Energia municipal i comarcal. Local energy Coenercat, Congrés d'Energia de Catalunya

1. Prof Paul Fleming
Director of Sustainable Development
De Montfort University
Leicester

2. Local and County
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Background
Leicester
Smart Cities
SmartSpaces – Leicester
Engaging with young people
Next Steps

3. 1. Background

4. Strategy
•
•
•
•
Leadership
Emissions inventory
Action plan
Implementation
– New developments
– Existing development
– Ongoing management
• People

5. Guidance
• Energy Cities
• ICLEI
• Climate Alliance
• Fedarene
• Covenant of Mayors
Covenant of Mayors
Committed to local sustainable energy

6. International issue
•
•
•
•
•
International commitment
EU commitment
National
Regional
Local

7. Energy and Greenhouse gas related
Data
•
•
•
•
Reducing our carbon footprint
New employment opportunities
Health and pollution
Quality of Life
• Ethical and privacy issues
• Data security issues

8. ENERGY?
•
•
•
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Heat and power our homes
Heat and power businesses
Move us around
Produce goods and services
• Linked to most things we do
• Not just technical problem

9. ENERGY SERVICES
• We do not want gas or electricity – we want
heat, light, power and mobility
• Low unit energy costs
• Affordable energy service

10. NON TECHNICAL BARRIERS
• How do you overcome non-technical barriers?
• How do you implement energy efficiency
improvements?
• How do you implement renewable energy systems?
– Attitudes and behaviour
– Decision Makers
– Public Dialogue

11. IMPLEMENTATION
“Boring” Energy Efficiency measures
• Time controls
• Heating controls
• Lighting controls
• Thermal insulation
• Energy-efficient equipment
“Exciting” renewable
• PV
• Solar thermal
• Biomass
• wind

12. 2. Leicester

14. Ambitious vision
• 1990 UK’s First Environment City
• 50% emissions reduction by 2025 based on
1990 levels
• Leicester as a low carbon city
– homes
– Non-domestic buildings
– Waste
– Transport
– Public engagement

15. Long history
• 1990, Leicester, UK first environment city
• 1992, Leicester, received honours at the Earth
summit in Rio de Janeiro
• 1995, Leicester, European sustainable city
• 2003, Leicester. Climate change strategy
• 2010, low carbon city key priority of newly
elected Mayor
• 2012, launch of the citywide combined heat and
power scheme

16. Citywide
•
•
•
•
•
•
Planning Regulations
Combined heat and power
Cavity wall insulation
External wall insulation
Solar thermal
Solar photovoltaic
• Smart grids
• Attitudes and behaviour
• Community energy schemes

17. Making Leicester a low carbon city

19. 3. Smart Cities

20. Smart Cities: Integrative Approach
• Focus on the data on the
physical structure of the city
Jobs
• Buildings
–
–
–
–
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Public
Technology
• External Spaces
–
–
–
–
Functional
Wellbeing
Aesthetic
Environment
Efficiency
Wealth
Ideally, the
structure and
systems of the
city optimise
all these
Wellbeing
• Thoroughfares
–
–
–
–
Location
Layout
Access
Mobility
Behaviour
Health
Environment

21. Data
• Energy Supply
–
–
–
–
Fossil fuel electricity
Renewable electricity
Fossil fuel heat
Renewable heat
• Energy Demand (temperature and other data)
– Homes
– Business
– transport
• Air Quality
– Locally measures
– Satellite
• Other Data?
• Map supply and demand across the City.
– Whole System, based on individual businesses and modes of travel
– City wide combined heat and power scheme, energy storage
– “Shift” demand to different times of the day

22. Carbon Sequestration data
• Carbon stored in soils
• Carbon stored in open spaces
• Carbon stored in trees

23. Smart Grid Energy Flows

24. Smart Grids: Communications &
Intelligence
•
What signals are required?
–
–
–
–
•
Frequency: indicates national supply/demand balance
Voltage: due to local grid constraints
Price: e.g. Time of Use tariff
Other status and/or control signals
What method of communication is most effective?
–
–
–
–
–
–
GPS
Internet
Power Line Communication (PLC)
Downstream status monitoring
Control box with WiFi/Bluetooth/ZigBee
Smart meters

