–centrism,
rationality, and power.
State–sponsored terrorism is controlled by state actors to achieve the goal of political gain. In such instances, "countries which perceive themselves as
the victims" (Demir 47) of some global injustice support acts of violence to motivate change by fear. Terrorism itself poses an issue for the realist
paradigm as its main actors are non–state. Though it is the response and decisions of state players that dictate the outcome on interactions between
nations, non–state actors participate in the actual acts of terror. Non–state actors (NSA) are organizations, or individuals, that hold political influence,
but have no standing as a country. Terrorist groups are a subset of NSA's who use violence and scare tactics against non–combatant targets to bring
about political manipulation. Even though the non–state actor carries out the attack, the state–centric approach emphasizes the dominant

Strategic Challenges And The Global Security Environment
The central problem discussed in this paper is determining the general capabilities needed in the Joint Force 2025 to rebalance the force considering the
current strategic challenges and the global security environment. This paper proposes that the Joint Force of 2025 must focus on its competitive
advantages and it must curtail ineffective and expensive programs to preserve its ground forces capability to provide deterrence and defeat capabilities
critical to our National Strategic Objectives. To support this position, this paper first articulates the emerging threats to U.S. National Interests and
compares them to the key strategic direction of published Department of Defense (DoD) strategy and strategic concepts. Secondly, this proposal
provides broad capabilities that the Joint Force must aggregate from the services of the DoD, and the general capabilities of each service. Finally, this
paper highlights and mitigates the inherent risks to its proposed capabilities. The emerging threats to U.S. National Interests are several, at the same
time that Sequestration, or the Budget Control Act of 2011, magnifies the criticality of miscalculated future force decisions. The persistent trends that
summarize the threats of 2025 include the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the rise of modern competitor states, violent extremism,
regional instability, transnational criminal activity, and competition for resources. The National Military Strategy (NMS) of 2015 breaks

Solution to Ignou Papers
Foundation Course in Humanities and Social Sciences
Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA)
Course Code: BSHF–101
Assignment Code: BSHF–101/AST/TMA/2013
Total Marks: 100
A. Descriptive Category Questions (DCQ) answer any two in 500 words each:
1. Analyze the evolution of man as a tool making animal. 20
Solution: As said above answer only 2 below are the solved answer
=======================================================================
2. Does the post – Industrial society differ from the Industrial society? Explain 20
Solution: Yes the Post– Industrial society is differing from the Industrial society because of the following reason:
* Limited production (i.e. artisanship vs. mass production)
* Primarily an agricultural economy
* Limited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leads to the need for more universities and university–based student. In fact, the university is crucial to post–industrial society. The university
produced the experts who can create, guide, and control the new and dramatically changing technologies
=================================================================================
3. Analyse the role of Gandhi in the National Movement. 20
Solution: The nationalist movement grew into a wide spread mass anti–imperialist movement at the end of the First World War.Mohandas Karamchand
Gandhi came into prominence at this time and became the undisputed leader of the nationalist movement. Powerful mass movements were launched
under his leadership. These involved defiance of laws, peaceful demonstrations, boycott of educational institutions, boycott of courts, boycott of

educational institutions, picketing of shops selling liquor and foreign goods, nonpayment of taxes and the closing of vital business. These non–violent
but revolutionary methods influenced millions of people belonging to all sections of society and infused in them bravery and self–confidence. Millions
now braved the repression resorted by the govt boldly courted imprisonment and faced lathicharges and firings.Gandhiji lived the simple life of an
ascetic and talked to the people in a language they could understand. He came to be known to the people as Mahatma Gandhi.

Economics And Its Interaction With Politics
I went in my masters program interested in economics and its interaction with politics, but once I took my first course in international affairs I knew
the direction I wanted my studies and subsequent career to take. I was so invigorated by these classes that I not only took many of them, but also some
multiple times including National Security Policy and Crisis Management. All of these classes reinforced the importance of international relations in my
mind, particularly regarding interactions with non–state actors. I want to further strengthen my knowledge and capabilities in global policy research
through a PhD in government with my focus being on international relations, specifically conflict.
In addition to the aforementioned courses I took a number of classes that helped me to hone in on my underlying interest in many facets of
international relations. In Political Sociology and the Global Economy I examined the rise of the global economy and its basis in earlier more
localized efforts. I took part in fascinating discussions on what being a nation means in Social Movements, Protest and Change during the early days
of the Arab Spring. I further developed these early interests at the Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Through Global Economic Policy I led a
working group in our presentation of India/Brazil supposed intellectual property violations as if we were the WHO writing to the WTO. This
experience examining from another's perspective was compounded when I worked

