Healthcare And Drugs In America Essay

Healthcare and Drugs in America Essay
Healthcare and Drugs in America
It is no secret that the cost of American healthcare is on the rise. Already the nation is spending about $1.65 trillion a year on healthcare. That
represents 15 percent of gross domestic product, the total output of goods and services. It consumes one–fourth of the federal budget, more than defense.
(Allan Rubin) This is due to the factors of expensive technology, less stringent HMO cost management, and more specifically to this paper, rapidly
rising drug costs. Surveying nearly 3,000 employers, Mercer Human Resource Consulting finds that their health–benefit costs rose 10.1 percent this
year, while inflation hovered around 2 percent.
And as the research and development of these drugs continue to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And just like the predecessor the generic drug company that has this 6–month exclusivity period will charge a higher price for the drug during this
period of time. (Allan Rubin)
Secondly the U.S is also the only drug market that that does not have government price controls. And due to this fact U.S. consumers typically pay at
least 30 to 50 percent more for prescription medicines than consumers in other countries. (David R. Francis) By comparison, Canada spends about 10
percent of GDP on a universal, government–run healthcare system. Further, Canadians live a bit longer on average than Americans. That suggests
lower costs haven't damaged the health of Canadians and more importantly suggests that the answer to lower healthcare might just lie beyond U.S
borders. However the pharmaceutical industry disagrees. They claim that the difference in world prices reflects the cost the companies need to recoup
their research, development, and selling costs, not to mention the filing and protecting of their patents. These patents they claim are needed to ensure
incentives to develop these drugs in the first place. Drug companies do the research and development work needed to discover the new drugs, and as a
reward for this they have free rein to set the
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Micro Chips Consolidated Statement of Operations for the...
LOS Angles times Drug makers try to stall generics March 17, 2008|Melissa Healy | Times Staff Writer For the makers of brand–name prescription
drugs, generic competition is about as welcome as a virus. In the first year that a generic competitor goes on the market, a brand–name drug loses on
average more than half of its market share, and its price drops with each new generic company that produces a copycat, May 2005 study said. So
companies that are about to face that competition have big incentives to delay the entry of new generics to the market –– and to erect obstacles to
switching to the cheaper upstarts. Even a few months' delay in a generic's entry can salvage billions in revenue for the makers of a blockbuster pioneer
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, legislators cite patient–safety concerns for limiting generic substitution. Last year, some 30 state legislatures considered about 60 such
carve–out bills, and three passed. An additional 26 bills, including a California proposal that would limit generic substitution of epilepsy drugs, remain
under consideration. Such laws "have a major freezing effect on physicians and patients and pharmacists, and that's what [the brand–name drug
companies] are hoping for," Jaeger said. But physicians and medical societies that have filed citizens' petitions and lobbied for laws limiting generic
substitution reject the charge that they are doing the bidding of brand–name drug companies. "We're advocates for the patient. We have no conflict of
interest with the drug companies, and we're not against generics," said Dr. Flavio Vincenti, president of the American Society of Transplantation. Last
September, Vincenti's medical specialist group filed a citizens' petition calling for more stringent FDA review of generic immunosuppressant drugs for
transplant patients. And it has backed a wide range of state laws that would constrain generic substitution. "We just want to make sure that when they're
approved

Manufacturing Problems And Technological Efficiency
Manufacturing Problems and Technological Efficiency
Part of the challenge regarding the drug shortage is the concept of efficiency in production. Prices for generics are lower than brand name drugs and
therefore profitability margins are very narrow. For this reason there is little incentive to ensure that equipment is well maintained as this adds to costs
and further decreases net income to the manufacturer. Quality is not rewarded in any tangible way and offers no significant advantage, so companies
are further disincentivized to make sure that quality inspections and processes do not fail (Woodcock, 2013). Having functional equipment that is
reliable is an input into the production process. Additionally, meeting regulatory... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Until manufacturers have some motivation to address the lack of efficiency in the production process, which result a shift in their indifference curve;
these production problems will continue being inefficient resulting in ongoing availability issues.
Pricing
According to the FDA, Generic Drugs have the same quality and performance as brand name drugs. The FDA requires generic drugs have to have the
same active ingredient, strength, dosage form, and route of administration to be approved. They are required to have the pass tests proving they have
the same bioequivalence as their brand name counterpart. For an example, for the generic drug to qualify as a generic drug, it must have the same blood
concentration level as the brand name drug (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2015). Even though brand name and generic drugs must pass the same
quality and performance measures, they do not sell at the same price. On average, generic drugs are 80–85% cheaper than brand name drugs. (U.S
Food and Drug Administration, 2015) While there are several reasons for their pricing differences, one of the main reasons is the research and
development (R&D) capital costs the pharmaceutical company must recuperate from brand name drugs in order to stay in business. Creating new
drugs in the pharmaceutical industry is incredibly expensive and competitive. The California Biomedical

Physician Prescribing Negative Effects
Negative effects on the health care profession
Physicians' privacy concerns
Data mining companies and pharmaceutical manufacturers are able easily access information about physicians' prescribing behaviors. For instance,
IMS Health, an American healthcare IT company, sends weekly updates to pharmaceutical sales representatives outlining the drugs that physicians
prescribe. Data collected over time can reveal a physician's prescribing history, his or her preference for brand–name drugs, and the probability of
prescribing new drugs. The data can help pharmaceutical companies identify which physicians prescribe their companies' drugs and can reinforce the
physicians' choices if needed. Drug companies are able to find out exactly when a physician ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The University of Kentucky and the University of Alabama School of Medicine with the Children's Hospital at Stanford conducted two separate
studies, both of which revealed that medical students and physicians believe that it is acceptable to receive gifts from pharmaceutical companies
because they do not affect their prescribing decisions. Most physicians agreed gifts below $100 were acceptable, but gifts valued at more than $100
were inappropriate. Another study conducted by McGill University in Montreal, Quebec revealed that the number of drug prescriptions increased by
physicians who attended industry–sponsored CME events, including funding for lodging and

The New Walgreens Boots Alliance
The New Walgreens Boots Alliance
The first phase of the merger between Walgreens and Alliance Boots began in 2012 when Walgreen Co. bought 45% stake in Boots for $6.7 billion
with the option to buy the remaining 55% within 3 years (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Shareholders approved the 2nd half of the merger on
December 28, 2014 (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Walgreen Co. purchased Alliance Boots remaining stock for $15.3 billion (Walgreens Boots
Alliance, 2015). Walgreens Boots Alliance common stock began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange under the symbol WBA December 31, 2014
(Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Under a reorganization merger agreement approved by Walgreens shareholders, Walgreens became a wholly owned
The recent merger has increased Walgreens Boots Alliance' retail pharmacy network, which now spans throughout the United States, Europe, Latin
America and Asia. The merger gives Walgreens Boots Alliance opportunities in many developing and underserved markets throughout the world. The
global enterprise integrated the largest drugstore chain in the USA, the market leader in European retail pharmacy and Allithe leading international
wholesaler and distributor. Collectively, Walgreens Boots Alliance has a presence in more than 25 countries, over 12,800 stores, 370,000 employees
and more than 340 pharmaceutical distribution centers that serve over 180,000 pharmacies (Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). Additionally, the merger
brings together several unique brands, wholesale, service and product brands, and the world's largest pharmaceutical wholesale and distribution
network. In April 2015, shareholders decided that Walgreens Boots Alliance would be housed in Deerfield, Illinois at Walgreens corporate headquarters.
Walgreens Boots Alliance Leadership
For proprietary reasons, Walgreens does not provide detailed information on specific topics, such as their corporate strategy, internal systems and
corporate structure ((Walgreens Boots Alliance, 2015). At Walgreens Boots Alliance, Shareholders select the Board members to oversee and direct the
affairs of the Company in the interests of enhancing the long–term value For Walgreens Boots Alliance. The day
–to–day operations

