Summary Of The Liars Of Marie De France

Summary Of The Liars Of Marie De France
Stories of true love have been told throughout history. In "The Lias of Marie de France", translated
by Robert Hannign and Joan Ferrante, Marie tells stories of true love. In the two stories of Lanval
and Yonec, there are many things that point to the love being a figment of the character's
imagination. In both stories, the characters are depressed and lonely. This leads them to make up
someone to love. Both imagined lovers to have many traits that make them seem to real to be true.
Additionally, both characters have some boundary that they cross to meet the lover in their dream
world. In both instances others seem to see the lover, this is most likely a result of the others
knowing the lover is not real. Based on the stories of Lanval and Yonec in "The Lias of Marie de
France", true love is only possible through imagination. It was most likely Marie's intent to depict
Lanval's first encounter with his lover as a dream. One way she does this is by not mentioning the
name Lanval's lover. If the lover was real, from their world or not, she would probably have a name
known to Lanval and to others of the lai. Furthermore, the fact that she must remain a secret also
hints at her non–existence. His first encounter with the lover is on one of his ventures off by
himself. Marie describes this instance by saying "one day mounted his horse and went off to amuse
himself" (Marie 106). This is probably Mari trying to point out as Lanval going out to pleasure
himself. Support of this can
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Research Paper On Beowulf
The Anglo–Saxon period stretched for over six hundred years, 410 to 1066. This period is often
referred to as the Dark Ages because the written documents from this era have become scarce. This
period was a time of war, separation of kingdoms, and religious conversions. The Anglo–Saxon's
were a group of people descending from the German regions of Angeln and Saxon. They cultivated
Britain after the great fall of the Roman Empire around AD 410.
` As the Anglo–Saxon's settled in, the Jutes and the Frisians from Denmark were also settling in the
British Isles, but the Anglo–Saxon settlers set their rules and became their own masters in a new
land. Throughout the period the Anglo–Saxon's broke off into seven known kingdoms: Kent,
Mercia, Northumbria, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 850 the seven kingdoms consolidated into three kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, and
Wessex. Many Roman ways in their past culture were set aside in their new culture; they replaced
the Roman stone buildings with their own wooden ones, and spoke their own language, which gave
rise to the modern English spoken today. Although many spoke in different dialects, which over
time became known as Old English. Famous literature emerged in this era: the poem Beowulf and
the Anglo–Saxon Chronicle, which both cover events in the early history of England.
The Anglo–Saxon's followed their own religious beliefs until the arrival of Saint Augustine in AD
597, which lead to the conversion of Christianity. This period was very religious and Christianity
flourished throughout the Kingdoms. The social order of the Anglo–Saxon's had four tiers: kings,
thanes, churls, and slaves. The kings ruled over the kingdoms and were always on top. Thanes were
very powerful men who reported to the king, and also had influence on the king. Thanes could also
own land. Below the

Sir Patrick Spens
A ballad is a poem or song that tells a popular story in short stanzas. The poem records a disaster
from the thirteenth century.. The poem on your course tells the story of a knight, Sir Patrick Spens,
who goes to sea on a mission for the king. Sir Patrick has to fetch the daughter of the king of
Norway and sail with her to Scotland. As Sir Patrick Spens has to complete his mission in winter, he
has a sense of doom about it. The poem tells the story, without any comment from the author about
the events. The reader has to judge whether it was a wise voyage. Summary This ballad is divided
into two parts, the outward voyage to Norway and the return journey to Scotland. In the palace of
Dunfermline, as the King enjoyed a drink of red ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
O lang, lang may the ladies stand Wi' thair gold kems in their hair, Waiting for thair ain deir lords,
For they'll se thame na mair. Have owre, have owre to Aberdour, It's fiftie fadom deip: And thair lies
guid Sir Patrick Spens, Wi' the Scots lords at his feit. MODERN ENGLISH THE king sits in
Dunferling town, Drinking the blood–red wine: "Oh where will I get good sailor, To sail this ship of
mine?" Up and spoke an elderly knight, Sat at the kings right knee: "Sir Patrick Spens is the best
sailor That sails upon the sea." The king has written an open letter And signed it with his hand, And
sent it to Sir Patrick Spens, Was walking on the sand. The first line that Sir Patrick read, A loud
laugh, laughed he: The next line that Sir Patrick read, The tear blinded his eye. "Oh who is this, has
done this deed, This ill deed done to me; To send me out this time of year To sail upon the sea?
"Make haste, make haste, my merry men all, Our good ship sails in the morn." "Oh say no say, my
master dear, For I fear a deadly storm. "Late, last night I saw the new moon With the old moon in
her arm; And I fear, I fear, my dear master, That we will come to harm." Oh our Scots nobles were
right loath To wet their cork heeled shoes; But long before the play was played, Their hats they
swam about. Oh long, may their

The Law of Chevalrie: Courtly Love Essay
Introduction:
In an era of frequent violence between knights and kingdoms, there had to be an order for which the
sword–wielders could follow so that there would not be uncontrollable bloodshed. In order for there
to be a set of laws established for the knights of the Anglo–Saxon era, the law of chevalrie was
created. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight has some insight into the rules of chivalry concerning one
specifically: courtly love. The rules of "courtly love" require wit and deceit with an intention of
good behind it. The chivalric rules in this aspect require a good and clever battle with words rather
than swords.
Key Passage:
Smiling gently and courteously they made playful speech,
So that all that passed between them was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cortaysye, or corteisie, is what the knight is worrying about how to apply to his awkward situation.
This is a word to describe the essence of courtliness: courtly ceremony, refinement, and courtesy.
His struggle is to apply this courtesy, while turning down a lady of "high worth", which would be
considered disrespectful. He knows that what the lady is requesting of him is wrong, and he fears
that he would "shame himself" by committing this crime. The word that they used to translate into
this is meschef. This word, which happens to be similar to our modern word, "mischief", means a
number of things that could be used to apply to this situation. Not only would he bring "ill–fortune,
hardship; suffering, woe" upon himself, but also ironically, the definition according to chess is
"trouble, difficulty (of facing a possible check–mate)". And even worse, in accordance to law,
"offence, wrong (in breach of the law, a statute etc.)."
Chivalry was an established set of laws to first and foremost protect the people and the land from
and overdose of bloodshed and mayhem that the knights could cause. Even though they were
frequently violent with each other, they could experience and practice the courtesies of the court
when they were not in battle because of the laws of chivalry (Keen 103). Medieval England had
violent