The Current State Of International Politics
In this paper I will argue that the current state of international politics is characterized more by cooperation then conflict, and the international politics
today is more cooperative then it was in previous eras of international relations. The change in behavior is a result of increased participation in formal
international institutions, and the growing interconnectedness of societies as a result of globalization. The shift in international relations from conflictual
to cooperative behavior can be seen in international security, monetary relations, and the environment, as states, combined with new non–state actors
have begun to utilize formal institutions to generate solutions to international tribulations.
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
The anarchic nature of international politics creates insecurity for states at the international level, forcing states to develop institutions to create their
own security. Throughout history, actors have developed various approaches to mitigate the anarchy of international politics, such as arms build up,
alliances, and hegemonic balances of power. While these systems may offer some cooperation, given the multipolar nature of the world today and the
increase in security threats from non–state, transnational actors, our current system of collective security institutions has created a new era cooperation
in international security.
Security Previous Eras
In previous eras of international relations, states have attempted to gain security

Non State Actors Essay
Environment now become a global issue. For that reason, non–state actors such as: NGOs and activists participate to solve this problem. However,
their participations are almost affecting population's idea or cooperating with firms and even lobbying policies (O'Neil, 2009). These actions can be
considered as effort of non–state actors, but not directly protect environment. Therefore, non–state actors alone is not enough to deal with
environmental problems that require a dependence of them on state actors. This essay will present, analyze the functions of non–state actors and will
illustrate the relation between them and states. It cannot be denied the important role of non–state actors in order to tackle environmental issues.
Firstly, the propaganda tools and persuasions are an effective method of non–state actors in almost case for influencing people and businesses about the
importance of protecting the environment. According to D'Estries (2015), environmental NGOs such as: WWF or Greenpeace recognized the attraction
of social media, especially Facebook, hence, they used this as a tool to present their environmental campaigns and get a lot of 'like' button. This button
is an evidence of the concern of a large of population about the environmental issues and it can influence their idea of protecting the environment. In the
article "environmental activism, environmental politics and representation: the framing of the British environmental activist movement", Newlands
(2013)

Cyber War: The Dual-Status Commander (DSC)
The dual–status command construct is an essential element to command and control of a complex catastrophe. As demonstrated in any military
operation, having an understanding and knowledge of the chain of command minimizes the chances for confusion and disorganization. This is
especially critical when both Title 10 and Title 32 forces are responding to a defense support for civil authorities (DSCA) event.
Hurricane Sandy was the proving ground for the updated concept of having a National Guard Officer appointed as the dual–status commander (DSC)
in charge of both Title 32 and Title 10 forces. The introduction of prepositioned Title 10 forces staged at JB
–MDL, created a potential for
uncoordinated efforts and improper placement of assets were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
President Obama's choice to utilize drones versus 'boots on the ground' in many austere nations including Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia has proven
successful and ultimately weakened al–Qaida. Drone strikes have been responsible for an estimated 3300 al–Qaida militants killed including several
senior leaders since Obama became President (Why Drones Work, Byman). The capability of an armed drone to stay airborne for several hours
virtually undetected has been a major strategic advantage in the counterterrorism fight against al–Qaida and other such organizations. Al–Qaida has
been forced to change many tactics, techniques, and procedures to avoid detection by U.S drones. Command and control by al–Qaida leaders has been
severely disrupted due to detection by wireless communication devices which have caused them to limit their usage (Why Drones Work, Byman). They
have been forced to come out in the open which has been met by signature drone strikes targeting groups further eliminating the threat of al–Qaida
(Why drones work,

What Extent Was Roosevelt Isolationist In The 1930s
During the time period 1930s, Isolationist atmosphere could be seen all over America due to fear and past experience of war; the public and
congress are no longer willing to get involved in war. However in this essay I would be discussing how the President of US, President Roosevelt had
shifted his stance throughout his presidency through explaining How he could be considered as a Isolationist, How he could be considered as a
Pragmatist, and How he could be considered as a Gradualist? in order to have a better understanding of what President Roosevelt is aiming for in his
presidency, so to what extent was Roosevelt a isolationist in the 1930s?
Roosevelt's decisions in his early Presidency including the good neighbor policy were policies that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Gradualist, there are clear evidence such as the Quarantine speech that clearly shows how Roosevelt had shift from the isolationist stance to a
more aggressive stance. Therefore in response to the question "To what extent was Roosevelt a isolationist in the 1930s?" I would say he is both
Gradualist and Pragmatist; however he Is to a greater extent a Gradualist than a Pragmatist as through the Quarantine Speech it had proven one
reason of Roosevelt being considered as Isolationist false; as he had actually take consider and plan to take action towards the European power. To
sum up Roosevelt could only be considered as a Isolationist to a very small extent; as he should be considered as a Gradualist to a greater extent and a
Pragmatist to certain

