How Photosynthesis Has Changed The Earth

How Photosynthesis Has Changed The Earth
Claim Photosynthesis has changed the Earth in many different ways including causing The Great
Oxygenation, causing the first ice age, and creating aerobic life.
What Is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is how the first oxygen came to Earth. For photosynthesis
to happen there has to be three key elements present; water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. Plants
capture sunlight using chlorophyll as stated in
http://www.ducksters.com/science/photosynthesis.php, "Plants capture sunlight using a compound
called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is green, which is why so many plants appear green." A lot of people
think producing oxygen is why organisms use photosynthesis but actually they use photosynthesis
as a way of making food for themselves. Oxygen is just a byproduct of photosynthesis. Another
byproduct of photosynthesis is water vapor. Caused The Great Oxygenation The Great Oxygenation
was caused by cyanobacteria creating oxygen using photosynthesis and sending Oxygen into the
atmosphere. Cyanobacteria was the first organism to produce Oxygen through photosynthesis. As it
states in http://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_02.html, "2.7 billion years ago, bluish–green
microscopic organisms called cyanobacteria flourished in Earth's oceans. They made gaseous, or
free, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only a small percentage of life survived through the ice age. The large amount of oxygen killed off
a lot of the anaerobic life and the small amount of anaerobic life that survived hid in places with no
oxygen like geysers. After the first ice age, multicellular life started appearing. Most of the life that
appeared used oxygen to survive because it was a very good source of energy and it was
everywhere. According to the timeline on
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth#timeline, "The first Eukaryotes appeared 1.5
billion years ago. Eventually, they started evolving and evolving until they became complex life like
plants and animals.
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Ap Biologly Photosynthesis Lab Report
AP Biology Lab Four: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to
separate and identify pigments and other molecules within plant cells by a process called
chromatography. We will also be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. Beta
carotene, the most abundant carotene in plants, is carried along near the solvent front because it is
very soluble in the solvent being used and because it forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose.
Xanthophyll is found further from the solvent font because it is less soluble in the solvent and has
been slowed down by hydrogen bonding to the cellulose. Chlorophylls contain oxygen and nitrogen
and are bound more tightly to the paper than the other pigments. ... Show more content on
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Replace cuvette 2 into the foil sleeve, and place it into the incubation test tube rack. Turn on the
flood light. Take and record additional readings at 5,10,and 15 minutes. Mix the cuvette's contents
just prior to each readings. Remember to use cuvette 1 occasionally to check and adjust the
spectrophotometer to 100% transmittance. 14) Obtain the unboiled chloroplast suspension, mix, and
transfer 3 drops to cuvette 3. Immediately cover and mix cuvette 3. Insert it into the
spectrophotometer's sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and record it in Table 4.4.
Replace cuvette 3 into the incubation test tube rack. Take and record additional readings at 5, 10,
and 15 minutes. Mix the cuvette's contents just prior to each readings. Remember to use cuvtte 1
occasionally to check and adjust the spectrophotometer to 100% transmittance. 15) Obtain the
boiled chloroplast suspension, mix, and transfer 3 drops to cuvette 4. Immediately cover and mix
cuvette 4. Insert it into the spectrophotometer's sample holder, read the percentage transmittance,
and record it in Table 4.4. Replace cuvette 4 into the incubation test tube rack. Take and record
additional readings at 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Mix the cuvette's contents just prior to each readings.
Remember to use cuvtte 1 occasionally to check and adjust the spectrophotometer to 100%
transmittance.

Biology: The Endosymbiotic Theory Essay example
A more recent evolutionist of the theory is Lynn Margulis, who is famous through her research
career that mainly focused on this concept. It was Biologist Lynn Margulis from Boston University
who in 1967 began to tell an older view. She suggested that certain prokaryotes had been overtaken
by larger more active species. Instead of being digested inside the host cell some victims continued
to thrive and grow. The theory of Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplasts and
mitochondria and their double membranes. This concept explains the idea that chloroplasts and
mitochondria are the results of years of evolution started by endocytosis of bacteria and blue green
algae. Based on this theory, blue green algae and bacteria are not ... Show more content on
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According to Margulis, the pre–eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic bacterium, but rather than digest
and kill the bacterium, a symbiotic relationship was born. This relationship, the aerobic bacterium
provided energy through ATP and the eukaryotic cell provided an environment to live while
protecting the new symbiont from harm in environmental factors such as oxygen. Because almost all
living eukaryotes have a mitochondria, it is safe to assume that this event happened before plants
and animals split in the evolutionary lineage.After this first evolutionary leap came a second that
would separate the plant and animal lineages forever. Through a second symbiotic event that
involved the eukaryotic cell engulfing a cyanobacteria, the plants would be able to photosynthesize
and make their own food. This would separate them into the autotrophs and secure their position at
the bottom of the food chain, nevertheless of how many evolutionary events would take place from
that point on. The Chloroplast:
Evidence to support Margulis's Endosymbiotic Theory has grown over the years. This evidence
includes a double membrane surrounding the organelles with an inner layer that retains the bacteria's
characteristics and an outer layer that keep characteristics of the cell that engulfed it. Mitochondria
and chloroplasts are very similar in size to prokaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their
own DNA and lack histone proteins, the DNA is circular and

