Best best PowerPoint to learn about electronic basic.

1. Basic Electronics
Priyajit Dash
Assistant Professor(ECE)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Gandhi Institute For Technology (GIFT), Autonomous College
Bhubaneswar

2. What is Signal ???
 Information converted into an electrical form suitable for
transmission is called a signal.
 Signals transmit or carry some type of information. A signal is
anything that is visible, audible, observable or measurable with
the help of some machine. Examples include speech, audio,
light, radio, TV, radar, supersonic, temperature, ECG, EEG,
etc.
 There are two major types of signals; Analog and Digital.

3. Analog Vs Digital Signal
 Analog signals are continuous variations of Voltage and
Current whereas digital signals are those that have
discrete stepwise value (0 = Low, 1 = High).

4. Definition of Spectrum
Spectrum refers to the entire range of frequencies
right from the starting frequency (the lowest
frequency) to the ending frequency (the highest
frequency).
 Spectrum basically refers to the entire group of
frequencies.

5. Bands in the Spectrum

6. Frequency Band and Bandwidth
 Every signal is associated with a range of
frequencies called the frequency band.
 The difference in the highest and lowest
frequencies in the band is known as the
bandwidth of the signal.

7. What is the difference between Spectrum and
Bandwidth?
 The difference between spectrum and bandwidth is that spectrum refers to the ‘entirety’
while bandwidth is a ‘sub-section’ of the spectrum. Spectrum refers to the wholesome of the
quantity while bandwidth, on the other hand, is a portion of the entire spectrum.
 Bandwidth is a sub-section of a portion of spectrum.
 Example- difference between spectrum and bandwidth
 If frequencies from 12 MHz up to 40 MHz are allocated for an application, the spectrum
refers to the entire range of frequencies right from 12 MHz to 40 MHz Therefore, the spectrum
is (12 to 40) MHz. In some cases, the entire allocated frequencies may not be used by the
application. So, if only 17 MHz to 20 MHz is used by an application, then, those range of
frequencies used is called the ‘bandwidth’.
 12 MHz to 40 MHz = Spectrum
 17 MHz to 20 MHz = Bandwidth

8. What is VLSI ???
Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of
creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining
thousands of transistors into a single chip.
VLSI began in the 1970s when
complex semiconductor and communication technologies
were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI
device.
VLSI is a successor to large-scale integration (LSI),
medium-scale integration (MSI) and small-scale
integration (SSI) technologies.

9. VLSI Cont’d
 Small Scale Integration (SSI): 1-100 Transistors were fabricated on a
single chip. Example:- Gates , Flipflops.
 Medium Scale Integration (MSI): 100-1000 number of Transistors
could be integrated on a single chip. Example:- 4 bit Microprocessors.
 Large Scale Integration :1000-10000Transistors could be integrated
on a single chip. Example:- 8 bit Microprocessors, RAM, ROM
 Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI): 10000 - 1 Million Transistors
could be accommodated. Example:- 16-32 bit Microprocessors.
 Ultra Large Scale Integration(ULSI): 1 Million-10 Million
Transistors could be accommodated. Example:- Special Purpose
Registers.
 Giant Scale Integration (GSI): More than 10 Million Transistors
could be accommodated. Example:- Embedded Systems.

10. What are the advantages of VLSI???
Circuit sizes are reduced
Improved performance and speed
Effective cost reduced
Requires less power and produces less heat
Increased reliability
Requires less space

11. Application of VLSI
 Microprocessors in a personal computer
 Chips in a graphic card
 Digital camera or camcorder
 Chips in a cell phone,
 Embedded processors
 Safety systems like anti-lock braking systems in an
automobile
 Personal entertainment systems,
 Medical electronic systems

12. What is Microwaves???
Microwaves are defined as
electromagnetic radiation with a
frequency ranging between 300 MHz to
300 GHz. Microwave radiation is
commonly referred to as microwaves.
They fall between infrared radiation and
radio waves in the electromagnetic
spectrum.

13. Applications of Microwaves
Communications
Radio astronomy
Remote sensing
Radar
Heating application

14. What is Radio Frequency???
 Radio frequency (RF) is a measurement
representing the oscillation rate of electromagnetic
radiation spectrum, or electromagnetic radio
waves, from frequencies ranging from 300
gigahertz (GHz) to as low as 9 kilohertz (kHz).
 With the use of antennas and transmitters, an RF
field can be used for various types
of wireless broadcasting and communications.

15. Application of Radio Frequency
Radio and Television broadcasting
Cellular telephones
Satellite communications
Microwave ovens
Radars
Industrial heaters

16. What is Telecommunications???
 Telecommunications refers to the exchange of
information by electronic and electrical means
over a significant distance.
 A complete telecommunication arrangement is
made up of two or more stations equipped with
transmitter and receiver devices.
 A single co-arrangement of transmitters and
receivers, called a transceiver, may also be used
in many telecommunication stations.