Generic Drug Sector Of The Healthcare Industry
The principles of supply and demand pertain to any economic policy, and the generic drug sector of the healthcare industry is no different. The
alignment, however, is an anomaly to schools of thought that we are accustomed to. Demand for generic drugs in the United States is unquestionably
high. Designed to help offer lower cost options for medications, this market provides financial relief for individuals who need medication to help with
a common virus or a life–threatening illness. The disparity of medication costs can be significant for generics, with estimates that costs can be
around 80 percent lower than brand name drugs (McGee, 2015). This drastic reduction in prices when changing medications to generic form is the
cost effective measure consumers are attracted to. As demand levels are safe since consumers need drugs for a variety of reasons, prices have risen to
test the threshold of acceptance. Drug manufacturers will change prices to reflect their perception of what a market can bear. Medications have been
the topic of much debate recently, with increases rising as high as 5000 percent this year (Velshi, 2015). Supply, on the other hand, is not so directly
outlined for the generic drug sector. Across the board, generic drugs are high in demand and low in supply. In 2010 alone there were 240 almost 650
different generic drugs that were of limited supply, no supply, or on back order for almost a week (Ventola, p. 740). Sadly, there is no one particular

Instructional Purpose-Discussion Web-Post Reading Strategy
Instructional Purpose – Discussion Web – Post Reading Strategy
Instructional Purpose:
a.) The goal of this activity/assignment is to have the students reflect on the material we have discussed and state reasons for and against an idea or
question. The question I decided roots within the subject matter the class just finished reading the day before. The question is "Should nuclear
chemistry be studied and practiced?" Students will analyze the text, observe and reflect on the positives and negatives of the study of chemistry, and
come up with their answer to the question created. 2.) What content in the reading may be used to extend thinking?
a.) Nuclear chemistry is category of chemistry that has seen controversy throughout the years. Nuclear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Does anyone have a debating statement and/or question that they would like to share? *Allow students to respond* Thats a great question, so we
are going to base our discussion web on this statement. "Should there be summer breaks?" I would like you all to partner up and write down some
reasons for both sides of the question. This will test your ability to avoid biases when completing a discussion web. *Allow students to work on
reasons* Alright I would like a group to come up and write some reasons for all year schooling. Then I would like another group to come up and
provide reasons for keeping the summer break. *Allow students to write on the boards* Alrighty well it looks like we have two great reasons for
each side of the question. For against all school year, we have 1.) summer breaks allows students to relax in between school years and 2.) provide
students with motivation when the end gets near. For the all year reasons we have 1.) prevents students from losing knowledge during summer break
and 2.) students tend to lose motivation at the end of the year. Interesting that you could have a discussion web based on student motivation at the end
of the school year. Now meet with your partner again and create conclusions based on the reasons listed. *Allow students to work* Please share with
me some of your conclusions. *Allow students to respond* So you are saying that school years should include the summer break because the summer
break allows the students to take a couple months off to rest and come back feeling motivated to complete the next year. That is a nice conclusion, but
you modified or added a reason so make sure you have that listed on your

Porter's Five Forces Analysis Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry
Porter's Five Competitive Forces Analysis is a framework developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School for study of industry analysis by
analyzing five competitive forces which define industry and its business strategy. These five competitive forces determine the competitive advantages,
disadvantages and attractiveness or profitability of industry.
We analyzed the IndianPharmaceutical industry on these five forces and the findings of industry competitiveness and profitability are written under the
relevant competitive forces.
Bargaining Power of Buyers
In pharmaceutical industry, the end user of the product (patient) is different from the influencer (doctor) influencing his decisions. This is a unique
feature of pharmaceutical industry. Consumer/Patient behavior in India suggests that he will buy whatever medicine is prescribed by his doctor or
physician. Therefore we can say that doctors influence the buying power of buyers. In branded market like India patients/pharmacists cannot usually
substitute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In pharma industry the raw materials mainly consist of organic chemicals. The need of different organic chemicals depends on the chemical formulae
of drug. Pharmaceutical industry depends on various different organic chemicals for the production of end drugs. The chemical industry itself is very
competitive and also very fragmented because their products (organic chemicals) are standardized and steps to produce them are also standardized.
The chemicals used in pharma industry are commodity as pharmaceutical companies do production on economies of scale to lower the cost. The
suppliers have low bargaining power because companies can switch to a new supplier without incurring a high cost. But there is a threat from supplier
if it decides to go for forward integration and become a pharma industry

Essay on The Medicare Debate
The long awaited Medicare bill is finally on the horizon. President Bush is advocating the biggest expansion of Medicare in 30 years saying,
"Medicine is modernizing and Medicare isn't"(Bush). He is promoting privatization and expansion in prescription drug benefits of Medicare to help
"modernize" it. Simultaneously, a new bill pushing generic drugs – far cheaper than name brand prescriptions – into the market is being endorsed.
Opponents of the bill, Republicans and Democrats, argue it will only increase the government debt and will not help senior citizens pay for new
lifesaving technologies. Nonpartisan economists suggest the proposed $400 billon prescription drug benefit will drive the national debt skyward. If the
federal government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To add to the volatility, Medicare is going broke, and the government has to keep pumpingmoney in it to keep it going which in turn adds to the debt.
For the proposed changes in Medicare, congress has reserved $400 billion to be used over a 10–year period. With the current prescription costs, that
covers less than a quarter for every dollar spent. In the next few years baby boomers are going to retire and according to a report by The Consumers
union "drug spending will continue to explode, rising 17 percent a year" (Meckler). This would increase the number of citizens relying on Medicare
and the cost of prescriptions strapping Medicare even more.
If congress would focus on making generic drugs available the cost of prescriptions would not be as high, and Americans could save
approximately $35 billion during the next decade. Compared to $72 a month for brand name drugs, generic versions average $17 a month or 25 to
89 percent lower. Under current legislation original manufacturers of a drug may file multiple lawsuits to prevent other companies from producing a
generic version of their drug after the patent runs out. Each lawsuit that is filed delays the production of the generic version by 30 months. If the new
bill is passed only one lawsuit will be allowed which would speed the production of generic drugs. The proposed law would also decrease the time it