25. Cross-Sectoral Integration
•
Until recently power, thermal and transport sectors have
been relatively separate and self-contained
– Due to the dominance of a different fuel type for each
•
Oil and natural gas are becoming less sustainable
– Due energy security and climate change issues
• So where else can we get the energy from for the transport
sector?
•
Gas will be available for decades, coal for longer
– But it must incorporate Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
•
In a low carbon energy system, the sectors merge
– Primary supply will be increasingly electricity based
• Power sector: supply from renewables, nuclear, ‘clean’ coal/gas
• Transport sector: electric vehicles and electrolytic hydrogen
production use grid power
• Thermal sector: heat pumps, ‘storable’ electric heating/cooling

26. Buildings and Transport Integration
•
Net zero-energy only feasible in highly efficient buildings in low-density areas
– Building-integrated renewables not sufficient for high-rise or energy hungry buildings
(e.g. hospitals)
– However, avoid incentivising urban sprawl
•
•
•
Increases car dependence and transport energy use
Public transport not economical in low-density urban areas
Off-site supply of electricity
– Usually less expensive than on-site PV (solar photo voltaic)
•
Achieves more CO2 mitigation per £
– However:
•
•
•
•
PV electricity is becoming more competitive
Competes against the retail price
Improves grid reliability by relieving bottlenecks
Smart EV (electric vehicle)charging
–
–
–
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Eliminate emissions cased by transport from urban sprawl
Improve efficiency of transport from urban sprawl
Maximise benefit of PV by avoiding export to grid (mobility is high value service)
Improve (heat led) CHP (Combined Heat and Power) performance by balancing electrical supply

27. What Are We Trying to Achieve?
Slid
e 27

28. Dispatchable Demand
•
The demand side solution
– Time-shifting of demand
• ...with intrinsic energy storage capability
– What methods of control?
• Active customer participation?
• Automatic (‘invisible’) control?
• Centralised or local control?
– Current focus is on
• Domestic loads & electric vehicle charging
• Demand levelling
• Short-period time-shifting
– also addresses
• Industrial demand response
– Especially in hydrogen fuel production
• Supply matching
• Long-period time-shifting

29. Example of modelling results
•
•
Proportional prosumer response – initial
findings (“milestone version”)
Domestic demand flattening achieved:
–
Intermediary ‘Smart Signal’ eliminates
instabilities seen in other models that use price
optimisation strategy for domestic customers
3000
Price optimising
response
creates
instabilities
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Baseline demand (1000
prosumers, kW)
30
35
40
45
‘Smart Signal’
reduces peakmean ratio

30. Detailed data
• Energy and water meters
– Remote switching of “non essential loads”
– Automatic, remote charging of electric vehicles.
• Data for homes and businesses
– Temperature data from bedrooms
– Smart spaces example, engaging with non domestic
building users via social media
• Transport
– Vehicle and bus movements, traffic flows and car parks etc
• Air Quality
– Satellite data, providing local information

31. Data available to public
• Virtual power plant - supply and demand in
Leicester
• Homes
– Database of home with real time (or day plus one)
data?
– Compare with similar house types.
• Lifestyle is key issue

32. Conflicts
• Local renewable (biomass) and local air
quality?

33. Smart Cities: Jobs and Wealth Creation
•
Business opportunities
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•
Growing cleantech sector
Construction (and operation)
Service orientated (more people, less materials)
International markets
Leadership
New business models
–
Services
•
•
•
•
•
•
–
Energy services
Car clubs, etc
System integration
Operation and maintenance
Skills and training
Free Electric Vehicle ownership is even being used as a sales incentive in the property market!
Manufacture
•
•
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•
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High tech (high added value)
Offsite construction of buildings
Offsite production of bespoke, modular, retrofit assemblies for low-carbon refurbs.
Series production of low carbon vehicles
Existing local expertise, plus interested in-comers