Harold Godwinson : A Powerful Anglo Saxon Family
Introduction
Harold Godwinson was born in the 1022s to a powerful Anglo–Saxon family in Wessex, United
Kingdom. Throughout his life, he achieved many great things, including being the last Anglo–Saxon
to be crowned King of England and being the Earl of Wessex. He was at the top of the social
structure from the 6th of January 1066 until his death fighting the Norman Invaders on the 14th of
October at the Battle of Hastings. The Battle of the Hastings was a major event during this time
period and marked the beginning of the Norman Conquest of England.
Harold Godwinson
[https://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=edward2]
Where did they live?
Harold Godwinson grew up in his birthplace of Wessex, UK. ... Show more content on
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(see graph below).
The feudal system pyramid of power
[http://vanderland.weebly.com/the–feudal–system.html]
It starts at the top with the king granting his land to a baron for soldiers all the way down to a
peasant getting land to grow crops. Under the feudal system land is granted to people for service,
which means if you stay loyal and remain a good person you were granted with some land as a
thank you. The main and largest society in the feudal system was the peasants or serfs that owned no
land and had no power. Most peasants worked on farms and lived in the countryside in order to
supply the upper class with popular crops. Along with this everybody in the society during the
medieval times were expected to attend a Catholic church because everyone lived in fear of being
sent to hell. Many prayed for good luck in war, even though they were happy to die fighting because
they believed you were the dying in gods hands. In reward for obeying the rules of church, which
was to attend all rituals and pay taxes, you were believed to be spending your afterlife in heaven and
eternity. In contrast, if one was to commit any sins you were sent to hell as punishment. Purgatory is
in between heaven and hell. This was believed to take place when you committed a sin but God
gave you a chance to still go to heaven. There, you would pay for your sins before entering

Characteristics Of Old English Period
Old English Period
In this research paper I will be talking for Old English, Middle English and Modern English Period,
I am going to summarize their main characteristics such as: history, vocabulary, grammar and
writing system. English literature begins before the fourteenth century. The unity of language
consists on the one hand in the insistence of a language which remains from first to last fairly
intelligible and on the other hand in the continuity of written records handed down generation to
generation. These two conditions were not fulfilled in England until the days of Chaucer. The first
contributor is Anglo–Saxon literature and the second is the literature imported from France ... Show
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The Anglo–Saxon poetry is generally wistful in form and edifying in spirit, one long lamentation
breathed forth by the zeal and new converts to Christianity. Even though the earliest forms of
English literature have perished and we know that nothing whatever of Old English poetry in its
rudest shape. All the earliest literature consists of four ancient volumes (manuscripts). The first one
is that of Beowulf from the 10th century with Judith in it. This manuscript is safely preserved in the
British museum and for the first time it is published in 1815. The second manuscript is the Exeter
Book, third one is Junian Manuscript and the fourth one is Vercelli Book. Though it is very old this
literature has some literal value, it is mainly contained of poetry which may be divided into Old
Pagan Poetry and New Christian Poetry. Both poetries are written with the same verse stressed and
alliterative while as stylistic figures mostly had synonymies, metaphors, hyperbolas, epithets

Cultures Of Anglo-Saxon And Modern Society
There are many known periods that we know lead to the development of the modern era and the
Anglo–Saxon period is the oldest known period of time that had a complex culture with stable
government, art and literature. This period is a time filled with great advancements and discoveries
in government, religion, literature, and art. Cultures of Anglo–Saxon society and modern society
have many similarities as well as differences. There are many differences between this period and
the modern era we live in today in terms of politics, social climate, values, social hierarchy, the role
of women, military, government and language. In this essay, I am going to focus on the differences
of the two periods in terms of values, role of women and language in the society. Some of the most
common values during the Anglo–Saxon period include courage, loyalty and generosity. The
Anglo–Saxon era was almost always in the state of war which is why it is a time when fighting is
valued more than working things out. This meant that heroes of this period fought for fame, glory,
and pride. Heroes were expected to boast. Beowulf, the best symbol for Anglo–Saxon heroes,
proves this by volunteering to fight the monster just because he was bored and wanted to do
something he can brag about. In the story, Beowulf boasts of his bravery by talking about his past
battles and victories. Beowulf basically acts more for his own glory than for the general well–being
to his people. While in our modern period,

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight Literary Analysis
When viewed holistically, one finds it evident that different paradigms are accepted throughout
different cultures and set the foundation for how life should be conducted. Heroes in literature play
an extensive role in the representation of such values. When delving into the monomyth, constructed
by Joseph Campbell, one may witness the perspective and moral code of the hero ,and marvel at the
means by which they overcome tribulation. Yet, ultimately, the ideals of the era are fortified through
example. The literary works of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight convey both cultural
and paradigm shifts in, one–dimensional views of humans to a more complex understanding, from
the days when the Anglo–Saxons ruled England to the Late–Middle ... Show more content on
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King Arthur and his knights cannot understand the magnitude of Gawain's individual change
because they did not accompany him on his journey. His company almost receives the news as a sort
of jest as they "laughed loudly at the tale" and insisted that that each knight "should wear bound
about him a baldric of bright green."(Weston) Although is unintentional, his comrades are mocking
his failure, and are unable to relate to the hero. Ultimately, the medieval society, remains in a state
of ignorance because of what they value. The concepts of love, chivalry, and prestige obscure their
view of the bigger picture which involves trial and personal

Social Mobility In The Medieval And Renaissance Time Period
Throughout early British literature and history, there has been a gradual change in social class. In
the Anglo–Norman time period, feudalism was in place which did not allow much movement
among the classes. However, that is not the case in the Medieval and Renaissance time period.
During these times, there were factors that played a part in allowing social mobility to take place. In
the duration of the Anglo–Norman, Medieval, and Renaissance eras the options of social mobility
changed dramatically and possessed more alternative options people in these eras. During the
Anglo–Norman time period there was not a chance for people to truly move through the social
classes. Everyone was in their set class that they were born into and were not able ... Show more
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This poem explains how one knight's dedication to his king lead him to be respected and praised
more among his fellow knights. Sir Gawain is part of the upper class due to his relation to King
Arthur, "Take care young cousin..." (The Pearl Poet 372). Attributable to this, he did not truly move
up in class when he became a knight, but he was given a position and was most likely respected
more than he might be if he did not become a knight. However, after he accepted the Green Knight's
challenge in Arthur's place, he managed to move up among his own class. Near the end, the Green
Knight tells Sir Gawain, "you're by the far the most faultless fellow on earth ... In good faith, so is
Gawain, amongst gallant knights (The Pearl Poet 2363–2365). Only after he agreed to sacrifice
himself for his king and his honor did he get the recognition that a reader would expect a knight to
receive. However, it shows the praise that he receives and how he is able to move up and become
more respected among