Kraft Macaroni and Cheese VS generic brand
Justin Damato
4/23/14
Micro Econ Writing Project
Kraft Macaroni and Cheese Vs. Generic Brand
Everyone has his or her own personal preference towards buying generic or name brand products. When shopping in a grocery store does the type of
pasta really matter to you? How about the type of macaroni and cheese you reach for? Same ingredients, same directions on how to mix and stir up
the final manufactured goods but is it really the "same". To a lot of people it might not make a difference, but like me, a lot of people prefer
spending the extra 50 cents on a box of "Kraft Macaroni and Cheese" and it's worth every penny. Is it the taste that you are paying for? Or maybe it's
the quality of the product that you're basing it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Kraft Company has been around for a long time now. Personally I believe you must have a protective firm, not allowing other companies to
steal your ideas and product. This will give the firm advantage over others. Kraft Macaroni and Cheese is dominating the market with almost 1
million boxes sold a day. They have to keep up their revenue by attracting a new fan base. Shapes and designs of pasta are surprisingly essential for
Kraft. Over 2000 patents of shaped macaroni and cheese have been officially signed for and used, only about 280 have been obtained by Kraft
Macaroni and Cheese. One of their biggest selling characters and patents is SpongeBob Square Pants, a TV show that has been on air for about 12
years now. Kids thrive for the little macaroni shapes of SpongeBob, Sandy, Patrick, and Mr. Crabs. When Kraft came out with these shapes they
couldn't produce enough of them for mom's and their kids. Sales rocketed through the roof and Kraft Macaroni and Cheese monopolized the
competition with this brand new shape that no one else could use. Knowing exactly what to market at a specific time is huge when it comes to any
company that wants to be successful. This is what sets them apart from the rest and has given them that extra economic profit. Macaroni shapes are not
the only ingredients that set them apart from the rest. Have you ever

Generic vs. Name Brand
You Get What You Pay For
When you shop for groceries where do you stand in choosing either a generic vs. brand name product? Do you reach for the brand name box of Kraft
macaroni and cheese, or would you rather pick up a generic box of macaroni and cheese to save that extra 10 cents? Is your decision based off a
difference in taste or is it simply a matter of paying for quality of the product? What does spending more money on a brand name food product have to
say about who we are in our culture today? Today there is an idea that by buying a brand name product a person is buying something of more quality,
which can strangely in turn determine our importance in society. My mother stood firm by the phrase "you get what you pay ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, a brand name tends to have a little bit higher quality of products than the generic version. While the generic may list the exact same
ingredients, it may not be as good of quality which "could" affect the taste. The individuals that usually buy brand name products have a tendency to
believe they must buy them in order to get good quality. Meaning of course better quality is overall "better" in taste and health. Although, the
qualities of ingredients between products are almost always identical to one another, making this argument nearly useless. The idea of better quality
in name brand versus generic moves on still into a more psychological aspect rather than just economic. Society continues to buy into the belief that
if it costs more it must be better. Why is that a fancy picture and a higher cost for a product give a person the impression that owning this item makes
them feel better about themselves? Pride of ownership comes to play, and something about buying better quality makes a person feel better about a
their own status in society. Perhaps a person may feel they work hard and deserve the best or that if they buy the name brand, they will experience
better health, happiness, or appearance. This is supported with the fact that even though the spaghetti sauce taste test proved to my mother that there
was little or no difference between sauces, she still buys and insists the name brand sauce is better. To this day you will rarely

The Competitive Landscape Of The Industry
INTRODUCTION To understand the competitive landscape of the industry in which one is competing, it must understand how to formulate strategies
that will create a profitable business. A business must know what it is good at to be able to effectively have a competitive advantage over other
businesses within that industry. The profitability of Mylan Pharmaceuticals largely depends on their ability to discover and market new drugs. The
desire to cure illness and disease is what demands pharmaceutical companies like Mylan to be empowered to do their very best. Companies like Mylan
Pharmaceuticals, profit from their economies of scale in research, manufacturing, and marketing. A competitive strategy analysis will show why Mylan
Pharmaceuticals is one of the leading generic and specialty drug manufacturing companies in the world. MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS In 1961,
Mylan (Milan in the beginning) started their business in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. From the back of a Pontiac Bonneville, Army buddies,
Milan "Mike" Puskar and Don Panoz, started distributing their products to doctors and pharmacists ("About Us," 2015). In 1965 Mylan moved to
Morgantown, West Virginia, and in 1976 it relocated its corporate headquarters to Pittsburgh suburb Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, and then to its final
point in 2004 in Southpointe, in Cecil Township (Adam, 2013). Mylan is one of the top leading global pharmaceutical companies in the world. Their
medicines include generic and brand name

Analysis Of The Internal Working For The Company Church &...
This essay will serve as an analysis of the internal working for the company Church & Dwight. The author of this essay will include various journals,
websites, and textbook citations to support the overall essay. In this essay the reader will see the analysis of the structure, culture, management,
marketing, R&D, information systems, and competitive advantages of Church & Dwight. Third Personal Assignment
Church & Dwight is a company that has been around for decades, but what does the internal mechanics of the company look like? This discourse will
attempt to address the analysis of the structure, culture, management, marketing, R&D, competitive advantage, and information system of the internal
working of the company Church & Dwight.
Structure
Church & Dwight have a divisional structure composed of ARM & HAMMER and the specialty and consumer products that the company owns.
Strategic Management textbook says the definition of "divisional structure is appropriate for a large corporation with many product lines in several
related industries" (Wheelen, Hoffman, Hunger, and Bamford, 2015, pg. 137). Church & Dwight have ten different brands all within the same
specialty and consumer product industry. The author believes that this is a very good fit for the company because Church & Dwight have many brands
that they own. Church & Dwight have also made it known that they hire employees who have experience in the specialty products and consumer
products industry. Another

Xyrem Case
The pharmaceutical industry consists of intensive marketing, production, and research meant to develop drugs that provide the entire world with the
capabilities to cure infectious diseases and support daily needs. An aging world population and greater work loads has given an incentive for
pharmaceutical firms to rigorously produce and sell numerous variations of drugs to treat cancer, allergies, diabetes, and pain. Some trends to be
considered include: greater technological improvements, cheaper drugs, and increased investment/R&D spending. Technological improvements have
guaranteed higher purities and cheaper drugs. However, increased research has dramatically driven patented drug prices to an all high premium; Byetta,
a type 2 diabetes pen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is done by creating a research and development team to improve current production operations. If a company invests in new capital and on a
R&D team, they create greater opportunities for innovation. Innovation in terms of the production and quality of a yellow fever drug ensures that less
resources are wasted, more of the drug can be produced, and consumers benefit by having a high quality and an effective drug that doesn't pose a threat
to their lives. A company must properly decide whether or not they choose to enter this market, in addition to considering a dynamic efficiency stance.
If the company does decide to develop a drug and the country that it resides in doesn't honor a patent, the company will perish under the competition. If
they are honored a patent, the company might flourish in this competition, but with great difficulty and cost. Not developing the drug, but being
honored a patent is hurtful for the company and the country, since applying for a patent and approving it is costly. Not developing the drug and not
being honored a patent would mean that the company loses potential

