In this presentation, detail theoretical description about joints are omitted. Using figure briefly discuss about joint is given with correlation of radiology. This presentation gives basic knowledge about joint . Try to make easy for beginners.

1. Dr. R. S. Daisy

2. Articulation or junction
between two bones
or
Articulation or junction
between more than two
bones
or
Articulation or junction
between parts of a bone of
Skeleton
Movement :
• A joint may not move
or
• A joint may move in a
limited amount
or
• wide range of
movement may occur
in a joint
Features:

5. Joints are 3 types:
According to type of material
by which bones are articulate/connected

7. Two important features of it :
1. Bones are separated only by
connective tissue
2. No movement / negligible.

8. 1. Suture : this joint unite the bones of the vault
of the skull. ex: sagital suture, coronal suture
etc.
2. Gomphosis : dentoalveolar joint
3. Syndesmosis: radio-ulnar joint

9. Sagital Suture
Coronal suture

10. Inter-osseous membrane
( a connective tissue
membrane) articulates
two bones. Exa:
• Middle radio ulnar joint
• Middle and inferior tibio
fibular joint

11. Middle radio ulnar joint
Radius
Inter
osseous
membra
ne
Ulna

12. • Tooth
• Fibrous tissue
• Socket ( present in
alveolar process of
maxilla & mandible)Bone
Bone

14. Bone+ hyaline cartilage+fibrocartilage +hyaline
cartilage+bone
Bone+ hyaline cartilage+bone

15. Primary cartilaginous joint
features:
• All primary cartilaginous joint are strong
and immobile
• These are temporary joint (in adult,
it is replace by bone)

16. Primary cartilaginous joint
Examples:
• all epiphyses are primary cartilaginous joint
• head of humerus + hyaline cartilage +
shaft of humerus
= Primary cartilaginous joint

17. Black line is cartilage

18. Black line is cartilage
The primary cartilaginous joint
No black line in between
head & shaft of humerus
No Primary cartilaginous joint
Adult Children

19. Secondary Cartilaginous joints
Articular surface of bone is covered by thin plate of
hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Bone
Bone

20. Secondary cartilaginous joint
• It is a union between bones whose articular surfaces are
covered with a thin lamina of hyaline cartilage.
• The hyaline laminae are united by fibrocartilage,
but it is never lined with synovial membrane and it contains
only tissue fluid
• A limited amount of movement is possible in this joint
• Usually situated in the midline of body
• Examples : pubic symphysis
inter-vertebral joint

21. 2nd cartilaginous joint
Hyaline cartilage
Fibro cartilage cartilage

23. Two bones are separated by a joint cavity

24. Red colour : articular surface of bones

25. Blue colour: articular surfaces of bones are
covered by articular cartilage(hyaline cartilage)

26. Articular capsule has two layer outer
fibrous layer(brown colour)

27. Articular capsule has two layer outer fibrous layer
(brown colour) & inner synovial membrane (green
colour)

28. Joint cavity the most unique feature of synovial
joint is filled by synovial fluid (the secretion of
synovial membrane)

29. Synovial joint freely move due to
presence of joint cavity

30. Plane x-ray of synovial joint
Articular capsule
Menisci
Articular cartilage

31. Typical synovial joint :Features:
1. Contains a joint cavity which is filled with
synovial fluid
2. The articular surfaces of bones are covered by
articular cartilages
3. The joint cavity is enveloped by a complete
articular capsule, which consists of
 outer fibrous capsule and
 inner synovial membrane
• The articulating bones are connected by a
number of ligaments
• Sometimes, the joint cavity is divided completely
or incompletely by articular disc or meniscus,
which is composed of fibro-cartilage.

32. Classification of synovial joint
it can be classify according to different logic
1. According to the number of articulating
bones
2. According to the shape of articular
surfaces of bones
3. According to axis of movement

33. Simple joint :
Two bones separated by single joint cavity

34. Compound joint
More than two bones are separated by single
joint cavity

35. Complex joint :
Articular disc( fibrocartilage) divide the
joint cavity into two compartment
Articular disc

36. According to the axis of
movements
• Uni-axial
• Bi-axial
• Multi-axial

37. Uni-axial joint

38. Bi-axial joint

39. Multi axial joint

40. According to the axis of movements
• Uni-axial: pivot
plane
hinge
• Bi-axial: saddle
condyloid
ellipsoid
• Multi-axial: ball and socket

41. According to the shape of articular surfaces
1. pivot
2. plane
3. hinge
4. saddle
5. condyloid
6. ellipsoid
7. ball and socket

42. Pivot
• A round process of
bone that fits into a
bony ligamentous
socket
• Movement is
rotation around one
axis
• Rotation of radius
during pronation
and supination

43. Pivot joint
• Distal radio ulnar joint

44. Pivot joint
Articular disc
Looks black in
xray

45. Hinge
• Convex cylinder
applied to a concave
bone
• Movement in one
plane, it permit
flexion and extension
only

47. Plane
• Two flat surfaces
approximately
equal in size
• Movement gliding
or slightly twisting

48. Saddle
• Two concavo-
convex surfaces
are applied to
each other
• Permit
movement in
two different
plane

49. Condyloid(bi-condylar joint)
• It has two convex
condyles which
articulate with
concave or flat
surfaces
• It is biaxial but
movement is greater
in one plane than in
the other

50. Ellipsoid
• It consists of oval
convex surfaces
apposed to an
elliptical concavity
• They are bi-axial joint
• Movement flexion
extension abduction
adduction and
circumduction

51. Ball and socket
• Round head fitting
into a round
depression
• Wide range of
movement

52. Articular disc
Looks black in
xray
• Articular disc:
is a thin, oval plate of
fibrocartilage present in
several joints which
separates synovial
cavities. This separation
of the cavity space
allows for separate
movements to occur in
each space.

53. Bursa
• A bursa (plural bursae or bursas)
is a small fluid-filled sac lined by
synovial membrane.
• It provides a cushion between
bones and tendons and/or
muscles around a joint.
• This helps to reduce friction
between the bones and allows free
movement.
• Bursae are filled with synovial
fluid and are found around most
major joints of the body.

54. Homework

55. 1.Identify
the joint.
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D

56. 2. Questions
• What do you mean by very similar
terms:
1. Articular surface
2. Articular cartilage
3. Articular capsule
4. Articular disc

57. 3. Questions
1. Which type of joint is most common in our
body?
2. Which type of joint is temporary?
3. Which type of joint can’t move?
4. Which type of joint is situated in the
midline?
5. Which type of joint has great range of
movement?