The Epic Of Beowulf By Beowulf
People throughout the world practice a variety of religions. Some religions are more popular than
others such as Buddhism versus Jainism. Religions tend to spread within a society and then die back
down. However, there are still people amongst us who believe or may even still practice archaic
religions. Some religions date back to 700 A.D such as Christianity and paganism. Over the course
of hundreds of years both religions have evolved. Throughout different works of literature, people
are able to understand the original aspects of these different religions. Due to the construction of this
Beowulf, students and professors are able to study and get a true understanding of a pagans'
demeanor and how life evolves through their eyes. Throughout the epic poem Beowulf, paganism is
exemplified as this epic hero falls victim to fate while embarking on his journey through life
fighting monsters and chasing after his fame.
To begin with, Beowulf was composed in Old English by an anonymous writer between the sixth
and seventh century, and it is known for portraying the emergence of the Anglo–Saxons and their
way of life. Adams David Leeming, author of "The Anglo–Saxons 449–1066", stated that the island
of Great Britain, secluded from the European continent, seemed perfect for the birth of legends,
poets, and the belief in elves due to its rain–drenched and almost always fogged weather. This type
of weather is ideal for such stories involving heroes and legends. This island has been

The Influence Of The Old English
In the development of English, invasions and other historical events were huge factors that had
influence to the process. Through the history, the language especially English has been changed
very much. When we see the Shakespeare's sonnet, we can find out that his sonnet is written in early
Modern English but that language is not quite different from Modern English. However, when we
read the poem which was written in the Old English period, many of us can realize that Old English
is very different from the Modern English. When Old English was changed into Middle English,
there was an important historical event, the Norman Conquest. In this report, I would like to explain
what Norman Conquest is and how that event changed the Old English. ... Show more content on
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As William the Conqueror brought the Normans to England, the Norman culture, language or
Feudalism could be accepted without any resistance of England people. Also the nobilities who
helped William in the battle became the lords and they lost their own language (Old English) and
began to use Old French dialect which is called Old Norman. Since the leaders of Normans used
Old Norman, language which was related to politics, religious began to change. Especially, Norman
from France had huge influence in politics and Anglo–Saxons had to step down from their status.
Conquerors were proud of themselves as a French people, and they designated Norman French as a
national language of England. Since then, the upper class and educated people used Anglo Norman
that was developed from Norman French and Old English was used only by the lower class, and as a
result the status that old English had was collapsed. That is, because Norman people kept away from
using Old English and adopted Anglo Norman, Norman language has huge influence in Middle
English period unlike in Old English period. All social activities and official documents were done
through the Anglo Norman and Old English could barely maintain its use in that

Analysis Of Mandeville's Travels And Bisclavret
Monsters have always fascinated readers because of their mysterious origins and motives. These
strange and unknown characteristics lead us to ask questions and really think about how humans
justify their actions and consider what is and isn't moral. Monsters also help us come to a conclusion
about who we are as people in a functioning society. In the works of Mandeville's Travels and
Bisclavret, the authors help us discover who we are to unify us as a community, give us a sense of
security, and identifying monstrous qualities amongst people and creatures. In Mandeville's Travels,
John Mandeville tells us his stories of the discovery of the many monsters he finds across the world.
Through his stories we discover who we are as people through his monsters. His monsters tell us
what we are not, and by doing this he tells us who we are, educated, civilized, kind, and caring
people. In Mandeville's first encounter with a monster, the Melk are described as incredibly cruel
people who take pleasure in murder and making other people suffer, "There are wicked and cruel
folk there too. For they have no delight or pleasure in anything except slaughtering people to drink
their blood. And the man who can kill the greatest number of men is the most respected and
worthiest among them."(Mandeville, 134). Through this explanation we understand how bizarre of a
ritual this is because no one in their right mind would take such pleasure in taking someone's life.
Not only does this describe

How Did The Norman Invasion Affect The English Language
Toward the close of the Old English period, an event occurred that had the greatest, longer lasting
effect on the English language than any other in history. This event was the Norman Conquest of
1066. The historic victory of William, the Duke of Normandy (hereafter known as William the
Conqueror), at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 proved to be the significant catalyst for the English
people. This is most notably evidenced by the cultural, religious and literary developments in the
years following the Norman Invasion. Before the conquest of England, the language of the country
was what was called Old English or pidgin English. This French/Norman invasion changed Britain's
Anglo–Saxon culture and language to one that was more akin to what existed in mainland Europe at
the time. Additionally, the invasion shaped the English language irrevocably; the new French
incursion pushed Old English in the direction of Middle English, a variety more closely resembling
what is spoken today. This change in governance reformed nearly everything else in the country,
especially literature. After the Normans settled in Britain, Latin and French were the only
recognized languages in the Norman court. This resulted in the English language being largely
ignored in literature for nearly one hundred and fifty years. During the next two centuries, after the
classical influence of French and Latin, English literature had been immensely impacted and
enriched. When the English language

The Influence of the Norman Conquest: Incorporating French...
The Influence of the Norman Conquest
Incorporating French into English Culture and Language
Normandy and England circa. 1066
Normandy is a coastal district in France that lies almost directly across from England. Its name was
derived from the groups of Northmen who settled in the district only a century or two before the
Norman Conquest. Although the Norman population would be largely Scandinavian in origin during
the ninth and tenth centuries, it would shift in the century spanning 966 to 1066 to a largely French
population (Baugh, 1959, p. 128).
In the year 1066, England was challenged by the fact that it had lost its king, Edward the Confessor.
England found itself in a seriously divided state after Edward's death, a ... Show more content on
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54). King Edward was the manifestation of an alliance between England and Normandy that was
made through the marriage of England's King Ethelred and the Duke of Normandy's daughter
Emma. Edward was their only child and heir to the throne at his father's passing in 1042 (Emerson,
1894, p. 54).
Just a year before the Norman Conquest, King Edward was dealing with the significant threat of
civil unrest and a political coup and his death at the turn of 1066 worked to further set the stage for
the Norman Conquest (Kapelle, 1979, p. 100). Unfortunately, the uncertainty of Edward's true
intentions concerning who should succeed him to the throne of England contributed to the Norman
Conquest by forcing William of Normandy to take the English throne by force. Earl Harold had
quickly established who would take the throne by taking it himself (p. 101). William, who would
eventually be called William the Conqueror, would have to take the throne from the largely self–
appointed King Harold.
The Norman Conquest
A comprehensive examination of the Norman Conquest is beyond the scope of the present research
however it is essential to look at some of its key events in relation to stimulating cultural change in
England. It is no surprise that the Norman Conquest is given major significance in the history of

England and English society. An examination of the literature reveals more than two centuries of
Norman rule that was consistently challenged by the civil unrest that

