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Presente e futuro
della sperimentazione senza animali
C. Rovida
CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz
TEAM mastery, Como
Roma - 23 settembre 2019
L’evoluzione della ricerca scientifica
superamento della sperimentazione animale
Charles Darwin, 1871
“You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite
agree that it is justifiable for real investigations
on physiology; but not for mere damnable and
detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes
me sick with horror, so I will not say another
word about it, else I shall not sleep tonight.”
TPI:
Transition
Program for
Innovative
animal-free research
IPAM – ecopa Symposium 2019
(incl. IPAM-Farmindustria award 2018-2019)
Non Animal Methodologies (NAMs):
research, testing, assessment and applications
Rome, ISS, Aula Pocchiari,
November 07th-08th, 2019
GLP, standardized protocols, some validated, high doses,
substance effects in healthy animals:
AFFIDABILITA’ DEI TEST SUGLI ANIMALI
Non è quello
che vogliamo!
2007:
Report del
National Research
Council of the National
Academies
Biologic
Inputs
Normal
Biologic
Function
Morbidity
and
Mortality
Cell
Injury
Adaptive Stress
Responses
Early Cellular
Changes
Exposure
Tissue Dose
Biologic Interaction
Perturbation
Low Dose
Higher Dose
Higher yet
(Courtesy of Mel Andersen)
Una nuova prospettiva:
Attivazione delle vie di tossicità nelle cellule
Molecular
properties
Molecular
initiating events
Cellular
responses
Organ
response
Organism
response
ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAY
Tipi di cellule per studi di laboratorio
• Linee cellulari
– Origine tumorale
• Cellule primarie
– Biopsie
– Donazione volontaria (plasma, urine, etc.)
• Cellule staminali
– Cellule staminali adulte
– Cellule staminali embrionali
– Cellule da cordone ombelicare
– Cellule embrionali (solo di origine animale)
• Organismi inferiori
– Drosophile
– C-elegans
– Embrioni di zebra fish
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)
“mini-brain” sviluppato da iPSC umane
• Tutti tipi di cellule eccetto microglia
• Myelination
• diametro 350µm
• 800 per batch
• Riproducibile
• Electrofisiologicamente attivo
• Da cellule di pazienti
Mini-brains
Hogberg et al., Stem Cell Res 2013
Pamies et al., Exp Biol Med 2014
Pamies et al., Altex 2017
Mini-brains
are spontaneously electrophysiologically active
Cell Biological Processes necessary
for Brain Development
With courtesy from William Mundy, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and John Havel, SRA International, Inc.
Endpoint
Cell Death
Proliferation
Migration
Differentiation
Neurite
Outgrowth
GFAP
Network
Formation
Myelination
Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural
Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth
Tang, H. et al. Cell Stem Cell 18, 1–4, May 5, 2016
Neural stem cells (NSCs)
Ventricular zone (VZ)
Subventricular zone (SVZ)
Inner and Outer SVZ (ISVZ and OSVZ)
Intermediate zone (IZ)
Cortical plate (CP)
Kelava and Lancaster (2016).
Stem Cell Models of Human Brain Development. Cell Stem Cell
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 354 (2018) 3–6
Microphysylogical Systems
(Human on a chip)
Test in vivo
AOP
Nessun pallone e nessun
aeroplano avranno mai
successo in pratica (1902)
Le macchine volanti più
pesanti dell'aria non sono
possibili (1895)
William Thomson, noto anche come Lord Kelvin (1824-1907),
presidente della Royal Society e padre della scala di temperatura che porta il suo nome.
Grazie dell’attenzione !!!

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Presente e futuro della sperimentazione senza animali

Editor's Notes

  1. Università. Non mi occupo di etica, ma di progresso e innovazione scientifica Prima di parlare del XXI secolo , vediamo I due secoli precedenti
  2. Before going on, I would like to read with you this statement from Charles Darwin. 1971, about 80 years before the beginning of the 3Rs by Russel and Burch. Please, hang it over your bed and read it everynight!
  3. We are not 70Kg rats, but we’re also not a 70Kg cells. We need to move towards a higher awareness of the mechanism behind a possible effect
  4. Finalmente arriviamo al XXI secolo. Succede che NRC commissiona uno studio per cercare di fare il punto della situazione sui test di tossicità. Ne viene fuori un quadro desolante. Nota bene che a lavorare su questo progetto ci sono luminari di varia estrazione, ma nessuno esperto di etica. E' solo una conclusione scientifica I test sugli animali non funzionano. E ciò è stato scritto nero su bianco in questo libro, in cui si asserisce che troppe poche sostanze sono state caratterizzate e troppi I fallimenti. Non si nega il passato, ma è giunta l'ora di guardare al futuro
  5. 12
  6. Si può fare di più. Partendo da somatic cells prelevate da pazienti affetti da varie patologie, si può capire se c'è scritto nel genoma l'eziologia. Le cellule possono anche arrivare ex-vivo da biopsie o altro o appartenere a linee cellulari In alcuni casi si usano anche cellule di altri mammiferi o addirittura di altri animali o esseri monocellulari (vedi il famosissimo Ames test). Sono sempre pero test basati sullo studio di un preciso meccanismo
  7. Queste sono urine di pazienti. Vi devo dire che la metabolomica è molto utilizzata anche nei test in vivo, con lo stesso principio e le stesse tecniche
  8. Brain development needs a multitude of cell biological processes and each process is guided by a plethora of signaling pathways. Therefore, translating the new AOP concept to DNT is a challenging approach because there is a multitude of MIE and KE guiding defects in the different developmental processes. Myelination is the process by which a fatty layer, called myelin, accumulates around nerve cells (neurons). Myelin particularly forms around the long shaft, or axon, of neurons. Myelination enables nerve cells to transmit information faster and allows for more complex brain processes. Thus, the process is vitally important to healthy central nervous system functioning.
  9. The human brain develops through a series of developmental stages that must occur in a particular sequence and at the right time. The current reliance on DNT testing in rodents to predict effects in humans is called into question. It’s not science fiction and first applications are already available For example, it was used to demonstrate the activity of the Zika virus that affects the embryo neural cells causing immediate death or defective maturation. The possibility to isolate the precise step when the effect occurs is also very helpful to investigate the pharmacological solution. There are also studies that demonstrate the difference between human and rats, the latter resembling in vivo experiments, but different than the experiment performed with human material
  10. 6 millions from EPA to develop The primary goal of the new center is to develop a series of 3-D human cell cultures that are heavily wired up with different sensors to record how they respond when exposed to small concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals. 
  11. Non sto a entrare nei dettagli dei tipi di cellule che si possono utilizzare
  12. 1895, 8 anni prima del volo dei fratelli Wright