Big Brothers Big Sisters Psychological Analysis
Psychological Impacts in Big Brothers Big Sisters "Changing perspectives, chasing Lives"(Big Brothers Big Sisters [BBBS] , 2017). Big Brothers
Big Sisters, also known as BBBS; is a mentoring program. BBBS form meaningful pairs between adult volunteers ("Bigs") and children ("Littles") in
communities across the country. The Bigs and Littles range from the ages of 6–18. Each district is given one supervisor, also known as the Case
Manager. The program develops positive relationships within the Bigs, Littles, and the supervisor. With a positive adult influence, Littles and Bigs are
able to reach their fullest potential. Through these positive relationships, the program offers many positive psychological impacts towards each
individual. Big Brothers Big Sisters promotes the principles of human behavior, motivation, learning, perception, and emotion; all relating to the
individual whilst benefiting our community.
Purpose
The purpose of the program is to provide children facing affiliation with ardent and enduring professional support through a one–to–one mentoring
relationship. This relationship creates a strong bond between both Bigs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gibu, personal communication, March 5, 2017). To conclude, BBBS is highly impactful for both mentors and students. Children and teens are likely
to avoid risky behaviors and focus on academics. As quoted, "For more than 100 years, Big Brothers Big Sisters has operated under the belief that
inherent in every child is the ability to succeed and thrive in life (BBBS, 2017)". BBBS helps children and teens overcome challenges and to reach
one's highest potential. The program promotes the principles of human behavior, motivation, learning, perception, and emotion; all relating to the
individuals whilst benefiting the

Transnational Relations And Non State Actors
The impacts of transnational relations and non–state actors have been highlighted at the end of the cold war and the recent increase in globalization
movement. It is undeniable that the position of transnational society has influenced a lot of outcomes in international relations today. This essay
highlights different types of transnational actors and their local and global influence capacity. The interdependence between state and non–state actors
are explored. The discussion is also based on the understanding that different political schools of thought have conflicting opinions on the effectiveness
and relevance of transnational movements. As such, the discussion highlights the theories and proves or disproves them based on contemporary
situations in global politics. Nation–states are considered to have the main influence in world politics. However, increase in globalization movement
has resulted to complications in world politics to the extent that nation–states do not have full control over world politics. Nations–states, private
sectors and international organizations make up the international system. There is a continual increase in the number of international organizations.
The increase does not support the occurrence of political, social and economic transactions that are conducted between societies, states and individuals.
Currently, the transnational system that has emerged as a result of establishment of several non–state actors poses a great threat to state–based

Contemporary International System Analysis
The contemporary international system is one of multipolarity, leaning towards non–polarity. The conclusion of the Cold War saw the international
system shift from one motivated by ideology to one motivated by strategy – an underlying feature of multipolarity. A multipolar system exhibits a
'balance of power' mechanism, in which many states ally to maintain power, without a single force dominating. The current international system
exhibits all of the key characteristics of a multipolar system – multiple nation–states of influence, alliances which shift on the basis of power and
stability, and international decisions made primarily for strategic terms. Facilitated by the advent of globalisation, non–state actors possess an
unprecedented level of economic, military, and cultural influence. Their expanded influence in the international system has helped shift it from the
bipolarity of the Cold War era. The advent of globalisation has also introduced a real–time effect into international relations which has permanently
altered the interactions between state and non–state actors, and the influence they have on the world.
The primary characteristic distinguishing the contemporary international system from past international systems, and contributing to its description as
a multipolar system, is the extensive role played by non–state actors. Polarity in the international system is identified on the basis of how many states
hold economic, military, and cultural influence, with