Epipen Case Summary
The question of liability in this case is a little unclear. The problem for the DOJ is a letter dated Oct. 23, 1997 from the Medicaid Drug Rebate
Program that said:
"Regarding your newly purchased products, EPIPEN and EPIPEN–EZ, product numbers 0301–01, 0302–01, 0303–01 and 0304–01 under labeler
number 00268, I have been in contact with Mr. Herb Gerstenzang, FDA in order to determine the Drug Category for you to use when reporting them
to us. Because these products are included in a package with a new delivery system, they are listed by the FDA under an NDA (New Drug
Application). The products themselves, however, are listed under an ANDA (Abbreviated New Drug Application) because they are very old products
and made by many generic drug companies. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is any doubt about just how different the latest version of the EpiPen is from the one that Mylan acquired in 2007, then perhaps a statement
from a Mylan spokesperson given in an article by NBC News may be of interest:
"As anyone who has used the product knows, the epinephrine auto–injector we have in the market today is substantially different than the one we
acquired," said Mylan spokeswoman Lauren Kashtan in statements emailed to NBC News."
In the Washington Post article:
"The pattern of large, biannual price increases for EpiPen began in 2009. In an earnings call that year, Bresch, Mylan's chief executive, told investors
that the company would be introducing a new version of EpiPen's autoinjector device, one with patent protection that would make it more difficult for a
generic competitor to enter.
...
The month that the company launched the improved product, Mylan boosted the list price of the drug by 20 percent.
'Having a new version of the drug ... you're essentially wiping the slate clean – if any generic company wants to create a generic version, they're going
to have to start a lawsuit,' said Jacob Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School. 'You get to start the pricing strategy process all over
again.'

Brand-Name Company Case Summary
other generic company. Once the generic company enters the market, they can begin to make money and the consumer can start saving on those
products. Although congress attempted to satisfy each person that will be affected by this Act, the patent holder was not completely satisfy, so they
engaged in activities such as reverse payment. This is when the pioneer company pay millions of dollars to the generic company to postpone generic
company application as long as possible to keep the market focus on the brand–name longer. This also created problems with the consumers not saving
as much as they can because it would be an extended period before the generic medication make it on the shelf. Brand–name company began
negotiating settlement with the generic companies to file their application after the expiration of the patent and this added to 18 more months to length
before the generic product come out. The brand–name company would also make minor adjustment to prolong the process. There have been several
court cases regarding the reverse payment, and most the federal courts rule this settlement is not illegal if it doesn't restrain competition past the time
preempt competitors. In 2003, Congress decided the reverse payment settlement must be monitored, so the pharmaceutical companies must file
settlement agreement with the FTC. The FTX thins that if this settlement was not checked it will leave the consumer in a $35 billion loss of generic
cost saving (Royalty, Oliva, & Fix,

Comparison with Other Countries: United States of America
COMPARISON WITH OTHER COUNTRIES: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; USA is the leader in Pharmaceutical industry. It can be noted
that more than 80% of the total worlds research and development takes place in USA. Even most of the patents or highest numbers of patents are
held by companies in USA. It employs about 272,000 people (source: Bureau of Labour Statistics).Even the bestselling drug in the world "Lipitor"
which is a cholesterol drug is Produced by Pfizer which is a US company. Incidentally Pfizer is also worldвЂџs largest Pharmaceutical Company.
Pfizer has sales of more than 40,000 US million dollar. The total revenue of USA pharmaceutical market is about 289 US billion. Prescriptions have
also been on a rise in the US over the past decade where there is an increase of more than 64%which is about 3.4 billion annually. The pharmaceutical
market is said to grow at a CAGR of 2.7% from 2011–2016 which will plummet the market to a value of 299.5 US billion dollars by the end of 2016.
UNITED KINGDOM: United Kingdom is the Tenth largest Pharmaceutical market in the world as of 2011. United Kingdom has an open market
policy about the pharmaceutical market, which has led to many foreign firms having an upper hand in the country. The NHS (National Health Service)
covers about 98% of the UK market. GlaxoSmithKline is the countryвЂџs biggest Pharmaceutical Company. Total market value of UK market is about
21564 million US dollars18. UK spends the least on medicines when compared to

Consumer 's Response And Reaction Of Brand Named Products...
Introduction
Consumers are considered a very valuable asset to any major company, so observing why they are more likely to purchase one brand of the item over
another is important to investigate. Also, it is vital to recognize how to retain their loyalty for years to come. With the help of grounded theory
methodology, this research paper will evaluate a consumer's response and reaction to brand–named products versus generic products that have been
examined and studied for many years. For many years, researchers have questioned the reason that a consumer grows attached and likes vs. dislikes
certain branded products, the answer remains open–ended. Many things can interfere with the consumer's resistance to new products being introduced
If the marketing of non–branded products were to receive specialized equivalent advertising, the demand for brand named products will decrease. The
term "Brand Love" is a connection and emotional attachment to a brand of products because of the pleasures, satisfaction and feelings that it gives the
consumers. As discussed in the Marketing Science Institute article, "it might be explained with reference to the psychological literature on
interpersonal love. But the deep sense of fit between customers and brands like Apple, Harley, and Starbucks." (MSI 2012).
Hypotheses
To examine this hypothesis I will have to make sure this hypothesis is ample to research, has been explored with previous data collected, so that the
question is opened for observation and will be able to provide answers. In a past research study, Brand image as a function of self–image and
self–brand connection describes, "How brand image relates to a self–image and how brand consumption contributes to the construction of self. Most of
the research on brand image refers to brand attitudes. Day (1970) considers attitudes "a central integrating feature" in marketing theory and advertising
evaluation." (Mocanu 2013)
The research question guides the basis of activities of any research study. The research questions on which this study will be centered are discussed
below:
In your opinion, "How do brand–name items differ from generic products?"

Medical Insurance and Different Types of Coverage Essay
Are you aware that many Americans do not have medical insurance coverage? The recent passing of the Affordable Care Act, mandates that Americans
must have an insurance policy that provides minimum essential coverage. Because of this, many Americans have been looking into different types of
healthcare coverage. Insurance companies can tailor a customer's health insurance plan so that it meets their specific health needs, and budget. Good
coverage, however, does not come cheap. The customer will typically get what they pay for. Many different types of healthcare insurance offer
different types of coverage, such as premium cost, prescription costs, and co–pays for emergency visits.
PREMIUM COSTS
When a person choses a health insurance plan, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The average cost of health insurance in the United States is approximately $411 per month for individual coverage and approximately $1155 per
month for family coverage" ("How Much Is Average Health Insurance per Month?", n.d.). As you can see, monthly premium costs can also become
expensive. Premium costs are not the cost associated with health insurance. Healthcare coverage commonly has other annual costs. The most common
annual cost is called an annual deductible. It works in the same manner as a deductible for damages to an automobile. Deductibles are paid in addition
to the premium cost. You pay the premium cost to keep your insurance coverage, but when you use health care services, you must pay your
deductible before your health insurance begins to pay. "The average deductible was $2,086 for a single person and just over $4,000 for a family"
(Fuquay, 2013). The costs seem to be piling up, but there is good news: not all health plans have a deductible. On average, if you pay a higher
premium, there tends to be little or no deductible. And on the other hand, low premium plans usually have a high deductible. Cost for health insurance
coverage can become very expensive when you calculate premium costs and deductibles together.
PRESCRIPTION COSTS There are usually some types of cost that a person must pay when they need prescriptions. These costs can change depending
on what pharmacy they get the prescriptions filled at. Recent

