The document discusses the multimedia and contiguity principles for instructional design. The multimedia principle states that instruction should use words and graphics together rather than words alone in order to promote active learning. The contiguity principle states that words should be aligned with their corresponding graphics to reduce cognitive load on the learner. Examples are provided to illustrate effective use of these principles, such as aligning text steps with image instructions. Check questions at the end test the reader's understanding of the principles.

1. Multimedia and Contiguity Scott Coleman Ed Tech 513 BSU

2. Objectives Users of this tutorial will be able to recognize the multimedia and contiguity principles and be able to distinguish between effective and less effective applications of the principles.

3. Multimedia Principle Contents Definition of multimedia principle Why use the multimedia principle Application examples

4. The Multimedia Principle The multimedia principle instructs designers to use words and graphics together rather than words alone.

5. Why Use the Multimedia Principle? Using multimedia provides opportunity for learners to engage in active learning. Active learning happens when learners integrate the words and graphics into a coherent cognitive representation (Clark and Mayer, 2008 p.57)

6. Application of the Multimedia Principle The image on the right is an example of a procedure being described using the multimedia principle. The learner is able to connect the text with the graphic description. Image CC Ape Lad http://www.flickr.com/photos/apelad/2131853945/sizes/o/

7. Here is another example of the Multimedia Principle. Again the learner is able to relate the text to a graphic which enables them to cognitively process what they observe. Application of the Multimedia Principle Image CC Omer van Cloeten http://www.flickr.com/photos/omervk/2098163251/

8. Contiguity Principle Contents Definition of contiguity principle Why use the contiguity principle Application examples

9. The Contiguity Principle The contiguity principle instructs designers to align words to corresponding graphics

10. Why Use the Contiguity Principle? Using the contiguity principle reduces the amount of extraneous processing thereby reducing the overall cognitive load. This is done by visually connecting corresponding words and graphics (Clark and Mayer, 2008 p.93)

11. Application of the Contiguity Principle The instructions on the left are an example of the contiguity principle. The learner’s cognitive load is reduced because text version of each step is directly connected to the correlated image. The learner does not have to process extraneous information. Image CC Sandcastlematt http://www.flickr.com/photos/sandcastlematt/1433606432/

12. Check Your Understanding 1 The multimedia principle states that you should: Use graphics rather than words Align words to corresponding images Use words and graphics together Use neither words or graphics Click to see the answer

13. Check Your Understanding 1 The multimedia principle states that you should: Use graphics rather than words Use words rather than graphics Use words and graphics together Use neither words or graphics

14. Check Your Understanding 2 The contiguity principle states that you should: Place text on a different screen from images Align words with their corresponding images Use words and graphics together Use a Creative Commons license for your work

15. Check Your Understanding 2 The contiguity principle states that you should: Place text on a different screen from images Align words with their corresponding images Use words and graphics together Use a Creative Commons license for your work

16. Check Your Understanding 3 Is the multimedia principle being used in the image on the left? Click for answer Image CC Donsolo http://www.flickr.com/photos/donsolo/481054606/

17. Check Your Understanding 3 Is the multimedia principle being used in the image on the left? No, because there are no words associated with the images. Image CC Donsolo http://www.flickr.com/photos/donsolo/481054606/

18. Check Your Understanding 4 Is the contiguity principle being used in the image on the left? Click for answer Image CC Sandcastlematt http://www.flickr.com/photos/sandcastlematt/1433606432/

19. Check Your Understanding 4 Is the contiguity principle being used in the image on the left? Yes, because the images and the associated words are aligned. Image CC Sandcastlematt http://www.flickr.com/photos/sandcastlematt/1433606432/

20. Works Cited Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2007). E-Learning and the Science of Instruction (p. 476). John Wiley and Sons.