Cyber Defense Concerns On Global Security
Cyber Defense Concerns in Global Security
The cyber domain crosses both physical and logical borders across the globe. No longer is every aspect of a domain clearly part of a single nation.
Occurrences within cyberspace has far reaching effects. 15 million T–Mobile customer's data stolen via Experian server compromise, massive
cyberattacks on Estonia and Georgia networks (2007 and 2008 respectively), and over $1 trillion reportedly lost due to cybercrime. These are just a
few concerns facing global and state level security demonstrating significant concern and requirement for action. Criminal syndicates as well as other
non–state and state actors use cyberspace to conduct illegal activities. In this, a common core of countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final concern facing global and national security is state sponsored activities. These three concerns are the leading factors for cyber defense in
global security.
Cybercrime is on the rise across the globe as criminal organizations and likeminded actors gain easy access to skilled professionals and/or
affordable commercial/free software. This type of crime is alluring and extremely lucrative due to low physical risk and very high rewards
(Heickero, 2013). Another aspect of cybercrime is the theft of Intellectual Property (IP) and trade secrets. A great example of the theft of IP and
impact is the study of CISCO versus Huawei routers and the growing takeover by China due to IP/Trade secret gains (Demchak, 2011). Though, the
severity of IP is difficult to articulate due to the various intangible losses. A McAfee study shows that such crime plays a significant factor in "trade
balances, national income, and jobs" which drastically impacts economic security (McAfee, 2014).
States must also deal with cyber espionage, which is one of the most aggressive activities in cyberspace. Cyber espionage relates to both cybercrime
and cyber warfare. Similar to the criminal theft of IP and trade secrets, cyber espionage is illicit access to confidential information held by government
or other organizations. Such gains are used to support political, religious, commercial, or

Big Brothers Big Sister Program Analysis
Big Brothers/Big Sisters is an Australian program based in Melbourne and has locations in Sydney and Adelaide. The overall aim of this program is
to assist young people to stay in school, avoid antisocial behavior as well as improving their self–confidence and social skills (Big Brothers Big
Sisters, 2017). To achieve this, the program matches vulnerable and disadvantaged youths between the ages of 7–17 with positive role models. The key
feature of the Big Brothers/Big Sister program is one–on one mentoring, where the mentor (big brother/sister) spends a couple of hours a week with the
mentee (little brother/sister) for a minimum period of a year. The proposed outcomes of this program include improved educational participation and
success,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the evidence for mentoring programs suggest that mentoring does appear to have a positive effect on education, training, and employment as
well as self–esteem and social skills, mentoring is essentially an unproven strategy (Headley, 2004). Furthermore, the evaluations that have been
conducted on the mentoring programs have not demonstrated strong effects for positive outcomes. In fact, some studies have found negative or no
effects at all for youth mentoring (Rhodes, 2008). Other studies have shown that positive effects have diminished significantly within a few months of
the program ending (Rhodes, 2008). These findings identify the importance of more research in the efficacy and lasting impact of mentoring for
youths. Blinn–Pike (2011) compared several studies and found that mentoring improved interpersonal relationships, behavior and reduced violence in
the mentees. However, these findings are limited by several variables, including, the small amount of studies, small sample sizes within the studies and
that most of the effect sizes were small and medium, with only one effect size that was considered large (.80). Headley (2004) also found that most
mentoring programs in Australia and overseas had not been subject to an external evaluation. If the effectiveness and impact of mentoring programs
such as the BBBS–AU program, are to be determined more

Digital Technology Fundamentally Changed The Nature Of...
Name: Jennifer Diane Ulloa
SOAS ID: 643951
Course: Global Diplomatic Studies and Practice
Tutor: Goitom Gebreluel
Title: Have developments in digital technology fundamentally changed the nature of diplomacy or are they simply new means to pursuing the same
ends?
Word count:
Intro:
This uncertainty reflects a growing awareness that a transformational international system still dominated by sovereign states is having to respond to
change at several interrelated levels. Whilst complex policy agendas still demand a central, if changing, role for the state, many of the norms, rules and
roles associated with diplomacy as it has developed over the last few centuries are no longer fit for purpose. Clearly, fundamental questions regarding
the purposes of diplomacy, who is – or should be – involved in it and what forms and practices it should assume to deal with new policy challenges
need to be urgently addressed. This applies to international organizations as well as the institutions of national diplomacy and offers a fundamentally
different perspective from that based on the familiar claim that diplomacy is irrelevant to contemporary global needs. Rather, diplomacy has a central
role but needs to adapt to the demands of a rapidly changing environment. Against this background, a central assumption of this report is that
diplomacy as a set of processes continues to be of central importance to the global policy milieu and that these processes need to be constantly
re–evaluated.