Respiration And Photosynthesis
The sun will release energy through nuclear reactions. Plants can use the light energy it releases to
produce glucose which they can store and use. The stored glucose is then consumed by a organism
in the food chain. This could be a herbivore, microorganisms or a omnivore.
An autotroph is an organism that produces complex organic compounds like protiens,
carbohydrates, and fats. Heterotrophs function as consumers in food chains: they obtain organic
carbon by eatng other heterotrophs or autotrophs. This contrasts with autotrophs, like plants and
algae, which can use photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is used in
chemical energy. Using the energy of light, carbohydrates like sugars are synthesized from carbon
dioxide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy and reduced reactions from sunlight in
photosynthesis. Oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor during respiration. Oxygen is the
byproduct of a water molecule breaking down in the beginning of photosynthesis to supply
photosystem II with electrons. There is no role of oxygen in photosynthesis. Oxygen is used as the
terminal electron acceptor during respiration.
Chemiosmosis is movement of ions across a membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. It
relates to ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or
photosynthesis. ATP respiration breaks down complex molecules to release energy that is used to
make ATP.
The Calvin cycle is a set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis.
The cycle is independent light because it starts after the energy has been captured from sunlight. It
creates large macromolecules by attaching carbon from atmospheric CO2 to other organic
molecules. The difference between C3, and C4, plants are the process of light and their dark
reactions. They are us to save water to limit the amount of water

Light On Photosynthesis
This lab allowed the experimenters to understand the effect of light on the producer's
photosynthesis. Once understanding how the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis worked,
the experimenters can make predictions on how the light will affect the photosynthesis. For
example, a low amount of light will affect the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis because
light is essential for those reactions. The question the experimenters asked was, "Does having more
or less exposure to light cause a faster rate of photosynthesis?" The experimenters first had to know
that the leaf tissue of a producer contains gas–filled intercellular spaces. Since the leaf have these
spaces, they float when placed in a solution. When the leaf disks are put into a vacuum pump, the
gases leave the intercellular spaces and the liquid fills these spaces. In doing so, the leaf disks sink
to the bottom. This is because the liquid have a higher density than the gases that were in those
spaces. As oxygen is made by photosynthesis, it diffuses into the intercellular spaces. When there is
enough oxygen in the intercellular spaces, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the amount of time the experimenters waited before looking at each petri dish was not
exact. Having this could've caused an experimental error because each petri dish could've have more
or less time under their light amount. This would affect how many reactions of photosynthesis the
leaf disks would've done, causing the number of leaf disks floating to be incorrect. A way to fix is to
have a timer, so that way each petri dish could have to same time of light exposure. In conclusion,
the experimenters learned that the higher amount of light caused more leaf disk to be floating. This
is supported by what the experimenters learn in class, because light is used in the light dependent
reactions of photosynthesis. Therefore, having more light would have to produce more

Plant Cells : Occasion Homework
Plant Cells: Occasion Homework. 9/4/16
Plants have numerous cells inside them. They all have distinctive part and capacities. Together they
all out to make the plant empower itself to survive. Inside a plant are its cells. Inside a cell are its
organelles. These organelles are called cell organelles which are little individual parts of a phone
which complete distinctive particular capacities. There are a vast variety of different
Golgi Mechanical assembly: An arrangement (stack) of levelled, film bound sacs (saccules) required
in the capacity, alteration and emission of proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids bound to leave the cell
(extracellular) and for use inside the cell (intracellular). The Golgi device is plentiful in secretory ...
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Bigger particles (counting microscopic organisms) enter extraordinary white platelets (phagocytes)
through a type of endocytosis called phagocytosis. The Single adaptable cell is a unicellular protist
that ingests sustenance (counting algal cells) by phagocytosis.
Lysosome: A film bound organelle containing hydrolytic (digestive) catalysts. Lysosomes begin as
layer bound vesicles (called Golgi vesicles) that bud from the Golgi mechanical assembly. They are
basically required with intracellular processing. Lysosomes wire with vesicles (little vacuoles)
framed by endocytosis. The substance of these vesicles are processed by lysosomal chemicals. Auto
absorption by lysosomes likewise happens amid embryonic improvement. The fingers of a human
developing life are webbed at first, however are isolated from each other by lysosomal catalysts.
Cells in the tail of a tadpole are processed by lysosomal compounds amid the continuous move into
a frog.
Peroxisome: A layer bound organelle that contains particular catalysts imported from the cytoplasm
(cytosol). For instance, certain peroxisomes contain the compound catalase which quickly separates
dangerous hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This response can be effectively exhibited by
pouring some hydrogen peroxide on crude meat or an open injury.
Glycolysis: An anaerobic oxidation pathway outside of the mitochondria in which glucose is