Generic Vs Brand Ativan Essay
Which is Better: Cheap Ativan (Generic) or Brand Ativan?
When you surf the internet, you will find that there are two kinds of lorazepam on the market. One version will be very costly while the other kind of
lorazepam is relatively cheaper. Should people stick with the costlier brand–name version of Ativan medication or choose the cheap version?
Brand vs. Generic
The original company to introduce lorazepam to the world intended the medication to act as a cure for anxiety and other stress–conceived problems.
During the first few years of Ativan being on the market, the original company, also known as the mother company, had exclusive rights to the
FDA–approved drug. Since that company had incurred millions of dollars in expenses during the testing, researching, and marketing of lorazepam, the
price of the medication was very high. After the mother company's patent rights had expired, a lot of other companies started to make their own
version of Ativan. Since the research and testing processes were already done by the mother company, the companies can produce cheap, generic
versions Ativan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is why we have both the costly brand–name medication and the cheaper generic medications.
Can I buy the cheaper generic medications?
Though the chemical composition of the cheap Ativan is the same as that of the branded Ativan, some of the generic medications have unique inactive
components. Not all generic brands are approved by the FDA. Only a very few manufacturers have gotten approval from the FDA for their lorazepam
medications. These verified generic brands are as effective as the brand name one.
You should avoid the few manufacturers who are not approved by FDA. Surf the internet to discover which manufacturers have gotten their generic
medications approved.
Why should the non–approved cheap Ativan be

The Pros And Cons Of Generic Drugs
Currently, generic drug plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. A generic drug is a type of drugs which are nearly a copy of brand
drug. When a brand drug is approved, the branded company will have drug patents to protect the new drugs from being copied for twenty years.
Generic manufacturers may copy the drug formula and change some of the ingredients of the drugs and sell them after twenty years. Generic drugs
have now been commonly used to be prescribed to patients (Razmaria & Aria, 2016). Generic drugs are known for its low price. Patients may come
across the choice between generic drugs and brand drugs. While acknowledging there is a considerable amount of debates concerning generic
substitution, this essay holds the view that generic drugs should... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fischer et al. (2003) state that the potential savings of generic substitution can reach up to six million U.S dollars in Wisconsin in 2000. Generic
drugs are often sold at a relatively low price because generic manufacturers may not need to pay the cost of innovating the new drug formula. They
may just wait for the release of the brand drugs' formulas. They only need to pay the cost of performing clinical trials to show that the generic
drugs are effective. The cost of producing generic drugs is low. Hence, the generic manufacturers do not need to set up a high price for the drugs to
earn profits. However, this argument is less convincing for the patients when they are considering a generic substitution. Masson et al. (1985) argue
that some stores may try to draw customers into the store by lowering the prices of the brand drugs. When the prices of brand drugs are lowered, the
gap between the prices of the brand and the generic drugs is also narrowed. Thus, it may reduce the chance that a customer will perform generic
substitution due to few profits. Therefore, some customers may not prefer generic

The Food Of A Brand Cereal And A Generic Brand Food On The...
You stand in your local supermarket trying to decide what cereal to buy. Being in the middle of the aisle, you can't help but notice that the most
popular brands of cereals are placed in the middle of the aisle and at eye level. The most popular ones totally take up more of the entire aisle too.
Upon closer examination, you notice that those brands are definitely more expensive than the generic ones on the bottom shelves. You take a look at
the nutritional contents and weights of a popular brand cereal and a generic brand cereal. They're essentially the same: same sugar content, same
calories per serving, same vitamin content, and on and on. Shortly after your curious observation of brand shelf placement and price, you shrug and
buy your go–to box of Lucky Charms (which was placed at eye–level and was slightly more expensive than the other equivalent brands of toasted oats
and marshmallows). As Americans, we as a society have a general consensus that we have the power to make a choice. We make choices constantly
throughout our everyday lives, whether to eat this or watch that or whether to buy this or walk away from that. But do we really have that inherent
ability of choice? Some can argue no, our choices were already fixed, that our sense of free will is an imaginative construct of our predetermined
minds. Meanwhile others argue that yes, we can make choices that are entirely of our own volition or that we are only partially influenced by external
forces, but in

Essay on Fixing the Health Care System in America
For the last five years of my life I have worked in the healthcare industry. One of the biggest issues plaguing our nation today has been the ever
rising cost of health care. If we don't get costs under control, we risk losing the entire system, as well as potentially crippling our economy. For the
sake of our future, we must find a way to lower the cost of health care in this nation. Last year the average cost of an insurance policy for a family of
four was $20,728.00 according to the Milliman Medical Index (2012 Milliman Medical Index, figure 1). The median household income for 2012 was
$51,017.00 according to Steve Hargreaves for CNN Money (2013, para. 1). This means the average American spends almost 40.62 percent of health ...
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Rather than having the other claims adjusted, the provider insisted that we not look into the matter further because they did not want us to take
back any money. Sadly this is just one example of fraud; it is not uncommon to see providers change the coding of claims to get something that
they know should not be paid to process for payment. Cracking down on this type of fraud will reduce the amount of money paid out on claims by
insurance carriers. Since claims payments directly affect the cost of insurance, this will also help in lowering premiums. Another issue contributing
to the high cost of health care is inefficient use of premium dollars from insurance companies. I am proud to say that the insurance company I
work for does a great job of making proper use of insurance premiums. As a company we use on average 8 cents of every premium dollar. This
means that 92 Percent of each dollar goes to paying patient's claims and building reserves. Unfortunately this is not as common as it should be.
According to Harvard's David Cutler who is among the country's foremost health economists, our administrative costs for health care equal one
quarter of the cost of health care today. By comparison, the next closest country spends around 10 to 15 percent on administrative costs (2013, para. 4
and 6). There are many things that could be done to lower administrative costs. One such solution would be to move to a paperless system of medical
records. During