34. Links to Other Data
• Health
– Energy poverty, air quality, room temperatures
• Economy
– Leicester the place to invest for low carbon
technologies
– Businesses more energy efficient –so running costs
lower
• Education
– All local schools are “outstanding schools”, so pupils
walk to their local school so reducing transport energy
and local pollution

35. Issues to addressed from the outset
• Data privacy
– Data is anonymous and people providing the data
are well informed
• Data Security
– Security is essential requirement. People not able
to “hack into system” and switch all freezers off

36. Green Segment
• Proposal to
integrate city
centre and
suburban
issues, use
‘Green
Segment’
concept

37. Green Segment Components
•
Low Carbon Zone :
–
Strict building/refurb.
Codes
•
–
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LED street lighting
Integrated train and
bus services
•
•
–
–
Location
Smart card
Pedestrian + Zero
Emission Vehicle
streets
•
–
Connect to CHP or
renewable
generation
FREE Park &
Charge points
1-way, per mile Battery
Electric Vehicle hire
Hydrogen Car Club
•
•
•
Discounts for
Battery Electric
Vehicle owners
Overcomes range
anxiety
Smart Grid
enabling
Wind
Turbine +
PV farm
BEV (LCC
fleet) charging
from CHP
Satellite
logistics
hub
CHP
from
waste
Low-C
manufacturing
hub
Many workers
from Beaumont
Leys live here
Low
Carbon
Zone
Smart grid
trials
(Wattbox)
Low carbon
residential
buildings
Hythane
(grid to gas)
for homes
BEV (domestic)
charging from
smart grid
Square
Mile
project
Railway
Station

38. Data
• Major opportunities to use data to help
improve economy and health of the city

39. 4. Smart Spaces – Leicester

40. Pilot sites map

41. Services
• Energy Decision Support and Awareness Services (EDSS),
– Delivering direct timely and comprehensible feedback on the
impact of behaviour on a full range of energy uses
– Enabling professionals / staff / visitors of public buildings to
avoid existing energy waste
• Energy Management Services (EMS)
– Using automatic control systems for production, (local)
distribution and consumption
– Using remote control

42. EU Municipal Buildings
• Multiple and diverse buildings (c 500) and staff (c 11,000)
Automatic Meter Readers collecting data
(c 2000)
Potential for 10% savings on energy
wastage
– € 1.2 million per year
Day+1 half-hourly data
c 36.8 million bits of data per year
(but what to do with it?)

43. User Engagement
• Focus groups collecting requirements
Logical
View
Development
View
Scenarios
• Two iterations for:
Process
View
Deployment
View
– Requirement collection, prioritisation and use case
tracing
– Use Case collection and drafting
• Some detail:
SMARTSPACES SERVICES – OVERVIEW OF USE CASES
– >500 Individuals involved in system outline
– >300 Requirements collected
– 49 generic Use Cases defined in 4 layers
Multi-level
L ighting /Dim
ming
Daylight
Harvesting
Peak
shaving
Supply
Network
Diagnostic
and
Operations
Visual
Incentive
Servic e
Availability
Occupancy
Sensing
Peak
Prevention
Domain
Operations
Storage
Maintenanc e
Servic e
Acc essibility
Peak
c ontrol
Authorisation
check
Peak
shaving
Demand
BEMS
SERVICE
PROVIDER
Manage
Schedules
Manage
Alarms
Add
User
Update
Content
Delete
Content
Add
Content
Manage
C ontent
Update
building
configuration
Metering
Equipment
Administra
tion
Building
Administ
ration
PROFESSIONAL
Export
C onsumption
Information
INHERITANCE
SERVIC E
PROVIDER
Benchmark
C onsumption
Configure
Personalised
Dashboard
Change
zone
settings
Manage
Settings
C onsumption
activity
Energy C oach
Communication
View
Report
L ogin
STAFF
Give
Feedback
Action
Awareness
Share
Explore
PROFESSIONAL
Resource
Awareness
Subscribe
Get
Advice
STAFF
Awareness
Interac tion
Get
Visitor ’s
Pass
VISITOR
VISITOR
Register
New
Metering
Equipment
Metering
Equipment
Report
Event
Reac tion
Plan
Occ upanc y
Activate/Deac
tivate
Metering
Equipment
Register

