1. Alcoholism
Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to
mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages,
usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social
standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically an addictive illness. In
psychiatry several other terms have been used, specifically "alcohol abuse",
"alcohol dependence," and "alcohol use disorder" which have slightly different
definitions.[1]
In 1979, an expert World Health Organization committee discouraged the use of
"alcoholism" in medicine, preferring the category of "alcohol dependence
syndrome".[2] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, alcohol dependence in
general was called dipsomania, but that term now has a much more specific
meaning.[3] People suffering from alcoholism are often called "alcoholics". Many
other terms, some of them insulting or informal, have been used throughout
history. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 140 million
people with alcoholism worldwide.[4][5]
The American Medical Association considers alcoholism as a disease,[6][7]:452 and
supports a dual classification of alcoholism to include both physical and mental
components.[8]:33 The biological mechanisms that cause alcoholism are not well
understood. Social environment, stress,[9] mental health, family history, age,
ethnic group, and gender all influence the risk for the condition.[10][11] Significant
alcohol intake produces changes in the brain's structure and chemistry, though
some alterations occur with minimal use of alcohol over a short term period,
such as tolerance and physical dependence. These changes maintain the
person with alcoholism's compulsive inability to stop drinking and result in
alcohol withdrawal syndrome if the person stops.[12] Alcohol misuse has the
potential to damage almost every organ in the body, including the brain. The
cumulative toxic effects of chronic alcohol abuse can cause both medical and
psychiatric problems.[13]
Identifying alcoholism is difficult for the individual afflicted because of the social
stigma associated with the disease that causes people with alcoholism to avoid
diagnosis and treatment for fear of shame or social consequences. The
evaluation responses to a group of standardized questioning is a common
method for diagnosing alcoholism. These can be used to identify harmful
drinking patterns, including alcoholism.[14] In general, problem drinking is
considered alcoholism when the person continues to drink despite experiencing
social or health problems caused by drinking.[15]
2. Treatment of alcoholism takes several steps. Because of the medical problems
that can be caused by withdrawal, alcohol detoxification is carefully controlled
and may involve medications such as benzodiazepines such as diazepam
(Valium).[16] People with alcoholism also sometimes have other addictions,
including addictions to benzodiazepines, which may complicate this step.[17]
After detoxification, other support such as group therapy or self-help groups are
used to help the person remain sober.[18][19] Thombs (1999) states according to
behavioural sciences alcoholism is described as a “maladaptive behaviour”. He
explains this must not be confused with “misbehaviour”. Behavioural scientists
explain that addicts have a behaviour pattern that may lead to destructive
consequences for themselves, their families and society. This does not label
addicts as bad or irresponsible.[20] Compared with men, women are more
sensitive to alcohol's harmful physical, cerebral, and mental effects.[21]
Types of Alcohol
SPIRITS
GIN - a colorless alcoholic beverage made by distilling or redistilling rye or other grain spirits
and adding juniper berries or aromatics such as anise, caraway seeds, or angelica root as
flavoring.
VODKA - originally distilled from fermented wheat mash but now also made from a mash of
rye, corn, or potatoes.
RUM - distilled from cane juice, or from the scummings of the boiled juice, or from treacle or
molasses, or from the lees of former distillations. Also, sometimes used colloquially as a
generic or a collective name for intoxicating liquor.
WHISKEY - distilled from grain, potatoes, etc., especially in Scotland, Ireland, and the United
States. In the United States, whisky is generally distilled from maize, rye, or wheat, but in
Scotland and Ireland it is often made from malted barley.
TEQUILA - an alcoholic liquor distilled from the fermented juice of the Central American century
plant Agave tequilana.
BRANDY - an alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice.
3. LIQUEURS
(FLAVORED SPIRITS)
Liqueurs are flavored spirits prepared by infusing certain woods, fruits, or flowers, in either
water or alcohol, and adding sugar, etc. Others are distilled from aromatic or flavoring agents.
WINES & CHAMPAGNE
RED WINE - wine having a red color derived from skins of dark-colored grapes.
WHITE WINE - any wine of a clear, transparent color, bordering on white, as Madeira, sherry,
Lisbon, etc.; -- distinguished from wines of a deep red color, as port and Burgundy.
ROSE WINE - pinkish table wine from red grapes whose skins were removed after fermentation
began.