The Role Of Non State Armed Actors
Encounters with non–state armed actors form the backdrop of my research agenda. As a peacekeeper in Kosovo, I witnessed seemingly random acts of
violence spark hate–filled reprisals. This behavior made visible the networks of grievances and feuds within villages and peoples' minds. My soldiers
and I understood little about our adversaries who hid among an acquiescent population and whose identities and loyalties seemed to continuously shift.
We were almost powerless to stop this kind of violence because of our legal mandate, and because it appeared to be enabled by our presence.
Subsequent experiences during counterinsurgency efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan immersed me in similar moral hazards. Once again, I faced the
turmoil created by... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I wondered: how can governments make credible commitments to security and governance when the landscape of violence remains fragmented? What
I saw on the ground rarely corroborated with the broader narratives I read in newspapers, the military's anodyne policy briefs, or academic literature on
conflict. Those sources held ideas that made sense to me as applicable to wars between states, but not to the kinds of conflict that we now seemed to
face. From my ground–level perspective, it puzzled me to see how some non–state armed actors implemented strategies that appeared
counterproductive to their short and long–term objectives. Again I wondered: did it appear that way because they knew something we did not, or was
it because we truly understand so little?
The United States withdrew its troops from Iraq and Afghanistan based upon the appearance of security. That security was short–lived due to
dysfunctional governance and factionalized violence. Other countries, such as Yemen and Somalia, exhibit similar degenerative processes. Within
these fragmented states, governance institutions crumble amidst the competition between proliferating non–state armed groups. Most individuals in
this context experience radical increases in insecurity with a corresponding decrease in their capacity to undertake positive political action, thereby
hastening state decline. These observations led me to question how the fragmentation of state

Global Public Policy Is Made By State And Non State Actors
Global public issues such as global climate change, international financial market, illicit international trade, cross border migration, internet
governance and cyber war, nuclear proliferation, global public drug and etc cause a need of global public policy. Basically global public policy has
been designed in order to achieve desired goals in global public challenges. Global public policy is made by state and non–state actors. In classical
political science only the states were recognized as a significant actors in public policy and international policies were made between states( Wimmer
and Schiller,2002), while in the recent decades non–state actors play important role in global governance(Whitman, 2009,87). For instance, UN,
UNDP, UNIDO are central in the global public sphere (Kaul 2003).
Global public policy activities take place among non state actors and intergovernmental counterpart in global agora (Stone, 2008, 5–8).Global public
policy needs to be made in global agora. Previously, global agora was a place for social, economical, political and cultural interaction of states and
non–states members. However, today global agora is evolving with various set of networks , global public and private partnership and multilateral
initiatives global agora is managed by business and policy elites(Stone, 2008, 10).
Global public policy aim to respond to three types of policy problems (Soroos 1991):
Firstly, transboundary problems such as money laundry,drug trafficking and

Big Brothers Big Sisters Project Paper
Project Description
The project is important due to the fact that Big Brothers Big Sisters of the Ocean State serves between 500 & 600 boys and girls in Rhode Island
and neighboring communities. These children are able to have a positive role model in their life to provide them with advice, help them with
homework, and help them develop into productive members of society.
The 93% will increase the number of male mentors by six for Big Brothers Big Sisters of the Ocean State by December 2015. This will be done by
communicating with Bryant University and establishing a relationship between the school and the non–profit. Serving as a mentor for the non–profit
will teach cultural awareness and ethical reason, and help fulfill a Gateway requirement. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the event that one of our team members fall ill or has an emergency, we as a team have assigned back–up roles for each team member. As an
example, if Marvelle–Nicole Markwei has to take the rest of the semester off due to a family emergency these are the back–up roles that will be
assigned.
Communication to the Gateway Professors : Kevin Ludemann
Scheduling: Maegan Mark
Communication to the Big Brother Big Sisters of the Ocean State: Adeel Mahmood and Calum Daly
Writing: Josh Kliger.
If our original plan is not feasible, the back–up roles for the Dave and Busters event will be assigned as follows:
Venue: Maegan Mark and Marvelle–Nicole