Analysis Of The Lais Of Marie De France
The Lais of Marie de France are a collection of poems that tell enchanting stories of handsome
knights, kings, queens, and romance. Although the lais varied in content; love is the common theme
in each of the lais. Since, love is the center theme of the lais it is important to define the term.
According to the article, The Social Psychology of Love and Attraction romantic love is defined as,
"a love that is supposed to stand the test of time, enduring all hardship. Romantic love emphasizes
being in love with a certain individual" (Braxton–Davis 1). In the lais Marie de France, their a
conflict between love, marriage, and moral responsibility.
Many of the character presented in the lais experience love and tragedy; yet, Marie de France
provides a witty insight into loves immoral issues. In the Lais of Marie de France, loneness, greed,
excitement, and lust are the motivation for many of the characters actions. Marie de France
demonstrate how these characteristics combined with romantic infatuation, passion, and a yearning
desire; influences corrupt behavior. This behavior then manifested into character traits such as:
betrayal, adultery, and cruelty that are revealed throughout the Lais of Marie de France.
In Marie de France's lai Bisclavret, a lord's wife stuffers a family curse and is exiled, as a result of
her betrayal. In the lai Bisclavret, a lord from Brittany disappears for three days without an
explanation to his wife. Bisclavret wife confronts him, and he reveals

Pbs's Downton Abbey: An Analysis
When I first read this prompt, I was immediately at ease. I've seen tons of English movies! I thought
as I began jotting down my favorites on an oversized notecard. Some of my favorite books take
place in England! I exclaimed to myself as I flipped over the notecard and started my list of novels.
The confidence I had before starting my lists quickly vanished as I reread my lists and questioned
what I learned from each film and piece of literature. The movies that I considered to be sources of
English history were mostly romantic comedies that just happened to take place in London. The
only thing on this list that I could argue as a reliable source would be PBS's Downton Abbey.
Unfortunately, my list of literature was just as disappointing. My original list consisted of the seven
Harry Potter books and readings from previous classes such as Mrs. Dalloway, The Christmas Carol
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was obviously aware that there was history prior to Norman England, but I never considered what
that history may have been, or how vast it was. This article enhanced my understanding of the
history of England by showing that England was inhabited by humans and that human footprints are
dated back to more than 800,00 BP. After reading the article I scrolled through it looking at the
length of each subsection. I think the length of each section demonstrates how a student like myself
could be misled regarding English history. For example, the section on Tudor English is the same
length as Roman Britain, The Anglo–Saxon invasion, The Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex,
English Unification, and England under the Danes and Norman conquest combined. In terms of
dates, 34 AD to 1066 has the same amount of information as 118 years of Tudor England. I thought
this was an interesting aspect because I think it shows how people regard history in

The Lais of Marie de France and Quickly-Budding Love Essay
Boom! The door flies open and a handsome knight runs into the room and yells, "Come my lady we
must go now, for he is on his way". The lady jumps to her feet and says "My love whom is on their
way?" he responds, "your husband is on the way and he has heard of our romance". The couple joins
hands and quickly runs through the castle hoping that they are not seen. Suddenly the king jumps
from a dark shadow, stops the couple in a sudden halt, and says, "Where do you think you are
going?" With no response from the lady, the king reaches to his side and pulls a rope that releases a
large bucket of acid onto the queen and her secret lover, which eats their bodies flesh within minutes
only leaving the two skeletons holding each other's hands. This ... Show more content on
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How does this quick sense of love assist readers in enjoying this rather embellished sense of love
one may ask? An immediate sense of love in a reader's eye is exaggeration, in which one may hope
to find in his or her own life, where love is quickly drawn from both partners and appears to be very
effortless. In this effortless since of love readers can take an enjoyment from the humorous, peculiar,
and unexpected effect of sudden love.
However, what would love be without tribulations? In middle age love stories disastrous
consequences provide readers with high expectations for the lovers within their risky relationships.
In the story of "Equatin", a woman falls in love with her mistress and the two ponder up a plan to
kill her husband by scalding him in boiling water (59). Unfortunately, for Equatin and his lover, the
king discovers there secret and the two are scorched to death.
Furthermore, what would love be if one could not gather any satisfaction from this event? In The
Lais of Marie de France the happiness of love is a very significant factor, it is the determination that
drives the passionate relationships that flourish within the lais. In the story of "Laustic", the lovers
are never in physical acquaintance but seem to gaze at each other every night

Scandinavian Vikings
``After the Norman Conquest, the British Isles were, with the exception of the Norman kingdom in
Sicily, the most significantly multilingual and multicultural territory in western Europe`` (Crane
1999:35). Explain the background to this situation, and relate the changing uses of the different
languages to the social and historical context.
The invading of Europe by the Scandinavian Vikings took place between ca750 and 1050, denoting
the last phase of the raids of the Germanic people. In the late 8th century Charlemagne, or Charles
the Great, king of Franks, destroyed the power of the Frisians, Germanic tribe from the Netherlands
who had been the greatest maritime power of the North – West Europe, and enabled the south rout
on the sea

Anglo Saxon England
4. Vikings in Anglo–Saxon England – Scandinavian influence The process of Christianization and
Latin influx was interrupted at the end of the eight century (787) when the Vikings (Norwegian and
Dane tribes) began their ravages over Anglo–Saxon England, sacking monasteries like Lindisfarne
and Jarrow (793–794). By the ninth century, churches and monasteries in Northumbria and Mercia
lay in ruins while settlements in all parts of the country had been plundered and northern towns,
such as York in 867, captured. Anglo–Saxon kingdoms were finally overturned while the Vikings
established their own kingdom in the northeast of England (the Danelaw). Under King Alfred's rule
of Wessex (871–899) and despite several conflicts, the Danish were contained in such area. In turn,
the Danish king had to convert to Christianism, although the 'moral fibre of the church' was
seriously disrupted (Baugh (2005:79). Then Alfred's descendants, Edward the Elder (900–925) and
Athelstan (925–939), extended their authority throughout England –Athelstan's triumph in 937 in
Brunanburh was crucial, which is recorded in an Old English poem with the same name. However,
invasions were repeated at the end of the tenth century along the southeast coast, led by the
Norwegian and Danish kings, Olaf and Svein respectively, who attacked London. Svein made
himself king, sending the English king Æthelred the Unready into exile in Normandy. England was
hence ruled by Danish kings from 1014 to 1017, when the Danish

