Information Systems Management

Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
Semester: Fourth Semester
Name of the Subject:
Information Systems Management
Code- 210

UNIT- I

INTRO TO MIS
Management
Management covers the planning, control, and administration of the
operations of a concern. The top management handles planning; the middle
management concentrates on controlling; and the lower management is
concerned with actual administration.
Information
Information, in MIS, means the processed data that helps the management in
planning, ontrolling and operations. Data means all the facts arising out of the
operations of the concern. Data is processed i.e. recorded, summarized,
compared and finally presented to the management in the form of MIS report.
System
Data is processed into information with the help of a system. A system is
made up of inputs, processing, output and feedback or control.
Thus MIS means a system for processing data in order to give proper
information to the management for performing its functions.
.

Definition: Management Information System or 'MIS' is a planned system of
collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry
out the functions of management.
Objectives of MIS:
Information Propagation
Information Retrieval
Information Storage
Processing Data
Capturing Data

Nature and Scope of MIS

ROLE OF MIS AT VARIOUS MANAGEMENT LEVELS

a) Selection of objectives,
b) Judicious allocation of resources,
c) determining operational plans and schedules,
d) keeping control of progress, and
e) evaluation through feedback.

MIS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT- CONCEPT & STRUCTURE
six-stage model very clearly explains the stage by stage development of the MIS function in
an organisation. This model provides a framework for the analyst to understand the reasons
for success or failure of the MIS function in an organisation and also assists in developing
solutions to take the functions ahead.
Stage-1 : Initiation
Stage-2 : Contagion
Stage-3 : Control
Stage-4 : Integration
Stage-5: Data Administration
Stage-6: Maturity

Transaction Processing System:
A transaction process system (TPS) is an information processing system for
business transactions involving the collection, modification and retrieval of all
transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include performance, reliability and
consistency.
Advantages of TPS
Easy to use and understand.
 Allows customers to book a flight without the hassle of going and dealing with a
travel agent saving them time and money.
 Allows them to search the internet and find the most competitive prices
meaning that they can save even more money.
See which seats are available for reservation.

Decision Support System: Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive
software-based systems intended to help managers in decision-making by
accessing large volumes of information generated from various related
information systems involved in organizational business processes, such as office
automation system, transaction processing system, etc.

Components of a DSS
Database Management System (DBMS)
Model Management System
Support Tools
Types of DSS
Status Inquiry System
Data Analysis System
Information Analysis System
Accounting System

Executive Information/ Support System
Executive support systems are intended to be used by the senior managers
directly to provide support to non-programmed decisions in strategic
management.
Features of Executive Information System

Advantages of ESS/EIS
•Easy for upper level executive to use
•Ability to analyze trends
•Enhance organizational competitiveness in the market place
•Instruments of change
•Increased executive time horizons.
•Better reporting system
•Improved mental model of business executive
•Help improve consensus building and communication
•Improve office automation

Recent Development in the field of Management Information Systems
Enterprise Resource Planning ( ERP )
E-Commerce
M-Commerce
Expert System (ES)
Data Mining
Education

Data Warehousing: A single, complete and consistent store of data
obtained from a variety of different sources made available to end users
in a what they can understand and use in a business context.
Data
Information

Semester: Fifth Semester
Name of the Subject:
Management Information System
Code- 307

UNIT -II

System Development : Management Information System or 'MIS' is a
planned system of collecting, storing, and disseminating data in the form
of information needed to carry out the functions of management.
System: A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming
a unified whole
a number system.: such as
(A) A group of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces a
gravitational system
(B) A group of body organs that together perform one or more vital
functions the digestive system.

Types of System:
Abstract systems
An abstract or conceptual system is an orderly arrangement of interdependent ideas
or constructs, which may or may not have any counterpart in the real .
Physical System : physical systems are generally concrete operational systems
made up of people, materials, machines, energy and other physical things; Physical
systems are more than conceptual constructs.
Deterministic Systems
A deterministic system is one in which the occurrence of all events is known with
certainty.
Probabilistic Systems
A probabilistic system is one in which the occurrence of events cannot be perfectly
predicted.