CHAMPAGNE - a sparkling white wine made from a blend of grapes, especially Chardonnay and
pinot, produced in Champagne.
SPARKLING WINE - any of various effervescent wines, such as champagne, produced by a
process involving fermentation in the bottle.
VERMOUTH - a sweet or dry fortified wine flavored with aromatic herbs and used chiefly in
mixed drinks.
ALE
LAGER - a type of beer of German origin that contains a relatively small amount of hops and is
aged from six weeks to six months to allow sedimentation.
![Alcoholism
Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to
mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages,
usually to the detriment of the drinker's health, personal relationships, and social
standing. It is medically considered a disease, specifically an addictive illness. In
psychiatry several other terms have been used, specifically "alcohol abuse",
"alcohol dependence," and "alcohol use disorder" which have slightly different
definitions.[1]
In 1979, an expert World Health Organization committee discouraged the use of
"alcoholism" in medicine, preferring the category of "alcohol dependence
syndrome".[2] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, alcohol dependence in
general was called dipsomania, but that term now has a much more specific
meaning.[3] People suffering from alcoholism are often called "alcoholics". Many
other terms, some of them insulting or informal, have been used throughout
history. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 140 million
people with alcoholism worldwide.[4][5]
The American Medical Association considers alcoholism as a disease,[6][7]:452 and
supports a dual classification of alcoholism to include both physical and mental
components.[8]:33 The biological mechanisms that cause alcoholism are not well
understood. Social environment, stress,[9] mental health, family history, age,
ethnic group, and gender all influence the risk for the condition.[10][11] Significant
alcohol intake produces changes in the brain's structure and chemistry, though
some alterations occur with minimal use of alcohol over a short term period,
such as tolerance and physical dependence. These changes maintain the
person with alcoholism's compulsive inability to stop drinking and result in
alcohol withdrawal syndrome if the person stops.[12] Alcohol misuse has the
potential to damage almost every organ in the body, including the brain. The
cumulative toxic effects of chronic alcohol abuse can cause both medical and
psychiatric problems.[13]
Identifying alcoholism is difficult for the individual afflicted because of the social
stigma associated with the disease that causes people with alcoholism to avoid
diagnosis and treatment for fear of shame or social consequences. The
evaluation responses to a group of standardized questioning is a common
method for diagnosing alcoholism. These can be used to identify harmful
drinking patterns, including alcoholism.[14] In general, problem drinking is
considered alcoholism when the person continues to drink despite experiencing
social or health problems caused by drinking.[15]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alcoholism-150612095833-lva1-app6891/85/Alcoholism-1-320.jpg)
![Treatment of alcoholism takes several steps. Because of the medical problems
that can be caused by withdrawal, alcohol detoxification is carefully controlled
and may involve medications such as benzodiazepines such as diazepam
(Valium).[16] People with alcoholism also sometimes have other addictions,
including addictions to benzodiazepines, which may complicate this step.[17]
After detoxification, other support such as group therapy or self-help groups are
used to help the person remain sober.[18][19] Thombs (1999) states according to
behavioural sciences alcoholism is described as a “maladaptive behaviour”. He
explains this must not be confused with “misbehaviour”. Behavioural scientists
explain that addicts have a behaviour pattern that may lead to destructive
consequences for themselves, their families and society. This does not label
addicts as bad or irresponsible.[20] Compared with men, women are more
sensitive to alcohol's harmful physical, cerebral, and mental effects.[21]
Types of Alcohol
SPIRITS
GIN - a colorless alcoholic beverage made by distilling or redistilling rye or other grain spirits
and adding juniper berries or aromatics such as anise, caraway seeds, or angelica root as
flavoring.
VODKA - originally distilled from fermented wheat mash but now also made from a mash of
rye, corn, or potatoes.
RUM - distilled from cane juice, or from the scummings of the boiled juice, or from treacle or
molasses, or from the lees of former distillations. Also, sometimes used colloquially as a
generic or a collective name for intoxicating liquor.
WHISKEY - distilled from grain, potatoes, etc., especially in Scotland, Ireland, and the United
States. In the United States, whisky is generally distilled from maize, rye, or wheat, but in
Scotland and Ireland it is often made from malted barley.
TEQUILA - an alcoholic liquor distilled from the fermented juice of the Central American century
plant Agave tequilana.
BRANDY - an alcoholic liquor distilled from wine or fermented fruit juice.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)