Chivalry In Medieval Times
Medieval Times began in 1066 with Norman Conquest and the Battle of Hastings, and ended in
1485 with the War of Roses. During this time period a new literary style was developed called
Medieval Romance. This genre includes chivalry, a theme of good versus evil and settings like
castles with knights, kings and queens. This was formed through new social, political, and cultural
changes following the Anglo–Saxon period.
The Medieval Romance genre uses the theme of good versus evil and an includes important element
of chivalry. The influence of chivalry was reflected at the start of the romance genre, many stories
used dragons, wizards and magic. The theme soon evolved to revolve around courtly love, quests
and adventure. In order to portray this,

Shrovetide Football Research Paper
The other type of game was called Shrovetide football, belonged in the "mob football" category.
Here the number of players were unlimited with vague rules. An example of such vagueness is
where any means could be used to get the ball to its target. The only exception is murder and
manslaughter. The game is still being played today in some areas in Ashbourne, in Derbyshire.
Pointless to say, it is no longer so violent as it used to be, nor are such broad casualties suffered as
was probably the case centuries ago. The origin of this game apparently is Anglo–Saxon and there
are many legends concerning its first appearance. For instance, both in Kingston–on–Thames and
Chester, there is a story which says, the game was first played with a detached ... Show more
For instance, it is reported that the history of the game being played by the Anglo–Saxon could not
be traced in any of their literature and there is also no trace of it. Before the Norman Conquest, the
only information got such such game came from a Celtic source Another theory that emanated on
the origin of the game was that is that while the "mob football" was being played in early years of
the AD', in British Isles. similar game was also being played France, especially in Normandy and
Brittany environs. It is believed that, while the Normans were moving into Britain, they brought the
game along. These theories present a bewildered picture of the origin of the game and makes it even
more complex than the rules of the game. Even farmers in those days sees the ball as the sun which
they had to conquer to expect a plentiful harvest. So the game was not just a show of strength and
skill but also a fertility rights that even pagan do believe it works. During this period, the ball had to
be forced either around or across the field with the expectation that if will help bring bountiful
harvest and the enemy had being deterred from destroying their

Anglo-French Influence On English
At the same time Norman French became Anglo–Norman as it was itself affected by English. More
than 10,000 French words found their way into English – words associated with government, law,
art, literature, food, and many other aspects of life. About three quarters of these words are still
used, and words derived directly or indirectly from French now account for more than a third of
English vocabulary. In fact English speakers know around 15,000 French words, even before they
start learning the language. When the Normans invaded England, the Anglo–Saxon literature had
reached a very high level of development. The important Benedictine monasteries wrote Chronicles
in Old English and guarded other works written in this language. But with the arrival of the
Normans, the Anglo–Saxon literature came to an end and the literature written in Britain was in
Latin or in Anglo–Norman. The Plantagenet kings encouraged this Anglo–Norman literature.
Nevertheless, from the beginning of the 14th century, some authors chose to write in English, but it
is only during the late 14th century that English literature was at its best with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
An enormous number of Norman–French words came into the language, and about three–quarters of
them are still used today. Very often, the Norman–French word supplanted the Anglo–Saxon term.
Or both words would co–exist, but with slightly different nuances. In other cases, the Norman–
French word was adopted to signify a new reality, such as judge, castle, and warranty.[8] Quite a lot
of the words of French origin used in English sit alongside native English ones, and in some cases
there are words of Latin and/or Greek origin with similar meanings. Beef (from French boeuf) is
meat from a cow (from Old English cu), a type of bovine (from Latin bovinus via French bovin). A
king (from Old English cyning) can be kingly, royal (from French roial) and regal (from Latin

Beowulf Anglo Saxon Hero Essay
In Anglo Saxon Literature, to be a hero was to be a warrior. A hero encompasses all of these assets
and more; generosity, bravery, intelligences. Warriors had to be willing to face any obstacle and
sacrifice themselves to death, for the well being of their people. The hero usually had all those
characteristics and was also kindhearted and genuine. "These Anglo–Saxon heroes usually were
kings or thanes because they distinguished themselves above others by doing a good for the greater
of everyone. This person has to be willing to put their own lives on the line for the benefit of
others."(Epic) The perfect example of a story from anglo saxon literature is Beowulf. The whole
Beowulf story has anglo saxon characteristics. Before going into the book of beowulf, heres some
Anglo saxon history to begin with. In 43A.D. Romans invade Britain and encountered the Celts,
Romans built roads, huge buildings and forts. Then Christianity is introduced and in 420A.D. the
Romans leave. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He exemplifies this is various different ways. He shows his heroic character in three different
instances. The three of the different conflicts are with Grendel, Grendel's mother, and the dragon.
When Beowulf reaches Heorot he is challenged by the guard who states that a mans measure is
known by his words and actions; this is the Anglo Saxon cultural value of honor, on makes a bast or
promise and then must live up to it. At the end of the poem Beowulf is a king and as a king is the
protector of his people, he knows that the dragon will kill him but it is his duty and his duty alone to
protect his people so he tries to kill the dragon single handedly. Wiglaf knows it is his sworn duty to
protect his king and when he sees Beowulf fall he joins the fight. This is the cultural values of duty
and honor. "Venturing closer, his talon was raised to attack Beowulf where he lay on the bed; he was
bearing in with open claw when the alert

The Development Of English Literature In The Middle Ages
The middle ages refer to the time span approximately from the collapse of the Roman Empire to the
Renaissance. English literature in the Middle Ages, covering works of more than eight hundred
years from Caedmon's Hymn(ca.658–80) to Everyman (ca.1510), evolved with the development of
English language. In accordance of language development and historical watersheds, literature
history consists of three periods: Anglo–Saxon England, Anglo–Norman England and Middle
English literature in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Literary works in the Middles Ages all
rooted in the Christian culture given that the introduction of Christianity is the most significant
event in the cultural history of this period.
Literary works in the time of Anglo–Saxon England were composed in old English, a language that
is extremely difficult to be understood, which leads to the consequence that literacy was restricted to
religious personnel. As a matter of course, Old English literature is mostly influenced by
Christianity and Latin Civilization. And as The Norton Anthology points out that "in form and
content Old English literature also has much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different from old English poets paying close attention to Scandinavian legends and Bible stories,
essayists mainly translated works that relate to geography and history as well as church books, some
even record their own history like King Alfred organizing scholars to write The Anglo–Saxon
Chronicle to record the British history using west Anglo–Saxon dialects. By compiling their own
history, essayists were committed to educating the public and flourish the British education.
Furthermore, although some essays were still related to Christianity, the essayists had already
shifted their focus from religious stories or texts to the sermons and preaches given by the