Open Systems: An open system is one that interacts with its environment
and thus exchanges information, material, or energy with the environment,
including random and undefined inputs. Open systems are adaptive in
nature, as they tend to react with the environment in such a way, so as to
favor their continued existence.
Closed System : Systems that are relatively isolated from the environment
but not completely closed are termed closed system.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
SDLC: Systems Development Life Cycle is a systematic approach which
explicitly breaks down the work into phases that are required to implement
either new or modified Information System.
system development requires careful analysis and design before
implementation. System development generally has the following phases:

Phases are :
Requirements
Design
Implementation
Testing
Deployment
Operations
Maintenance

MIS Applications in Business : A management information
system is a manual or computerized process that completes
this function. These systems can provide timely, accurate and
relevant information for various business needs. Some
applications of MIS in business are:-
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) : This systems
provide an organization with integrated software modules and
a unified database which enable efficient planning, managing,
and controlling of all core business processes across multiple
locations.

Customer relationship management (CRM) system : It helps the
businesses manage relationships with potential and current customers and
business partners across marketing, sales, and service.
 Supply chain management (SCM) systems : It enables more efficient
management of the supply chain by integrating the links in a supply chain.
This may include suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and final
customers.
Knowledge management system (KMS) : It helps organizations facilitate
the collection, recording, organization, retrieval, and dissemination of
knowledge.

UNIT -III

Data
Data is the collection of raw facts and figures. Actually data is
unprocessed, that is why data is called collection of raw facts and
figures.
Example: 1) Student Data on Admission Forms
2) Data of Citizens

Data versus Information comparison chart
Data Information
Meaning
Data is raw, unorganized
facts that need to be
processed. Data can be
something simple and
seemingly random and
useless until it is
organized.
When data is
processed, organized,
s tructured or
presented in a given
context so as to make
it useful, it is called
information.
Example
Each student's test score
is one piece of data.
The average score of a
class or of the entire
school is information
that can be derived
from the given data.

Example
Each student's test score is
one piece of data.
The average score of a
class or of the entire school
is information that can be
derived from the given data.
Etymology
"Data" comes from a singular
Latin word, datum, which
originally meant "something
given." Its early usage dates
back to the 1600s. Over time
"data" has become the plural
of datum.
"Information" is an older
word that dates back to the
1300s and has Old French
and Middle English origins.
It has always referred to
"the act of informing, "
usually in regard to
education, instruction, or
other knowledge
communication.

What is the Information System :
When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a
given context so as to make it useful, it is called information System.
Types Of Information System:
Transaction Process System (TPS)
A transaction process system (TPS) is an information processing
system for business transactions involving the collection, modification
and retrieval of all transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include
performance, reliability and consistency.

Management Information System
Management Information System or 'MIS' is a planned system of collecting,
storing, and disseminating data in the form of information needed to carry out the
functions of management.
Executive Information/ Support System/Strategic Level
Executive support systems are intended to be used by the senior managers
directly to provide support to non-programmed decisions in strategic management.
These information are often external, unstructured and even uncertain. Exact
scope and context of such information is often not known beforehand.

Types of Sources :
Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based,
including:
1. Original written works – poems, diaries, court records, interviews, surveys, and
original research/fieldwork, and
2. Research published in scholarly/academic journals.
Secondary sources are those that describe or analyze primary sources,
including:
1. Reference materials – dictionaries, encyclopedias, textbooks.
2. Books and articles that interpret, review,.
Tertiary sources are those used to organize and locate secondary and primary
sources.
Indexes – provide citations that fully identify a work with information such as
author, titles of a book, article, and/or journal, publisher and publication date,
volume and issue number and page numbers.
Abstracts – summarize the primary or secondary sources.