The Leadership And Management Workflow
In every organization, the leadership and management workflow comprises the vast majority of decision making and will be the defining factor in
workplace cultures, communication, and overall sustaining business practices. In non–profit organizations, this statement holds true. For example, Big
Brothers Big Sisters is the oldest, largest youth mentoring organization in America. Their vision is to provide all children, especially those facing
adversity, with achievable success in their lifetime. The executive team that makes up the governing board for this organization has their ownleadership
practices that will lead towards the organization having different strengths and weaknesses in theory and in the workplace. The Contingency
Leadership Theory will be discussed in context of Kansas Big Brothers Big Sisters as well as in general practice.
Organizational Description
Kansas Big Brothers Big Sisters is an affiliate of Big Brothers Big Sisters America and has been since 1969. Since this time, Kansas Big Brothers Big
Sisters has grown to the second largest affiliate agency in the nation, serving more than 6,000 children statewide with over 4,000 children on the
waiting list. The one–to–one mentoring style that is provided by the organization is what sets it apart from other organizations who also provide
mentoring services. Their mission is to "provide children facing adversity with strong and enduring, professionally supported one–to–one relationships
that change their lives

Clausewitz Applicability to Non-State Actors Essays
Clausewitz's theories on war are still relevant today with the revisualization of non–state actors on the world scene. The purpose of this essay is to
expand on the applicability of these theories in today's modern warfare where non–state actors play a larger, more global role. The study of theory,
especially translated theory, requires an open mind to determine its applicability to various and ever–changing situations. In the case of Clausewitz,
many strategists do not view his theories as relevant to today's wars involving a Nation State vs. non–state actors. This is not true. The U.S. Army
Command and General Staff College teaches that the commander's intent is the most important part of proper execution. Strategists need to look... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
War is often thought of as involving one state against another but most wars throughout time have been fought between competing factions within a
single state. Examples of this include Civil Wars or Wars of Revolution within a Nation State where a group organizes itself, forms a military or
insurgent force and attempts to overthrow or separate from the primary Nation State. Clausewitz briefly refers to non–state actors or as he called them,
"people in arms" in his book On War. He saw this as a new phenomenon of warfare that steamed from the French Revolution under Napoleon.
Recognizing that Clausewitz was aware of non–state actors, his definition of war can be reviewed in the context of the time it was written.
Clausewitz's definitions of war are suitable to both State and non–state actors. He defines war as: 1) an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will;
2) a clash between major interests, which are resolved by bloodshed – that is the only way in which it differs from other conflicts; and 3) fighting, for
fighting is the only principle in the manifold activities generally designated as war. A Nation State raises a military to deter aggression or to become
the implementing force of aggression against its enemies. Similarly, non–state actors create militias or guerrilla bands to inflict their will on others.
This act is as much a demonstration of political or military strategy as that of a

Isolationism Vs Isolationism
Sometimes it is often better to keep to ourselves as we are sometimes told, and perhaps this is true, with no worries about what is happening around us
and instead experiencing peace and tranquility, we feel immense comfort and joy when we take care of ourselves. When this is the case with nations or
nation–states isolating themselves from the rest of the world, this is called isolationism. In the real world, while isolationist policies may seem beneficial
for nations in the short term by maintaining their right to autonomy, in the long run, its consequences are much more serious. First of all, isolationist
policies prevents innovation and new ideas from entering a country and benefitting them. Secondly, it forces nations to ignore the harsh realities of the
world and maintains the illusion everything is right. It is for these two reasons the perspective presented in the source should be embraced to to a
lesser degree.
The source begins off by asserting that isolationism is like "us minding our own business". This sets the tone from the beginning that the perspective in
the source is for isolationism. It then continues to to state that if a nation–state wishes to not have any intervention from other countries, it is "their
right". The source then begins to question if perhaps isolationism would make the world a better place if countries did not try to "to stick their noses"
into the affairs of other countries. The sources use of words such as "stick" and "noses" allows us

Non State Actors ( Nsa ) Essay
Non–state Actors
The term non–State actors are a superordinate concept that encompasses all those actors in international relations that are not states. It comprises
individuals as well as entities, the latter spanning a large range of organizations and institutions on the global, regional, sub–regional as well as the local
levels.
Non–state actors (NSA) are entities that participate in international relations, these entities cannot be identified by common sociological features as they
include international organizations, corporations, non–governmental organizations ('NGOs'), trade associations, and transnational corporations, terrorist
groups and transnational criminal organizations. They are organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they do not
belong to any established institution of a state. Non–state actors such as national or international non–governmental organisations (NGOs) are adding
their voices to international development policy debates by organising, campaigning and lobbying across national boundaries in order to have a greater
influence on international development policy making and faced with growing economic and political interdependencies of markets and states,
governments have to cope with the increasingly complex postmodern environment, including the activities of NGOs. An example of the influence of
non–State actors on diplomacy is the Westphalian Peace Treaty, where they had a role prior to the Treaty of Peace

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