The Anglo Saxon Era Of Rich History And Reflected Literature
The Anglo Saxon Era of Rich History and Reflected Literature
The Anglo Saxon Period began in 449 and ended in 1066 AD. This was a time of Viking conquering
other nations, patriotism, and Pagan to Christian religious conversion. There are only few recorded
authors of this era as a result of literary works such as Beowulf, Wife's Lament, and The Seafarer
being passed down orally through generations of time. The literature serves as a reflection of this
ancient time rather than having an impact on this time period. This was a period of great conquering,
pride and honor, and Christian expansion with recorded literature that exaggerated and symbolized
what was occurring.
"This time remains the darkest, the least documented in British history" ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The religious transformation was a slow but progressive growth. It is definitely certain that the
characters of these oral stories were exaggerated or even make believe and as a matter of fact after
much studies of the Roman Empire, there has even been controversy over King Arthur's existence.
(Wood 39) "The question is, what happened in Britain after the fall of the Roman Empire? Bound up
with that, there is a second question: did there exist at this time a war leader called Arthur?" (Wood,
39). This shows that not only were the obviously exaggerated heroic characters fake but also some
of the seemingly realistic characters were as well. This indicates that these stories were definitely
exaggerated for entertainment purposes, but at the same time, used to describe the battles, the honor
and events that happened at this time. There are three main literary works of this time period:
Beowulf, Wife's Lament, and The Seafarer. Each literary work has unique symbolism and can be
analyzed and interpreted to show what they represent. Beowulf highly focuses on battling, one
having honor for their kingdom, and even has some religious representation. Beowulf is an epic
poem, which is defined as a long, narrative poem about a larger than life, legendary character in
pursuit of a goal of national importance. Also, Beowulf's character is classified as an epic hero,
which is defined as one who constitutes superior strength and excellent ethics, one who does many
valorous

Middle English Research Paper
English started as a West Germanic language spoken in England attributable to migration from the
southern shores of the sea. The migrants are known as 'Anglo–Saxons' however there's doubt on
whether or not it's really their name. English shows a nearer respect to Frisian than to the types of
German spoken within the sea areas of Germany, even within the earliest times. The stage of
English from its creation by the Anglo–Saxons to shortly after the Norman Conquest was named
'Old English'. The earliest English language was far more inflected than modern English; it had a
way smaller vocabulary with few loanwords from alternative languages and an easier grammar
structure. It's unrecognisable to modern English speakers nowadays. It was modified an excellent
deal over six centuries attributable to influences from multiple languages. Latin loaned some words
to germanic languages across the continent, and so most came to English once the Anglo–Saxons
became Christianised. A number of this new vocabulary came from Latin, Greek, and Old Norse,
the language of the Norwegians who 1st raided as Vikings and later came to settle. it was an
analogous language to English however far enough away to mean there had to be a compromise
language created between Anglo–Saxon and Norse individuals. this led to plenty of vocabulary
being ported from other Germanic languages to English. The era from 1100 to 1500 was dubbed
Middle English. The language throughout this point 1st had to contend with Anglo–Norman, at the
time the official language of the country, and there are few texts from the late eleventh and twelfth
centuries to inform us what English was like. It continued to be spoken by the huge majority of the
population and there was never in any danger of alternative languages taking up. Norman–French
had a large vocabulary input into English at this point, and also the combined influence of it and the
earlier Norse weakened the inflectional system and led English into a language that contained much
fewer endings and and fixed word order. The Anglo–Saxon alphabet was slowly lost as they it was
seen as inferior by French–influenced writers, and instead new French–styled digraphs were
introduced to spell sounds the old

Norman English And The English Language
The English language has been evolving since the fifth century (or 400 AD), and throughout history
many different people from different countries attempted invasions. One being the Norman French,
who made a very significant impact on the English language, as their unique French dialect allowed
the people of England to flourish their language by borrowing terms from the French. Over 10,000
French words have been applied to certain areas of English, such as art, fashion and cuisine.
Cuisine, in particular, has adopted many French terms that are still being used today to describe
various food items, especially dessert items. In present times, at least "three quarters of these words"
continue to be used for the various dessert items (Ager 2012). With that, the Norman French helped
shape not only part of the French culture of cuisine, but was also integrated into the English
language and expanded its lexicon.
Authors Baugh and Cable claim in their book "A History of The English Language" that the
Norman conquest is one of the most important invasions and progressions made in history that
ultimately shaped our modern–day language. Before the Norman conquest, the people of England
spoke only Old English, which was a Germanic language due to the country being mostly made up
of German people at the time. However, across from England was a place in France called
'Normandy'; the name having been derived "from the bands of Northmen" whom were originally
people from Scandinavia and had

Time Travel In Literature From The Anglo-Saxon Period And...
For a brief moment suppose that time travel exists. A conundrum that has influenced our movies,
our stories, and proved impossible by the laws of physics, is now a reality. What is the first thing to
do: Kill Hitler? Save the Library of Alexandria? Suppose that a time traveler has a great love for
literature, specifically literature from the Anglo–Saxon period and the English Renaissance. These
two periods had vastly different societies, and due to this, vastly different literature. If the time
traveler were to compare the literature from both periods, they would see that as time progresses, the
themes in the literature from these periods shift from the bravado of glory and honor to the quieter
aspects of life.
While time travel may not be an opportunity at the moment, it is possible to step into the traveler's
shoes by examining the historical context surrounding these periods. Foremost, the Anglo–Saxon
period, was a time when brawn, not brains, won the crown. The Celtic peoples, or Gauls, were
loose–knit tribal people who were chased to Great Britain by the Romans, and built Hadrian's Wall
to protect themselves. The Germanic people were very similar to the Celtic people: both used
human sacrifice and had warrior kings. This was a time of the Vikings, for adventure. It was a time
when the old gods–Dagda, Lugh, Odin, Thor, and many others–ruled. In the midst of all of this
barbarism, it was oddly progressive, as women could divorce their husbands and own property. As
time

Women's Role In Medieval Literature
The role of women in literature undergoes a change between Old English literature in the Anglo–
Saxon period into literature in the romantic genre from the Anglo–Norman period. Marie de
France's work "Lanval" and the Old English epic "Beowulf" are pieces of literature that demonstrate
this alteration in the literary representation of women in medieval literature. "Beowulf" portrays
women in as minor characters throughout the story, generally adhering to the constricted roles of
wives, mothers, and most importantly peace weavers, such as the character of Hrothgar's wife
Wealhtheow. On the other hand, Marie de France portrays women in a different role, as in the
romance genre, women are often portrayed as prominent characters in a relationship ... Show more
On the other, the fairy queen in Marie de France's "Lanval" takes a more assertive role as a powerful
female figure, fulfilling the position of Lanval's "lord" by offering him gifts in return for his
obedience to her commands. Such a shift in the roles of these female characters during the transition
in the romance genre indicates an important change in the representation of females in

