1. Inherently Adaptive Structural Materials
TechnovaCorporation

2. Outline of the Presentation
Structural and Adaptive Qualities of Bone
BiomimeticPrinciples of Adaptive Materials
Design & Evaluation of Integrated Adaptive Systems
Processing of Nanocomposites
Modeling and Validation of Structural Principles

3. Development of Bone Structure
CancellousBone Compact Bone

4. Mechanisms of Bone AdaptationLoadsBuild of BoneStrainsComparisonSignalRemodeling
Electrical Potential Gradient Under Bending
Bone Remodeling Under Bending

5. Consequences of Bone Adaptation
Arrangement of Struts Along Principal Strain Lines
Optimization of Topology

6. Outline of the Presentation
Structural and Adaptive Qualities of Bone
BiomimeticPrinciples of Adaptive Materials
Design & Evaluation of Integrated Adaptive Systems
Processing of Nanocomposites
Modeling and Validation of Structural Principles

7. Key Constituents and ProcessesPiezoelectricityElectrolysisSolid Electrolytes+++++++++ ---------+ + + + - - - - V = g.s.tQ = d.s.AV = Vo + i.R + VeQ = n.F

8. Experimental Validation of Electrolysis Through Solid Electrolyte
Electrolytic Cell-50-40-30-20-1001020304050Voltage, mV-1.00-0.75-0.50-0.250.000.250.500.751.00 Current, mA Voltammogram
Micrographs

9. Design & Validation of Piezo-Driven Electrolysis+++++++ -------Stainless Steel MeshCopper-Ion Conducting PolymerCopper LayerPiezoelectric StackApplied Stress: Stress, MPaTime, sec301

10. Outline of the Presentation
Structural and Adaptive Qualities of Bone
BiomimeticPrinciples of Adaptive Materials
Design & Evaluation of Integrated Adaptive Systems
Processing of Nanocomposites
Modeling and Validation of Structural Principles

11. Designs and Validation of a Basic SystemReplicated Multilayers of: Insulative Lay Conductive Layer (Tc) Piezoelectric Layer (Tp) Solid Electrolyte Layer (Ts) Metallic Layer (Tm) T L W W1L1Schematic PresentationV = g33.s.TpQ = d33.s.(n.L1.W1) er (Ti)
Processing and Test Set-Ups
SystemTiTcTpTsTmI (conventional)50 μm50 μm50 μm50 μm50 μmII (nanocomposite)5 nm5 nm50 nm40 nm40 nm
Alternative Designs

12. An Elaborate Adaptive ElementAASection A-ANanolayered CompositeComprising Replicated: Insulative Nanolayer (Ti) Conductive Nanolayer (Tc) Piezoelectric Nanolayer (Tp) Solid Electrolyte Nanoayer (Ts) Metallic Nanoayer (Tm) (a)(b)(c) eeMass Transfer(d) ee(e) ++ ++ -- -- Mass Transfer

13. Detailed System Design and AnalysisAASection A-ANanolayered CompositeComprising Replicated: Insulative Nanolayer (Ti = 5 nanometer) Conductive Nanolayer (Tc = 5 nanometer) Piezoelectric Nanolayer (Tp = 150 nanometer) Solid Electrolyte Nanoayer (Ts = 40 nanometer) Metallic Nanoayer (Tm = 150 nanometer) 10 mm1 mm1 m(a) Concentric Loading(b) Eccentric Loadingee(c) Concentricity Restored by Self-Adaptation8.33 MPa43 MPa-26 MPa8.33 MPa
System Design
Structural & Adaptive Analysis

14. Preliminary Assessment of Structural Implications

15. Preliminary Assessment of Structural Implications

16. Outline of the Presentation
Structural and Adaptive Qualities of Bone
BiomimeticPrinciples of Adaptive Materials
Design & Evaluation of Integrated Adaptive Systems
Processing of Nanocomposites
Modeling and Validation of Structural Principles

17. Ionic Self-Assembly: Basic Principles
Mechanism of Self-Assembly
Build-Up of Nanolayers

18. Adaptation of Ionic Self-AssemblySubstrate / PEIPEI/[PSS/PAH]3PEI/[PSS/PAH]3 Au]1PEI/[PSS/PAH]3 Au/PAH]2PEI/[PSS/PAH]3 Au/PAH]3SubstratePAH/PS119PAh/PS119/ZrO2Multiple ZrO2/Polymer Layers
Manual and Automated Processing
Self-Assembly of Colloidal Nanoparticles

19. Self-Assembly of Piezoelectric and Conducting NanolayersFElectrodeVC0ElectrodeITO-Coated Glass SubstrateIonically Self-Assembled, Multilayer PSS/PDDA System00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8201234567Applied Force, g Output VOltage, mV

20. Outline of the Presentation
Structural and Adaptive Qualities of Bone
BiomimeticPrinciples of Adaptive Materials
Design & Evaluation of Integrated Adaptive Systems
Processing of Nanocomposite
Modeling and Validation of Structural Principles

21. Section-Level Structural Modeling
Modeling Principles∫∫=+ clAAllccNdAfdAf∫∫=+ clAAllccMydAfydAf
Effect of Hybrid NanolayerBuild-Up on RVC Section Behavior

22. Preliminary System-Level Analysis(a) Bending(b) Buckling(c) Yielding(d) FractureFailure Modes
Effect of Multi-Layer Polymer/Ceramic/Metal Build-Up
on Bulk Properties of RVC Open-Cell System
11
Tensile Strength
21
Elastic Modulus
3.9
Density
Composite/Base Ratio
Property

23. Preliminary Structural EvaluationOpen-Cell Structure and Tension Test Set-UpStrain, mm/mm Stress, MPa 0.0020.0040.0060.0080.0100.0120.0140.016 0.030.060.090.120.150.18 As-ReceivedAfter Deposition ofPolymeric NanolayersEffect of Polymer Nanolayerson Tensile Behavior of Open-Cell Structure

24. Summary & Conclusions
Selection of adaptive system constituents and viable architectures
Modeling, design and experimental validation of adaptive structures
Implementation of nanocompositeprocessing techniques
Modeling and validation of structural principles