Note: Please cover the introduction (origins of behaviorism and its development). And, also discuss why it was better than psychoanalysis, but less not as good as….cognitive social learning theory (I guess). How did it evolve? Directions: Locate the annotated bibliography and outline you created in the Topic 2 assignment. Using the outline you developed, the information from the annotated bibliography, and the feedback provided by your instructor, write a paper (2,000-2,250 words) that synthesizes the articles you have read and addresses the following: 1. Intro- Trace the origins of behaviorism and the impetus for its development. APPROX. 500 2. Discuss behaviorism as the 2nd major force in psychology and why is behaviorism a “better” alternative than the first force of psychology which was the Freudian psychoanalytic theory. 3. Name three crucial researchers in the school of behaviorism. 4. Analyze the contributions of these researchers to the development of behaviorism. PLEASE COMPLETE LINE ITEMS 1 & 2 …..SHOULD BE 1,00-1250 WORDS Annotated Bibliography Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov's conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=0c5930f8-2858-4ab6-8798-4d950cba628d%40sessionmgr101&vid=1&hid=120 Clark examines the definition of classical conditioning through the lens of several researchers and traces its origin back to the late 1800s and the turn of the nineteenth century. The article offers insight into the development of classical conditioning in both the United States and Russia. While keeping with history, he credited Pavlov as the founder of classical conditioning. However, he describes the various positions of other researchers that weighed in and attempted to alter or clarify the stimuli-response process. Notably, Edwin Twitmyer, a U.S. doctoral student, made a “reflex” discovery before the Russian-born physiologist, Pavlov. Interestingly, Twitmyer never pursued his experimental findings beyond his initial observation while Pavlov’s findings are richly sketched in the fabric of psychology because of his commitment in the field of physiology. The author delivered a clear picture of the roles of Twitmyer and Pavlov in addition to other researchers: Watson’s classical conditioning, Hull instrumental conditional, and Skinner’s operant conditioning were all brought together and synthesized by Hilgard and Marquis, both are credited with coining the term ‘classical conditioning.' The author who holds a Ph.D. in psychiatry sufficiently assessed how the term ‘classical conditioning’ came into being and the relevance of other researchers. Digdon, N., Powell, R. A., & Harris, B. (2014). Little Albert's alleged neurological impairment. History of Psychology, 17(4), 312-324. doi:10.1037/a0037325. This article provides insight into the discrepancies of the historical account of Douglas “Albert” Me ...

1. Note: Please cover the introduction (origins of behaviorism and
its development). And, also discuss why it was better than
psychoanalysis, but less not as good as….cognitive social
learning theory (I guess). How did it evolve?
Directions:
Locate the annotated bibliography and outline you created in the
Topic 2 assignment. Using the outline you developed, the
information from the annotated bibliography, and the feedback
provided by your instructor, write a paper (2,000-2,250 words)
that synthesizes the articles you have read and addresses the
following:
1. Intro- Trace the origins of behaviorism and the impetus for
its development. APPROX. 500
2. Discuss behaviorism as the 2nd major force in psychology
and why is behaviorism a “better” alternative than the first
force of psychology which was the Freudian psychoanalytic
theory.
3. Name three crucial researchers in the school of behaviorism.
4. Analyze the contributions of these researchers to the
development of behaviorism.
PLEASE COMPLETE LINE ITEMS 1 & 2 …..SHOULD BE
1,00-1250 WORDS
Annotated Bibliography
Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov's
conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science,
39(4), 279-294. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/p
dfviewer?sid=0c5930f8-2858-4ab6-8798-
4d950cba628d%40sessionmgr101&vid=1&hid=120
Clark examines the definition of classical conditioning
through the lens of several researchers and traces its origin back
to the late 1800s and the turn of the nineteenth century. The
article offers insight into the development of classical