17. Applications of Telecommunication
Telephoning
Wired and wireless networks
Satellite communications
Identification of objects (RFID)
Telemedicine.

18. What is Signal Processing ???
Signal processing involves converting or
transforming data in a way that allows us to see
things in it that are not possible via direct
observation.
Signal processing allows engineers and scientists
to analyze, optimize, and correct signals,
including scientific data, audio streams, images,
and video.

19. Signal Processing Applications
• Audio compression and signal processing
• Data acquisition and signal processing
• Digital image and graphics processing
• Video compression and signal processing
• Speech recognition and processing
• Geophysical applications, including oil exploration
• Data transmission, including error detection and error correction
• Weather forecasting
• Oceanography, including undersea acoustic performance
predictions

20. What is fiber optics?
Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the
technology that transmits information as
light pulses along a glass or plastic fiber.

21. Application of Fiber optics
Medical Industry
Communication
Defense Purpose
Industries
Broadcasting
Lightening and Decorations
Mechanical Inspections

22. What is RADAR ???
 RADAR stands for ‘Radio Detection And
Ranging’ and is an active transmission and reception
method in the microwave GHz range.
 Radar sensors are used for contactless detection,
tracking, and positioning of one or more objects by
means of electromagnetic waves.

23. Application of RADAR
• Military
• Space
• Remote sensing of environment
• Aircraft navigation
• Ship Navigation
• Air Traffic Controller

24. Block Diagram of Electronic Communications
System

25. Information Source
 As we know, a communication system serves to
communicate a message or information. This
information originates in the information source.
 In general, there can be various messages in the form of
words, group of words, code, symbols, sound signal
etc. However, out of these messages, only the desired
message is selected and communicated.
 Therefore, we can say that the function of information
source is to produce required message which has to be
transmitted.

26. Input Transducer
 A transducer is a device which converts one form of
energy into another form.
 The message from the information source may or may
not be electrical in nature. In a case when the message
produced by the information source is not electrical in
nature, an input transducer is used to convert it into a
time-varying electrical signal.
 For example, in case of radio-broadcasting, a
microphone converts the information or massage which
is in the form of sound waves into corresponding
electrical signal.

27. Transmitter
 The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from
different aspects.
 For example in radio broadcasting the electrical signal obtained from
sound signal, is processed to restrict its range of audio frequencies (up to 5
kHz in amplitude modulation radio broadcast ) and is often amplified.
 In wire telephony, no real processing is needed. However, in long-distance
radio communication, signal amplification is necessary before modulation.
 Modulation is the main function of the transmitter. In modulation, the
message signal is superimposed upon the high-frequency carrier signal.
 In short, we can say that inside the transmitter, signal processing such as
restriction of range of audio frequencies, amplification and modulation
of signal are achieved.
 All these processing of the message signal are done just to ease the
transmission of the signal through the channel.

28. The Channel
 The term channel means the medium through which the message travels from the
transmitter to the receiver. In other words, we can say that the function of the channel is
to provide a physical connection between the transmitter and the receiver.
 There are two types of channels, namely point-to-point channels and broadcast
channels.
 Example of point-to-point channels are wire lines, microwave links and optical
fibers. Wire-lines operate by guided electromagnetic waves and they are used for local
telephone transmission.
 In case of microwave links, the transmitted signal is radiated as an electromagnetic
wave in free space. Microwave links are used in long distance telephone transmission.
 An optical fiber is a low-loss, well-controlled, guided optical medium. Optical fibers
are used in optical communications.
 Although these three channels operate differently, they all provide a physical medium
for the transmission of signals from one point to another point. Therefore, for these
channels, the term point-to-point is used.
 On the other hand, the broadcast channel provides a capability where several receiving
stations can be reached simultaneously from a single transmitter.
 An example of a broadcast channel is a satellite in geostationary orbit, which covers
about one third of the earth’s surface.

29. The Noise
 During the process of transmission and reception,
the signals get distorted due to noise introduced in
the system.
 Noise is an unwanted signal which tends to interfere
with the required signal.
 The noise signal is always random in character.
Noise may interfere with signals at any point in a
communication system.
 However, the noise has its greatest effect on the
signal in the channel.

30. Receiver
 The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the
message signal in electrical form from the distorted
received signal. This reproduction of the original signal
is accomplished by a process known as the
demodulation or detection. Demodulation is the reverse
process of modulation carried out in transmitter.

31. Output Transducer
This output transducer converts the electrical
signal into non-electrical physical quantity.
 The electrical quantities such as voltage or
current can be converted into physical quantities
such as sound or light by using this transducer.
Example: Loudspeaker.

32. Thank You