Persuasive Speech Outline Essay
Outline INTRODUCTION I. (Attention Getter) Opening with a question. How many of you believe brand name drugs are better than generic
drugs? II. (Reveal Your Topic) Today, I want to talk about generic drugs versus brand name drugs. III. (Establish Credibility) I have been with CVS
for four years. I am a nationally certified pharmacy technician (also known as a CPhT). I work alongside many pharmacists and come across many
drugs. I have to call doctors every day to change a person's medication. IV. (Preview) Today, I want to talk about generic drugs. I want to talk why they
are equal to brand name drugs, why they are cheaper than brand name drugs, the different inactive ingredients in both generic and brand name drugs. I...
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II. Generic drugs have different inactive ingredients in them. D. If you can only get the brand name drug, and you are allergic to the inactive
ingredients in it, then you are out of luck. E. Generic drugs can have different manufacturers, which mean they can also have different inactive
ingredients in it. F. Scenario – You have a really intense blood pressure issue, and only one medication on the market works for you; however, it is
only brand name, and you are allergic to the inactive ingredients in it. Now that generics are released and have different inactive ingredients, you can
safely take the drug that works for you. TRANSITION: Now that we know some key difference between brand name drugs and generic drugs, we can
take a look at their prices. III. Generic drugs tend to be cheaper than brand name drugs. G. Myth – generic drugs are cheaper because they are made in
poorer conditions than brand name drugs. 12. The FDA would not let unsafe replications of drugs onto the market, prescription or over the counter
medications H. This is not the case. In fact, a little over fifty percent of prescription generic medications are made by the same manufacturer as the
brand name drug. I. The reason brand name drugs cost more is because the manufacturer invented the drug 13. This is an expensive process that could

The High Cost Of Drugs
The continuous rising cost of drugs in this country is inevitable. Americans every year are paying more for their pharmaceuticals. Americans are
not getting any younger, and the rising cost of medication is becoming more expensive for people to pay. Pharmaceuticals are experiencing a
rising cost due to both an ageing population and more so the demand to produce a drug superior to the many products already commanding the
market. The cost to produce and manufacture a drug is high, which incurs a higher cost on the consumer once reaching the market. In order to
understand why pharmaceuticals are so expensive, one must understand the extensive processes of drug manufacturing, the differences between
brand and generic medication, and lastly the economic impact branded and generic medications have on the drug market. The process of a drug
all starts with an idea. Before a compound can officially be identified as a drug, it must go through what is called a preclinical phase. In the
preclinical phase, the probable drug has to go through intense detailed research. Before the potential drug is allowed to be used for human trials, it
must pass this research phase. The new drug also has to pass a safety test in order to keep going in the drug production process. In order for the drug
to pass this safety test, it must be tested in animals or in a laboratory ("Research and development"). The drug can move onto the process of drug
manufacturing and phase 1, if it shows that it is safe

U.s. Patent Law And United States Essay
In the United States, both U.S. Patent Law and U.S. " Food and Drug Administration" (FDA) law govern the exclusivity rights for new pharmaceutical
products. As Chinese companies invest research time and money in developing new drugs, it is important to keep in mind both the relevant U.S. patent
law and the applicable FDA law that could affect the exclusivity period for that drug in the United States. Mistakes in not obtaining proper patent
coverage or satisfying the FDA laws could cost the drug company valuable exclusivity rights when that drug is sold in the United States. For a
successful drug, the lost of exclusivity rights usually means the loss of substantial revenue and profit.
How can a drug innovator have exclusivity in the United States without a patent? The FDA will give a five year exclusivity period for a "new
chemical entity" (NCE) used in a drug. What does this mean? During this five year exclusivity period, no other company can submit an "Abbreviated
New Drug Application" (ANDA) to the FDA seeking approval of a drug product containing the NCE. This exclusivity period rewards the innovator
for all of the research and development effort, including expensive clinical tests to show the safety and efficacy of the NCE that must be done to
support a "New Drug Application" (NDA). The five year exclusivity period allows the NDA holder to recoup this investment. Importantly, this
exclusivity occurs regardless of whether or not a U.S. patent has been issued.
An ANDA

What Are The Strategic Elements Taken By Glenmark To...
Describe the Strategic elements taken by Glenmark to overcome the key challenges faced by the Pharmaceuticals Industry?
In the United States, due to the reduction in opportunities in generics specifically of small molecule domain, Glenmark shifted its focus from this
domain to mainly respiratory, dermatology and oncology. Glenmark was also facing challenge from the entry of new companies in the market which
was increasing its competition; hence they identified the strategy of differentiation and started releasing novel products. Glenmark was noticing that all
its competitors were crowding around United States of America and United Kingdom, moreover these markets of the first world country were offering
a lot of pricing pressure. At the same time they were also facing the challenge of shift to local manufacturing of generic drugs in the important
emerging market. To this, the company started focusing on its R&D for its specific niche and complex commodities, Glenmark also started focusing
on newer dosage sizes which had lesser competition. The company also increased its New Molecular Entities pipelines and it also expanded its
partnerships in the market to cater to the local requirements.
Roadmap taken into a innovative research led firm and launch proprietary products by Glenmark?
The current position of Glenmark shows that it has major sales share i.e. over 60% from India and United States market. Currently the company is seen
as a generic manufacturer in the United

Eco/365 Final Paper
Running Head: Final Project University of Phoenix ECO 365 April 20, 2011 Introduction The evolution of Wal–mart from the early 1960s to the
present day has set a benchmark that few can achieve. Wal–mart executives have been successful nationally as well as globally. The knowledge and
expertise in economics have made Wal–mart a global giant. The research completed is the final recommendations by the members of research team C
and will address questions regarding global competition and issues of the organizations ability to expand or reduce current operations. Price Wal–Mart
continually advertises their prices to be substantially lower than their competitors. The truth is, most Wal–Mart items do not... Show more content on
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Wal–Mart excels in customer service; and the wages provided to their employees is beyond just minimum wage. "Wal–Mart's success is the direct
result of the dedication of its associates, and they reward their hard work with benefits that work for them. Their benefits include more than medical
coverage and a competitive pay package: They offer associates retirement savings plans, pharmacy benefits, the opportunity to share in bonuses and
valuable discounts at their stores (walmartstores.com, n.d)." Global Competition Global competition has a direct impact on Wal–Mart. Global
companies offer competition for consumer business and companies within the United States and other countries who compete with Wal–Mart. The
global competition for consumer business primarily takes place in the e–commerce domain that Wal–Mart dominates. Wal–Mart offers their consumers
a convenient one–stop website with all the merchandise and products offered in the store, and some that are not. The exchange is significantly sped up
by the convenience and availability of the internet. The internet allows transactions to take place at a faster pace than the standard face–to–face or
telephone method. Target, a major competitor of Wal–Mart, also has a Website that is reached by consumers all over the world. This added
competition, especially from a competitor in the same industry, forces Wal–Mart to keep their prices low while offering

International Surplus
Description
International Surplus The known challenge for creating strategy for larger stores with a mixed variety is the manner in which they can meet the
needs of several segments within the same physical facilities. With the vast increase in US population, it is difficult to go to one supermarket and
purchase a specific type of food at a great price or purchase clothes that caters to all nationalities at one store. The International Surplus is a wholesale
clothing store and supermarket that caters to all cultures. Currently, there is a certain store that you have to shop at for Indian goods, African goods,
Asian goods, etc. The International Warehouse is a place where everyone can shop for a low price. The nation's foreign–born population ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In regular clothing stores, they will try different styles and make them their own. In supermarkets, they try different types of foods to just be
experimental. The bulk shoppers are in a shopping class of their own. They are not searching for anything in particular. They are seeking quality items
by the bundle.
Value Proposition A company's value proposition communicates the number one reason why a product or service is best suited for a customer
segment. (http://www.investopedia.com) The International Surplus is a store that would accomodate all cultures as well as working classes. This
store will be a key resources for all ethnicities to be able to purchase products that may be difficult to purchase here in the United States. Consumers
will be able to purchase any item from clothes to food from their native country either by walking into the store or by ordering online. Residing in a
different country can be a challenge within itself, but being able to have certain resources available can be very beneficial. This can be vital with to
person who is becoming acclimented to a totally different environment and could possible help make the transition better.