2. conditioning in both the United States and Russia. While
keeping with history, he credited Pavlov as the founder of
classical conditioning. However, he describes the various
positions of other researchers that weighed in and attempted to
alter or clarify the stimuli-response process. Notably, Edwin
Twitmyer, a U.S. doctoral student, made a “reflex” discovery
before the Russian-born physiologist, Pavlov. Interestingly,
Twitmyer never pursued his experimental findings beyond his
initial observation while Pavlov’s findings are richly sketched
in the fabric of psychology because of his commitment in the
field of physiology. The author delivered a clear picture of the
roles of Twitmyer and Pavlov in addition to other researchers:
Watson’s classical conditioning, Hull instrumental conditional,
and Skinner’s operant conditioning were all brought together
and synthesized by Hilgard and Marquis, both are credited with
coining the term ‘classical conditioning.' The author who holds
a Ph.D. in psychiatry sufficiently assessed how the term
‘classical conditioning’ came into being and the relevance of
other researchers.
Digdon, N., Powell, R. A., & Harris, B. (2014). Little Albert's
alleged neurological impairment. History of Psychology, 17(4),
312-324. doi:10.1037/a0037325.
This article provides insight into the discrepancies of the
historical account of Douglas “Albert” Merritte of the infamous
Albert B. or Little Albert experiment. The study, itself, was
conducted in the early 20s where a 9-month old baby was
traumatized with a white rabbit for fear responses. The purpose
of the article is to examine the claims of Baby Albert’s assumed
mental deficiencies and determine whether there is validity to
the accusations made by other scholars: it was noted that
Douglas Merritte was actually Albert Barger, an unhealthy
infant born around the same time as the “Little Albert.”
Arguments and data were the primary sources used to discharge
alleged inconsistencies, i.e. did the baby die before the final
stage in the experiment, was the baby healthy or not, did
Watson mislead other scholars? The author does a thorough job

3. of tracing the accounts and shedding light on variations;
however, the critics remain, and the skepticism still seems to
engross the study as it is probably one of the most unethical
experiments in the history of psychology. Although the
discrepancies may be significant, the lack of ethics, which is a
present concern, has caused the original analysis to be under
immense scrutiny.
Green, C. D. (2009). Darwinian theory, functionalism, and the
first American psychological revolution. American
Psychologist, 64(2), 75-83. doi: 10.1037/a0013338.
Green of York University and published author argues that
functionalism dominated the psychology playing field from the
1800s to the end of WWI. He discussed the fundamental flaws
of functionalism, structuralism, and behaviorism with European
psychology as a basis. In this article, he addresses the
Darwinian Theory, Functionalism, and researchers who
contributed to this era. Green identified the changes and notes
that would not exist, if not for functionalism. He used the
works of Darwinian- inspired functionalists like Chauncey
Wright, William James, and Stanley Hall to validate his
argument: Wright argued for natural selection to evolve into
free will while Hall’s beliefs were only rooted in evolutionary
theory. On the other hand, James argued that consciousness is
the “fighter of to end.” While the author mentioned other
researchers, the goal was to show that the developments and
findings of various functionalists related to animal psychology,
applied psychology, and mental variability gave way or made a
path for behaviorism. This study is significant because it
establishes the value and effectiveness of functionalism and
how it relates the birth of American psychology and
behaviorism.
Moore, J. (2011). Behaviorism. The Psychological Record,
61(3), 449-464. Retrieved from
http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/p
dfviewer?sid=79258e82-6e07-4abb-9da8-
65595f00f54c%40sessionmgr101&vid=1&hid=120

4. This article discusses early forms of psychology, providing
the “general” definition of psychology when it focused solely
on mental capacities and embraced introspection as the method
of overcoming challenges and/or contributing to various
behavioral characteristics. Moore, a professor of psychology,
further outlines the different methods used as well as the
limitations of functionalism and structuralism. This article
presented the evolvement over the years by addressing the rise
of behaviorism, beginning with John Watson and ending with
the basic principles of radical behaviorism introduced by B. F.
Skinner, the father of S-O-R neo-behaviorism. Notably, the
article attempted to provide the reason behaviorism should be
separated from psychology and the need for clarification of its
general definition; however, the author was not able to portray
any new information beyond the reasons presented in other
works. Nevertheless, the information contained in this study is
useful because it emphasizes the need for understanding the
historical path of psychology and the developments that
influence modern-day practices.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it.
Psychological Review, 20(2), 158-177. doi:10.1037/h0074428
This article was written by the father of behaviorism when
his position was that of a student seeking to understand the
exact definition of psychology and associated terms like
“feelings and sensations,” which varied from psychologist to
psychologist. This contribution allows readers to understand the
thoughts of the man that sought to separate behaviorism from
psychology: the goal was to mirror the processes of other
sciences that were observable, measurable, and predictable, and
reproducible. While there was no particular population
identified from this study, the author addressed his experiences
to show the disconnection between the two sciences. From his
vantage point, two recommendations were made: one was for
psychology to change to show the how consciousness affected
behavior or accept behaviorism as a stand-alone, natural
science. Watson supported his claim that introspection had little

