11. HUMAN EYE AND ITS PARTS
RETINA
Bipolar Cells
Ganglion
Cells
OPTIC NERVE
-the nerve that transmits
sensory information from
the eye to the brain
12. HUMAN EYE AND ITS PARTS
Cones
• -cone-shaped photo-
receptors that transmit
sensations of color
Rod
• -rod-shaped photoreceptors
that are sensitive only to the
intensity of light
13. Types of Photoreceptors
Rods
125 million rods are
distributed across the retina
Allow us to see in black and
white
More sensitive to dim light
Cones
6.4 million cones are
distributed across the
retina
Densely packed in a small
spot at the center of the
retina called the Fovea
Visual acuity is greatest at
this spot
Provides vision color
14. HUMAN EYE AND ITS PARTS
Visual Acuity – sharpness of vision
Nearsighted/Myopia
• a vision condition in which close objects are seen clearly, but objects
farther away appear
Farsighted/Hyperopia
• a vision condition in which distant objects are usually seen clearly,
but close ones do not come into proper focus
Blind Spot
• the area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet from the
optic nerve
16. Light Adaptation
Dark Adaptation
-the process of adjusting
lower lighting
*Cones reach their max
adaptation to darkness in
about 10 minutes while Rod
continue to adapt for 45
minutes or so.
17. Light Adaptation
Adapting to brighter
conditions takes place
more rapidly.
*At first you may be painfully
surprised by the featureless
blaze around you
18.
19. Color Vision
• is the ability of an
organism to
distinguish objects
based on the
wavelengths of the
light they reflect,
emit, or transmit.
25. Theories of Color Vision
1. Trichromatic Theory
-based on an experiment
conducted by Thomas
Young, British scientist
-the theory that color
vision is made possible
by three types
-
26. Theories of Color Vision
Hermann von
Helmholtz
- German physiologist
- The retina in the
eye must have 3
different types of
color
photoreceptors
cones
27. Theories of Color Vision
2. Opponent-process
Theory
- Ewald Hering, a
German physiologist
-the theory that color
vision is made
possible by three
types
29. Color Blindness
Trichromat
- A person with normal color vision
Monochromat
-A person who is sensitive to black and white only and
hence color-blind
Dichromats
- A person who is sensitive to black-white and either red-
green or blue-yellow and hence partially color blind.
42. Top-
Down
Perceive the whole
and then
individual parts as
needed
Input-data driven
Bottom-
Up
Perceive the
individual parts
and organize them
into a whole, if
possible
Information
available in the
stimulus itself
Retina
-the area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones
-contains:
Bipolar Cells – neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells
Ganglion Cells – neurons whose axons form the optic nerve
Optic Nerve
-the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain
Types of Photoreceptors
Cones
-cone-shaped photo-receptors that transmit sensations of color
Rod
-rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light
Visual Acuity
sharpness of vision, shape of the eye
Blind Spot
-the area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet from the optic nerve
Nearsighted/Myopia
-a vision condition in which close objects are seen clearly, but objects farther away appear
Farsighted/Hyperopia
-a vision condition in which distant objects are usually seen clearly, but close ones do not come into proper focus.
Presbyopia
A condition characterized by brittleness of the lens