Pharmaceutical Cost Pricing
Ocean Watts
Professor Sanderson
ENG 1123
24 October 2016
Price Gouging in the Pharmaceutical Industry Every year in the United States millions of Americans go without taking their prescribed medications.
This is not because they simply do not wish to take their medications or they forget their daily doses but rather something more heartbreaking. A
multi–billion–dollar company won't allow these Americans to take their medications. In this case the company has not recalled the medications or sent
out representatives to retrieve the medications from these individuals. You may ask yourself why these people are going without their medications if
there is no risk involved. Well the reason is that these pharmaceutical companies raise their prices... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this is not a popular concept in the United States this method is used in various countries around the world. Many critics argue that if it were
implemented in the United States, it would have a negative effect on the pharmaceutical industry. It is believed that this would cause investment and
innovation in the pharmaceutical industry to cease thus compromising the health of future patients. Although there is always a negative risk associated
with such a drastic change it would stop pharmaceutical CEOs from running the industry as if it were a hedge fund operation. There is the high
publicized case of Martin Shkreli, a former hedge fund manager turned pharmaceutical CEO who raised the price of Daraprim, a drug used to treat
AIDs patients, from $13.50 to $750 a tablet

Pharmaceutical Patents And Its Effects On Society
Everyone loves a good bad guy. It seems to make complex issues easier to deal with when there is a scapegoat defined. Disease kills many people on a
daily basis all around the world. However, many people view the big drug companies as evil profiteers in the fight against disease, wielding patents to
protect their profits rather than wielding medicine to combat disease. Medicines have been created to combat disease which greatly improves survival
outcomes and daily quality of life. Many of the large pharmaceutical companies are responsible for inventing and manufacturing a majority of the
medications that have had this positive impact on society. Although it may seem that many view pharmaceutical companies as profiteering from illness
via patents, people world–wide benefit from the process, especially when generic production is authorized. This would never happen without the
current model utilizing pharmaceutical patents.
Patents give intellectual rights to a person or a group of people that invent something. Patents fuel innovation because they give a temporary monopoly
to the inventor that received the patent. Otherwise, the originator of a product may not receive the credit, more specifically, the financial reward for
creating something useful and sharing it with the world. This applies to medicine just as much as anything else. Pharmaceutical companies spend
enormous amounts of time and treasure to research and develop new, effective and safe medications to

Swot Analysis : Financial Analysis
Financial Analysis According to INVESTOPEDIA the definition of the DuPont analysis is that "assets are measured at their gross book value
rather than at net book value in order to produce a higher return on equity (ROE)" (INVESTOPEDIA, 2003, pg.1). The DuPont analysis breaks
down the return on equity into three parts. These three parts include: operating efficiency which would be measured by profit margin, assets and
there use of efficiency which is measured by total asset turnover, and financial leverage which can be measured by equity multiplier
(INVESTOPEDIA, 2003). The basic formula to measure the return on equity would be profit margin (profit/sales) X turnover (sales/assets) X equity
multiplier (assets/equity). In September 2015 Church & Dwight had a return on equity of 20.16%. In June of 2015 Church & Dwight had a return on
equity of 19.99%, and in March of 2015 Church & Dwight had a return on equity of 20.45% (YCharts, 2016). The growth potential of the company
looks very promising according to their return on equity percentages. R&D Analysis "A company's R&D intensity is a principal means of gaining
market share in a global completion" (Wheelen, Hoffman, Hunger, and Bamford, 2015, pg. 144). Due to the fact that Church & Dwight are not as
present in foreign countries as many other companies are, Church & Dwight does not have the R&D intensity as many other company's they are
competing against. With the majority of company sales concentrated in the United States

Competition Within The U.s. Pharmaceutical Industry
Competition within the U.S. pharmaceutical industry is very high. With less elastic demand than for other industries, profit potential is enormous.
Demand is more inelastic as prescription drugs are necessary for many individuals with illnesses such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Within the
industry, there are two types of manufacturers: brand name and generic. These groups compete not only among one another, but with each other as
well. Brand name pharmaceutical companies often try to, and succeed in preventing or delaying approval and circulation of generic equivalents. The
most common tactic used is a reverse payment settlement agreement, otherwise known as "pay–for–delay". Generic firms promise to delay the
circulation of their... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, generic companies' primary activities include developing, producing, marketing, distributing, and gaining regulatory approval for
generic drugs (Philips, 2014). While generic companies do engage in research and development (R&D), it's goal is to create similar drugs that the brand
name manufacturer just patented. If successful, the generic company files an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) for approval and must make
a certification against each patent by the brand name manufacturer. To do this, the generic company must make a Paragraph IV certification which
states that the patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the generic product (Fitzpatrick, Cella, Harper & Scinto, 2012). In a reverse payment
settlement agreement, brand name pharmaceutical manufacturers provide compensation to generic pharmaceutical manufacturers in order to settle the
challenge to their patent. In order to receive the compensation, the generic company must agree to drop its patent challenge and is restricted from
marketing and distributing its product for some stated period of time. These settlements act as patent extensions, providing the brand name firm with
more monopoly time on a drug. Reverse payment settlement agreements appeared as an unexpected result of the Hatch–Waxman Act of 1984, which

Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer.
IMPACT OF LIPITOR PATENT EXPIRY ON PFIZER.
TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE NO
Executive Summary3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction4
1.2 What is Lipitor5
1.3Expiry of Lipitor patent5–6
CHAPTER 2: CHALLENGERS
2.1 Challengers6
2.2 Pfizer's strategies7
CHAPTER 3:FINANCIAL IMPACT ON PFIZER
AS LIPITOR GOES GENERIC 8–9
Recommendations10
Conclusion11
Executive summary:
This report is about the impact of patent termination of Lipitor on Pfizer pharmaceutical company. Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 and is
the mother of all drugs. (wsj_live, 2011) As of November 30th 2011 Pfizer lost the patent of Lipitor... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first year it generated revenues of 67.8$ billion and net income of 8.26$ billion. (philippidis, 2011)Pfizer is the largest player in the
pharmaceutical market having the best power in marketing and forming associations. It also posts the highest dividends in the industry. Pfizer faces
challenges common to all pharmaceutical companies such as patent expiration and FDA regulation. It is dedicated to applying science and global
resources to progress health and well–being at every stage of life. Subsidiary members are Agouron pharmaceuticals, G.D Searle & company,
Greenstone, Park– Davis, Wyeth, Pharmacia, Upjohn, Warner &lambert. (control, 2011)
Pfizer's ceo Ian Reid announced that company would dissociate substantial portions of the company with the aim to focus on pharmaceuticals. Its
business is divided into two divisions which are biopharmaceutical with 86% of revenues which consists of primary care, speciality care, established
products, emerging markets and oncology. The diversified makes 14% of revenues which consists of consumer healthcare, animal health, nutrition

among others. Some major products of biopharmaceutical (86%of total revenue) are; (sanburn, 2011)
Lipitor– statin that decreases LDL levels, best–selling and and the most important for Pfizer as it contributes significantly to the growth of the
company. However, the patent expired opening it to competition with the generic drugs.
Enbrel– for arthritis, plaque psoriasis ankylosing