5. value in closing the gap between behavior and consciousness
(unique to psychology). Based on a thorough review of the
literature, Watson seems to validate his position to detach
behaviorism from psychology.
Origins of Behaviorism Outline
I. Many researchers influenced the behaviorism: John Watson,
the father of behaviorism was the most influential in this
movement. Behaviorism is the science of interpreting behaviors,
independent of psychology. Behaviorists believe that behaviors
should reflect other measurable sciences rather than focus on
developments of the mind: it should be predictable and
controllable. Since its inception and break from psychology,
behaviorism remains a highly-debated topic. Behaviorism has a
rich history and is grounded in structuralism and functionalism,
owing much of the credit to likes of Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner,
Edward Thorndike, and Edward Tolman. Comment by Joe
Millett: This isn’t focused. Your Introduction is missing context
and a clear purpose and thesis statement. It needs to be concise
and explicit. What exactly is the point you will be making in
your review of behaviorism and 3 key researchers? You always
need to have a point (come to some conclusion) that is the result
of the synthesis of the information you have pulled together and
discussed. Below I have included a basic example of a clear and
concisely stated purpose and thesis statement to help give you
an idea:
The purpose of this paper is to trace the origins of behaviorism,
and to highlight the contributions of some important
researchers. Research, from a behaviorist perspective, greatly
benefitted from the works of… (researchers you chose). An
examination of the history of behaviorism suggests… (the point

6. you want to make)…
Also, check out these sites for some tips on writing a snappy
intro and purpose/thesis statements:
http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/introductions/
https://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Thesis_or_Purpose.html
II. Development of Behaviorism
a. Functionalism is at the root of behaviorism
i. Functionalism is the American school of psychology
ii. Functionalism is noted to be the comeback to structuralism
that influenced applied psychology
1. The U.S. system was also influenced by Functionalist, John
Dewey
iii. Animal psychology is the cornerstone of experimental
psychology
1. Many researchers use animals in their observations
b. Introspection was the method used to understand
consciousness; however, it was limited because of subjectivity
and inability to be measured or duplicated.
c. Beginnings of the study of behavior Comment by Joe
Millett: Make sure that you take a look at the grading rubric to
see what exactly will be graded and to ensure your paper will be
meeting the criterion in the rubric. For example, make sure you
discuss Behaviorism as the 2nd major force in psychology and
why it was perceived as a better alternative to the
psychodynamic perspective.
i. Pavlov is a Russian physiologist that unintentionally took a
position in the fabric of psychology.
1. Discovered “conditioning” in the famous dog and bell
experiment
ii. Watson American psychologist that expounded on Pavlov’s
conditioning theory by applying principles to the infamous
Little Albert experiment.
1. Discovered and coined the term “behaviorism.”

7. d. Behaviorism emerged as a separate discipline because
Watson thought the definition of “psychology’ was too
restricted and focused solely on mental consciousness to shape
behavior.
e. Behaviorism does not concentrate on mental processes, but
rather environmental factors that shape behaviors
i. It is observable, controllable, and predictable
III. B.F. Skinner, Radical Behaviorism
a. Studied neo or radical behaviorism (comprehensive look at
behavior)
b. Intentional actions are influenced by the surrounding
environment
i. Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated
c. Work is based on Watson and Thorndike’s work, operant
conditioning.
d. Knownfor his operant conditioning and reinforcement
theories, which shape performance or the will to learn. People
learn from their environment.
IV. Edward Thorndike
a. Studied animal intelligence that led to a new development
called, law of effect, which suggest behavioral changes are
because of rewards/consequences
b. Reflective of learning by consequence
c. He was a functionalist who founded the “trial-and-error”
behavior by observing cats escape from caged positions
d. Known for his connectionism or learning psychology,
behaviors change because of rewards/consequences
V. Edward Tolman, Cognitive Behaviorism
a. Studied cognitive processes or mapping, internal
representation of external environment
b. Descriptive of information processing—input, store, output

8. c. His development added ‘purpose and intent’ and the ability to
measure variables
d. Known for cognitive view on learning and latent learning,
which mean the results of engagements may be delayed or
imperceptible at time of learning
VI. Behaviorism has been rightfully separated from general
psychology. Psychology is the study of the mind, whereas
behaviorism is the study of behavior. While they both share the
same end goal, the approach for reaching wholeness is different:
psychology attempts to address behavioral development through
mental processes and behaviorism addresses determinants
within the environment. Comment by Joe Millett: Make sure
your conclusion aligns with your thesis statement. Keep in mind
that part of the purpose of a conclusion in wrapping things up is
to review major points, and bring the reader full circle. You are
showing that the stated purpose was accomplished and the thesis
statement supported.
Here is a useful resource on writing conclusions:
http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/conclusions/