Celts Vs Paganism
The Middle Ages is characterized by linguistic, literary, and cultural contributions from different
groups of people. Among these groups were the Celts, the Romans, and Germanic tribes including
the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Medieval Britain served as "the meeting place" for these major
groups, making it very rich in culture. The recorded history of Britain began with the Celts in 400
BCE. There were two types of Celts in medieval Britain: the Brittonic Celts and the Goidelic Celts,
who "achieved linguistic and social dominance" (David Damrosch and Kevin J. H. Dettmar 9). The
Celts provided the basis for the languages used in Ireland and Wales today. They also brought with
them their myths and poetic themes, including heroism and women as figures of power. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two conflicted because while paganism held values of bravery, loyalty, and violence,
Christianity focused on peace and forgiveness. The main forms of poetry in this time were the
heroic mode, displayed in "Beowulf", and the elegiac mode, as seen in "The Wanderer". This group
introduced the Anglo–Saxon language, known as "Old English", and also brought their "heroic
code". The culture of these tribes was brutal but politically authoritative. The group's conversion to
Christianity began in the sixth and seventh centuries. David Damrosch and Kevin J. H. Dettmar in
"The Middle Ages" Completed in 731 BCE, Venerable Bede's "Ecclesiastical History of the English
People" was the "most influential account of this region's history" (Damrosch and Dettmar

Theme Of Love In Bisclavret
While the theme of love itself, may it be positive or negative, is reoccurring, Marie's presentation of
romantic relationships and their differing qualities can be considered a theme alone. In "Guigemar",
the relationship between the knight and his lady represents loyalty, and an ability to heal or cure.
Yet, the relationship between the beast and his wife in "Bisclavret" demonstrates the selfish and
traitorous behavior that can occur between partners, especially if one has proved to be adulterous. In
"Guigemar", the son of Hoel, is a noble man immune to the feelings of love, basically having no
romantic interests in the women who come his way. His remaining indifference continues until he
wounds a doe, who places a curse on him after he, himself is injured by his own hand. The curse
placed upon a man who shows indifference to love causes Guigemar to be quite pessimistic that any
woman could love him enough to not only heal him, but suffer for him as well. However, he seeks
refuge aboard a ship at the harbor to rest which leads him to the castle of an aged lord and his wife,
who fled from the room she was locked inside within the castle. Discovering the nearly dead
Guigemar, the lady vows to nurse him back to health with the help of her female companion, but it
is under her care that Guigemar is struck with love, overwhelmed with his newly found emotions
towards the woman who has his heart. The two lovebirds, confess their feelings and embrace in their
love until they are

Literary Group in British Poetry
The history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over
this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the
language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is
unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English
language.
The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that do
not now survive; thus, dating the earliest poetry remains difficult and often controversial. The
earliest surviving manuscripts date from the 10th century. Poetry written in Latin, Brythonic (a
predecessor language of Welsh) and Old Irish survives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth. Beowulf is the only
heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the
Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious
verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase; elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer,
and The Ruin (often taken to be a description of the ruins of Bath); and numerous proverbs, riddles,
and charms.
With one notable exception (Rhyming Poem), Anglo–Saxon poetry depends on alliterative verse for
its structure and any rhyme included is merely ornamental.
[edit]The Anglo–Norman period and the Later Middle Ages
See also: Anglo–Norman literature
With the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo–Saxon language rapidly
diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke French, and this became the
standard language of courts, parliament, and polite society. As the invaders integrated, their
language and literature mingled with that of the natives: the French dialect of the upper classes
became Anglo–Norman, and Anglo–Saxon underwent a gradual transition into Middle English.
While Anglo–Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died
out, and a number of important works illustrate the development of the language. Around the turn of
the 13th century, Layamon wrote his Brut, based on Wace's

Themes Of The Lais Of Marie De France
The Lais of Marie de France is a collection of poems that tell enchanting stories of handsome
knights, kings, queens, and romance. Although the lais varied in content; the subject of romantic
love is the common theme. Since romantic love is the central theme of the lais it is important to
define the term. According to the article, The Social Psychology of Love and Attraction romantic
love is defined as, "a love that is supposed to stand the test of time, enduring all hardship. Romantic
love emphasizes being in love with a certain individual" (Braxton–Davis 1). In the lais Bisclavret,
Equitan, Laustic there is a conflict between love and moral responsibility. Many of the characters
experience love and tragedy; yet, Marie de France provides a witty insight into loves immoral
issues. In the lais loneliness, greed, excitement, and lust are the motivations for many of the
characters reckless actions. Marie de France demonstrates how these characteristics combined with
romantic infatuation, passion, and a yearning desire; influences corrupt behavior. This behavior then
manifested into character traits such as betrayal, adultery, and cruelty that are revealed throughout
the lais.
In the lai Bisclavret, a lord's wife stuffers a family curse and is exiled, as a result of her betrayal. In
the lai Bisclavret, a lord from Brittany disappears for three days without an explanation to his wife.
Bisclavret wife confronts him, and he reveals that he goes into the forest and transforms into

Role Of Women In Beowulf And Lanval
Women have had many different roles in the history of European literature but have generally been
restricted to the roles assigned to them in a largely patriarchal society. As a result of this society,
these roles have often been powerless ones. This calls into question the constitution of a powerful
woman in literature: in Beowulf, being a powerful woman means becoming the bond between
families and alliances; in Lanval, power comes from assertion and control–– a powerful woman is a
woman in charge. The primary difference between the representation of women in Beowulf and
Lanval is that the latter transcends overarching patriarchal boundaries, and the former does not; the
reason for their respective representations lies in the literary time periods in which the stories were
written. From this, one can see that the introduction of romance as a central theme gave way to new
representations and roles of women in predominantly heteropatriarchal English literature and gives
new meaning to the analysis of stories like these. Beowulf is an Old English epic poem that tells a
story of a Geat hero named Beowulf who comes to the aid of Hrothgar, king of the Danes, and
agrees to help his people defeat the monstrous Grendel. After successfully ridding the land of the
beast, Beowulf eventually becomes the king of the Geats for quite some time until his own demise
at the hands of another beast. The story was influenced by both pagan and Christian mythologies as
it was written during a