'Cost-Benefit Analysis'
A cost-benefit analysis is a process by which business decisions are
analyzed. The benefits of a given situation or business-related action are
summed, and then the costs associated with taking that action are
subtracted. Some consultants or analysts also build the model to put a dollar
value on intangible items .
Formula for Calculating Opportunity Cost
Opportunity Cost = Return of Most Lucrative Option - Return of Chosen
Option

Cost Benefit Analysis Components :
 General description of the project
 List of alternative scenarios
 Identify Benefits and Costs
 Schedule Benefits and Costs
 Comparison of alternatives
 Sensitivity Analysis

Qualitative and Quantitative Data Analysis:
Quantitative Research is considered to have as its main purpose the
quantification of data. This allows generalizations of results from a
sample to an entire population of interest and the measurement of the
incidence of various views and opinions in a given sample. Yet,
quantitative research is not infrequently followed by qualitative research
which then aims to explore select findings further.
Qualitative research is considered to be particularly suitable for gaining
an in-depth understanding of underlying reasons and motivations. It
provides insights into the setting of a problem. At the same time, it
frequently generates ideas and hypotheses for later quantitative
research.

Qualitative Data Analysis is non-statistical, its methodological
approach is primarily guided by the concrete material at hand. In
quantitative research, the sole approach to data is statistical and
takes places in the form of tabulations. Findings are usually
descriptive in nature although conclusive only within the numerical
framework.

Assessing Information Needs
It is important to find out about the people who will use the resource centre.
This includes finding out what information they need, what information is
provided by other organizations, and how far their needs for information
are being met. This is known as carrying out a needs assessment.
A needs assessment looks at:
 Who the users will be
 What their information needs are
 What materials are available
 How information can be disseminated

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology (IT) is a branch of engineering dealing with the use of
computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and
manipulate data. The Information Technology Association of America has
defined IT as "the study, design, development, application, implementation,
support or management of computer-based information systems".
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 M- COMMERCE OR MOBILE COMMERCE
 E-PUBLISHING OR ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING
 V-COMMERCE OR VOICE COMMERCE
IPTV (Internet Protocol Television)
 BLACKBERRY
 THE QUADBAND
 THE TRIBAND

Multimedia Approach to Information Processing:
Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text,
graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any
other media where every type of information can be represented, stored,
transmitted and processed digitally.
The basic five Elements of Multimedia :
1. Text
2. Images
3. Audio
4. Animation
5. Video

Advanteges of Multimedia:
 Student Engagement
 Brain Activity and Memory
 Cost Effectivene ss and Training
 Student Focus

Database
A database is an organized collection of facts. In other words we can say that it is a
collection of information arranged and presented to serve an assigned purpose.
For eg: Dictionary where words are arranged alphabetically.
Different operations performed on Database :
 Adding Information
 Editing Information
 Searching Information
 Removing Information

Data Warehouse
Data warehousing provides architectures and tools for business
executives to systematically organize, understand ,and use their
data to make strategic decisions.
Example: Attendance Records, Banks records etc.
Key Features of Data warehouse:
 Subject-Oriented
 Integrated:
Time-Variant
 Non-Volatile

According to W. H. Inmon,“A data warehouse is a subject-oriented,
integrated, time-variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of
management's decision making process.".
Architecture of Data warehouse :

Data Mining :
Data mining is the process of using “raw” data to infer important “business”
relationships.
Despite a consensus on the value of data mining, a great deal of confusion exists
about what it is.
Data Mining is a collection of powerful techniques intended for analyzing large
amounts of data.
There is no single data mining approach, but rather a set of techniques that can be
used stand alone or in combination with each other.

Centralized processing System
Centralized processing is when you only have one CPU to do all the
processing. Centralized processing is performed in one computer or in a
cluster of coupled computers in a single location. All data processing is
performed in the central computer. Thus centralized processing is in which all
processing power in the organization is located on one large computer.
Distributed Processing System
Distributed Processing is when you have multiple CPUs where you distribute
the tasks of the system. All computing is controlled through a central terminal
server(s), which centrally provides the processing, programs and storage. The
workstations (Thin Clients, PCs, appliances) are just used for input and display
purposes. They connect to the server(s) where all tasks are performed.
Distributed processing is used to refer to a variety of that use more than
one (or ) to an . This includes parallel processing in which a single computer
uses more than one CPU .

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