44. Leicester Pilot
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•
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•
•
•
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•
5 x university
7 x leisure centres
7 x schools
2 x community
1 x concert hall
1 x museum
1 x office
1 x library
• Existing metering network provides data to
energy professionals
• smartspaces will make these data available
to all building users
• Aim is to facilitate a change in culture and
achieve carbon savings

45. Approach:
Use Cases Testing
• Questionnaire Based Assessment
– To evaluate the case studies. To assist in the assessment of each case study
questionnaires were provided to each focus group outlining each test case with a
common evaluation framework.
• The “Feedback” Loop
•
•
The testing was designed to assess the use
cases with test cases (feedback
The Process Models were assessed using
the question “Did you follow the process
as set out above?”

46. Approach
• Look for effects at three levels:
– institutional-level effects and drivers (which aspects of
Energy Decision Support and Awareness Services
EDSS/ Energy Management Services EMS)?
– individual-level effects and do these help explain what
features of the Energy Decision Support and
Awareness Services EDSS has most impact/what the
barriers were?
– effects at the social-level? e.g. Was there social
interaction and is this reflected in a change of norms?

47. Simplicity through sophistication
Advanced consumption modelling produces a reliable, simple indicator. This is
used to generate “smartfaces”. The key information is provided in an
immediate, user-friendly format. There is no need for interpretation, users
can absorb the information in a few seconds.

48. Community building
Dynamic content creates interest
Report problems
Identify solutions
Active discussions
Show off best practice
Build a community
Makes co-ordinated action possible
A small number of active users
The majority of users are passive

49. Challenges and Goals
• A vibrant comments section is essential but...
• It is likely that most users will NOT contribute
– It is possible that none will
– The comments section could be perpetually empty
– The system will appear abandoned
• Ideas
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–
–
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Recruit ‘champions’ for each building to seed discussions
User group sessions in each building
Continually create content in initial stages
Target of 100 active users is less than 3% of the total
Live Demo www.smartspaces.dmu.ac.uk

50. LLEIDA
Application
Different uses of the application
Service
provider
Staff building
Visitors
Data server
Data and Servers
Connectivity
Application features
Building
professional
Application server
Database: PostgreSQL
Scalability: Yes
Security: Data encryption, access ctrl.
Web Server: IIS 7.5
Technology: .NET
Security: Firewalls, access control
Router
Corversor
ZigBeeModbus
Ethernet
Router
Data collecting
Dexgate
Hermes LC2
GPRS/GSM
Modbus
Modbus
Xenta 511
Pulse
ZigBee
Public Weather
Station data
Electric Utility meter
with modem
Temperature
humidity
Electric meter
Gas Utility meter
Existent
Schneider
SCADA

51. 5. Engaging young people

52. Staff and Student Training

53. Inspirational Visits

54. Workshops

55. Thermal Imaging

56. Capturing Design
Requirements

57. Discussing Ideas with Experts

58. What can you remember from the
sustainability workshops
What are the 5 principles of low-energy building
design?
– Insulation
– Site Orientation and the use of natural daylight
– Minimizing energy demand
– Ventilation
– Renewable Energy

59. Results of Engagement

60. 6. Next Steps

61. Implementation
• Technology
– Energy efficiency
– Renewable energy
– Monitoring
– Smart meters
– Smart transport
• People
– Share data
– Make more informed decisions

62. Smart Cities
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•
•
•
•
Move from buildings to cities
Electricity network
Heat networks
Energy storage (heat and electricity)
Monitoring and feedback
– Buildings, transport,
– People, social media
• Local and County role