The First Form Of English Language
Editor Doug Larson once remarked, "If the English language made any sense, lackadaisical would
have something to do with a shortage of flowers." Even at an early stage, all English learners realize
how complex and versatile the English language can be. Due to its extensive lineage and consistent
reformation, the English language holds a highly diversified panorama of linguistic landscape.
Dating back as early as 410 A.D., the fall of the Roman empire, neighboring countries and tribes
vigorously fought for the rule of England (Literature). In the act, they transformed human
interaction and left imprints of influence not only in monarchy or social paradigms, but in linguistic
advancements as well. The English language has been a hybridized substance molded in the hands
of war, exploration, and cultural innovation. The first form of English was developed during the
Anglo–Saxon period which was initiated by the arrival of the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles to England
around 449 A.D. The mixture of the inhabitants' Celtic and Latin –based dialects in addition to the
languages of the three Germanic tribes, created what is now known as Old English (History). As the
Anglo–Saxons were slowly converted to Christians, the number of written religious texts also
increased which caused a linguistic and cultural impact (Durkin). Philip Durkin stated that the
"impress of the literary culture of Latin Christianity" was one of the primary reasons why
researchers were able to

Yonec And Bisclavret By Marie De France
Marie de France uses Yonec and Bisclavret to express the animal/human boundary in the medieval
period. In Bisclavret, Marie used the werewolf to show how animals lack reason. In Yonec, Marie
uses the hawk man to show how animal natures are correlated with the lower passions. Also in the
medieval period animals were thought to not have souls. The soul is defined as a person's moral or
emotional nature or sense of identity. This point is interesting because the body encapsulates the
soul, in a way that it hides your true identity, whether you are a human or a human who changes into
an animal. When Bisclavret and the knight changed their physical natures, they did not suddenly
lack a soul but their soul was preserved. The body just acts as a vessel ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She does this to add a dramatic element to the stories. In our minds, we subconsciously create
positive connotations to anything we deem as beautiful or good looking. But when she develops the
characters' person more indeptly she reveals their negative attributes. As readers, we are caught off
guard because a person's looks are a kind of perceived identity. For instance, Bisclavret was
described as a handsome knight, but later it is revealed that he is a werewolf and for three days out
the week he lives in the deepest part of the woods and feeds off anything he can capture. Also, his
wife is initially described as worthy and attractive in appearance. However, although she doesn't
transform into an animal she has a beastly side that is later revealed in the Lais. Her inner beast is
revealed when she betrays her husband, the fear she has of her husbands' condition is
understandable but she fails to come to terms with it. Instead she sells her body to a knight and
convinces him to steal her husband's clothes, knowing that would entrap him in his werewolf form.
He would in turn receive her hand in married as payment. By accepting her proposal, he allowed his
beastly side to get the best of him and condemning Bisclavret to remain naked in his beast–like

How Did Christianity Influence Medieval Literature
The Medieval Period was a time in history that lasted from the 5th Century to the 16th Century.
Medieval literature has been hugely influential in modern popular culture. During the middle Ages,
a great emphasis was placed on the combination of fantasy and reality. Though characters were
given human characteristics, their personalities transcended to those of fabricated figures as of God,
Saints, and brave leaders. The Middle English period features a host of firsts in English literature,
such as the first romance, drama, autobiography, fiction, and the first woman writer in English
history. That period was a gateway for cultural movement for later centuries such as the
Renaissance, Romanticism and so on. Furthermore, there was a great influence of Christianity on
the literature since Christianity was only religion at that time. Positive impact in literature was very
notable by the presence of Christianity. Middle age shows how the romance of medieval England
engages with its Christin culture. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Malory's Morte Darthur,
establishes the importance of reading romances and culture represented by Christianity. Heroism,
loyalty, personal honor and chivalry were addressed in this period by every author. Nature and status
of women was one of the challenging parts for the medieval period. At ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Wife of Bath begins her lengthy prologue by announcing that she has always followed the rule
of experience rather than authority. Having already had five husbands "at the church door," she has
experience enough to make her an expert. She sees nothing wrong with having had five husbands.
Having shown knowledge of the Bible, she challenges anyone to show her that God commanded

Le Morte DArthur, And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight
Thomas Malory's "Le Morte d'Arthur," and the Gawain Poet's "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"
are important works that should be considered when studying medieval literature. They both portray
the style and structure of medieval romance. They also tackle the same topic of King Arthur and his
knights, as well as share the same characters of King Arthur and Sir Gawain. In order to be able to
go over these works and understand them, one must understand the aspects of literature of the time.
There are some aspects found in almost all literary works written in the medieval times, some of
which are influenced by everyday life, problems, religion, and politics. For example, the French
invasion of England, known as the Norman Conquest, greatly influenced the language of the time.
At first, England was ruled by the Anglo–Saxons, and used Old English in their literature, even
though they did not write much. With the invasion of the French, Anglo–Saxon language was not
considered appropriate, and so they introduce a new easier dialect, which came to be known as
Middle English. This became the language they used to write, and the act of writing itself became
more abundant. Moreover, the conquest resulted in an increasing tension between England and
France. This tension is apparent in many works of the time, including "Le Morte d'Arthur". For
example, the depiction of Sir Launcelot as the greatest knight of all time in several romances. Also,
"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" has roots

Determination In 'The Bravest Girl In The World'
"Failure will never overtake me if my determination to succeed is strong enough"– Og Mandino. Og
Mandino is saying that if someone has a strong determination to succeed they will never fail.
Determination means "a firm or fixed intention to achieve a desired end." The word determination is
from the Middle English, the Anglo–French determiner, and from the Latin determinare. Synonyms
are used to help people better understand a word. The synonyms for determination include
resolution, decisiveness, and persistency. Hesitation, indecision, and irresoluteness are antonyms to
the word determination. People say in life if a person has determination they can accomplish
anything. Malala Yousafzai and Melba Beals showed the world that if they use determination ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She co wrote the book with Faith J.H. McDonnell. Grace lived in Uganda. She was kidnapped and
forced to become a soldier. Grace and Faith both show how people with a lot of determination can
make a difference. " I have seen heads smashed. I have seen people beaten until their sockets
swallow their eyes. I have survived being buried alive... To the whole world, this is my cry: There is
no future without healthy children who grow up in a peaceful environment. Do not turn your hatred
on the children." Throughout Grace's whole life she has seen and been through so much pain and
suffering. She escaped captivity though, and is now determined to help other kids like her. One
reason she wrote this book was to help raise awareness and get others to have the same
determination as her to help these poor children. These children are being forced to kill and others
are forced to be a man's wife. Other children are awaiting the day that they too get captured and they
are trying to do as much as they can to escape those horrors. "But you hangout around one of the
sleeping centers and they look up at you and laugh and laugh. They chatter, dance, organize games,
joke." The night commuters fear for their lives twenty–four–seven. During the day they go to
school, then they walk miles to reach a safe place to sleep. They do this everyday, but they all have
the determination to live because if they did not do this, they would get

Summary Of The Liars Of Marie De France

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Summary Of The Liars Of Marie De France