Modern Day Intellectual Property: The Alice V. CLS Bank Case
Modern Day Intellectual Property
In modern times, the faith that society has in the intellectual property system of the United States of America is fading. "[Patents] include a wealth of
attempts to reward friends of the government and restrict or control dangerous technologies. Trademark law has shuttled uneasily between being a
free–floating way to police competition so as to prohibit actions that courts thought were "unfair" and an absolute property right over an individual
word or symbol." (Boyle. n.d.) Today, thepatent office routinely approves patents that are broad and vague without demanding more information about
the patent. This allows the patent owners to claim ownership of a broad range of topics, leaving little room for new ... Show more content on
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The answer to this question is simple, the generics have to have the same number of milligrams of medication that is included on the label of the brand
name medication. In addition to this, the pills need to get within ten percent above or below the blood concentration of the original brand name drug
that was approved by the FDA. However, the generic drugs usually only vary by three to four percent in one direction or the other. Most people never
notice the difference between generic and brand name medication. The only major difference between the generic and brand name medication is that
according to the FDA, generic drugs do not need to contain the same inactive ingredients such as gelatin or flavoring. Therefore, if the original brand
name drug is marketed as a one hundred percent vegan, cruelty free, organic, gluten and soy free product, then the generic version of the medication
may have different inactive ingredients that could change the medication. This is why medications made by different manufacturers may look
different, however they still contain the same active ingredients. (Levine,

Brand Name Vs Generic Medication
Brand Name Medication vs. Generic Medication
In the 1950's, medication was first introduced into society (Psych Central website, 2). It is a drug used for treatment of pain, illnesses, and other
problems with the human body. It can treat medical conditions, cure diseases, relieve symptoms of illnesses, and prevent diseases. According to the
BDS Medication Administration Curriculum, the way the medication enters the body is considered the "route" and the most common route is taking
the medication orally. Three other different ways are nasally, by eye drops or ear drops, or transdermal, which is the medication(s) being patched onto
the skin. Medications can have a localized effect or a systematic effect. A localized affect is when a medication... Show more content on
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According to an online article, a 2000 study published in the Journal of Health Economics estimated that bringing a new drug to market costs the
innovator on average eight hundred and two million dollars over a period of ten to fifteen years. In 2008, the average price of a brand–name drug was
$137.90, while the average generic prescription was $35.22 (Health Smart website, 6). The copayment also costs less for the generic medication than
the brand–name because the generic did not have to have years of extended research. Today, almost half of the prescriptions are generic (Health Smart
website, 7). Price and differences in these medications have an impact on how society looks at the medications they need or

Mylan 's Generic Epipen Vs. Other Generic Auto Injectors
Mylan's Generic EpiPen vs. Other Generic Auto–Injectors EpiPens are arguably one of the most important devices for those to carry who suffer from
life–threatening allergies. The auto–injector pen contains the drug epinephrine, which treats an allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock, in emergency
cases. Recently, there has been an uproar among the public about the increasing prices of Mylan's EpiPens. In 2007, the products cost was around
$100.00 for a two–pack of pens. Now, however, the name brand is selling for over $600.00 a pair; resulting, in a 400% price increase. Different
companies are now creating similar products in hopes of being more affordable and as efficient as the original EpiPen. Mylan Pharmaceuticals is
even creating their own version of an authorized generic form of the EpiPen as well. In the first article, "Mylan Tries Again to Quell Pricing
Outrage by Offering Generic Epipen," by Andrew Pollack, focuses on just Mylan 's version of their EpiPen along with their increasing prices. The
second article, "Can You Get a Cheaper EpiPen," by Ginger Skinner, emphasizes on not only Mylan 's' product, but also other generic products as well
as a do–it–yourself. Both of these articles focus around the idea of an affordable, effective, and accessible off brand version of the EpiPen while also
providing important side information about all of the products and risks; however, the second article offers more information about different generic
products rather than just

Different Types Of Consumers And Buying Items
There are many different types of products out there many of which have the same or offer similar functionality to each other. The differences in these
products can include price, quality, functionality, and whether it is new or used. There are different types of shoppers that are attracted to different
types of products. The differences between these products can increase or decrease the appeal of these products to different types of shoppers. These
different types of shoppers include bargain hunters or retail–only buyers. When buying items such as groceries, textbooks, and cars bargain hunters will
attempt to save money by purchasing on sale or used items, conversely, retail–only shoppers may choose to purchase items they believe to be better
products or they do not wish to spend the time required to seek out the best deal. When going to the store and buying items such as food, toiletries,
and other household items bargain hunters will attempt to save as much money as possible. Many of these items are essential to the modern way of
life and because of this a substantial amount of money is spent on purchasing these items over the course of a lifetime. Bargain hunters will spend the
time needed to locate the best prices or cut coupons in the attempt reduce the cost of these needed items. Another method used to save money may be
buying products in bulk form stores like Sam 's Club or Costco. Buying in bulk allows the consumer to purchase a large amount of the item at a lower

The Generic Vs Brand War
Imagine yourself walking down the aisle of your pharmacy like Rite Aid, CVS, or Walmart. You have been suffering from some headaches and
you want to get some pain killers. As you reach for you a box of Extra Strength Tylenol (also known as Acetaminophen) that costs $8.95 , you spot
a bottle of Equate Extra Strength Acetaminophen for only $41. Not only is this generic store brand less than half the price of Tylenol, it also had
double the product! You mind wavers on which capsules to buy. Does the lower cost of generic indicate a lack of effectiveness compared to
Tylenol? Or are generics created equally to brand name medications, but the cost of brands is driven up due to their marketing? Should doctors
prescribe generics as an option for patients that are covered little or not covered at all by insurance? In the essay, we are going to put an end to the
Generic vs Brand war. Every medicine has its own generic name, which is also known as its chemical name. The generic name is authorized by
creators of the drug and usually describes the chemical effects that drug takes once it is taken. Medications that have comparative actions tend to have
chemical names that resemble each other (Patient.co.uk). For example, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, and fenoprofen are all painkillers. In addition to their
generic names, many pharmaceuticals have a brand name which is also known as their trade name. Generic medicine receives it brand name from the
company that makes it. The brand name

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