Exploring Water Quality
Water quality describes the condition of the H¬2¬O, including chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics. The water quality test that are generally carried out are pH, turbidity, temperature,
dissolved oxygen, dissolved phosphate and nitrate. Dissolved oxygen refers to the level of free
present in H¬2¬O. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on
the organisms living within a body of H¬2¬O. Dissolved oxygen is oxygen gas molecules (O2)
present in the water. Generally, oxygen is spread through diffusion, which is determined by many
factors including temperature of water, rapids, falls, time, climate and altitude. For example, a
stagnant H¬2–O will have less dissolved oxygen than a fast flowing ... Show more content on
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Oxygen will diffuse in the less oxygenated water due to the concentration gradient. Another way
oxygen can get into the water is by photosynthesis (6CO2 + 6H2O ––––––> C6H12O6 + 6O2) of
phytoplankton and aquatic plants. The smaller the depth of water column the more light plants have
from the sun increasing photosynthesis thus the amount of dissolved oxygen. Photosynthesis is the
process of using carbon dioxide, H¬2¬O and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The
oxygen and glucose created are then used by the plants and animals for respiration (C6H12O6+6O2
––––––> 6CO2+6H20+36ATP). Glucose and oxygen from photosynthesis is used to create energy
(ATP) for the plant while the carbon dioxide and H¬2¬O are by–product. The amount of dissolved
oxygen (DO) produced by photosynthesis vary greatly on time of day. At daytime photosynthesis
creates a large amount of oxygen while at night time photosynthesis cannot occur due to lack of
light energy. Therefore, dissolved oxygen levels are measured in saturation (%) rather than mg/l.
Mg/l will vary from time to time however saturation is calculated as the percentage of dissolved O2
concentration relative to that when completely saturated at the temperature of the

Photosynthesis and Respiration
All organisms on earth depend on photosynthesis, in which light energy is used to make sugar and
other food molecules from carbon dioxide and water. For example, plants and other photo–
synthesizers need only energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from air, and water from the soil to
make the sugar glucose. Photosynthesis is the most important chemical process on earth because it
provides food for virtually all organisms, not only for photo–synthesizers but for the organisms that
eat them. Plants can capture the energy of the sun by a chemical process called photosynthesis. This
chemical reaction can be described by the following simple equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2
The product of photosynthesis is a carbohydrate, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CO2 is converted into malic acid and then converted back to CO2 during the day when light is
present, thus producing sugars, while the stomata are closed and greatly reducing water loss. Plants
convert the energy from light into simple sugars, such as glucose. This food may be converted back
to water and carbon dioxide, releasing the stored energy through a process called respiration. This
energy is required for growth in nearly all organisms. Simple sugars are also converted to other
sugars and starches (carbohydrates) which may be transported to the stems and roots for use or
storage, or they may be used as building blocks for more complex structures, e.g. oils, pigments,
proteins, cell walls, etc. Photosynthesis is dependent on the availability of light. In other words, as
sunlight increases in intensity photosynthesis increases. This results in greater food production.
Many garden crops, such as tomatoes, respond best to maximum sunlight. Tomato production is cut
drastically as light intensities drop. Only two or three varieties of "greenhouse" tomatoes will
produce any fruit when sunlight is minimal in fall and spring. Water plays an important role in
photosynthesis in several ways. First, it maintains a plant's turgor or the firmness or fullness of plant
tissue. Turgor pressure in a cell can be compared to air in an inflated balloon. Water pressure or
turgor is needed in plant cells to maintain shape and ensure

A Study on Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process in plants, algae, and some prokaryotes, that coverts solar insulation into
chemical energy stored in glucose or other organic compounds. Photosynthesis occurs in slightly
different ways in higher plants relative to photosynthetic bacteria. Photosynthesis is an important
process because it harnesses the sun's energy into utilizable forms of energy on earth. Most
biological organisms such as animals and fungi are unable to directly use light energy to power
biological processes such as active transport, cell division and muscle movement. ATP is used to
power these processes. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of
glucose and then the process of cellular respiration converts energy in glucose to energy in the form
of ATP which is ultimately used to power biological processes. The energy produced by
photosynthesis forms the foundation of virtually all terrestrial and aquatic food chains. As a result,
photosynthesis is the crucial source of carbon in the organic molecules found in most organisms.
The high oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is derived directly from the light reactions of
photosynthesis. Prior to the evolution of photosynthesis on earth, the atmosphere was absent of any
oxygen
The rate of photosynthesis is determined by environmental factors. Factors affecting photosynthetic
rates include light intensity, water availability, soil nutrient content, concentration of carbon dioxide
and temperature.

Compare And Contrast The Theory Of Endosymbiosis
The theory of endosymbiosis is about one cell being absorbed into another. The two cells lived in an
endosymbiotic relationship which is how the theory began. A cell that could produce it's own energy
and a cell that could make energy from the sun were both absorbed by another prokaryotic bacteria.
These two energy–producing cells were aerobic cells that provided energy for the bigger anaerobic
bacteria that absorbed them. When the two energy producing cells were engulfed they did not get
digested. This is important because it started the symbiotic relationship where the large cell provided
protection and nutrients to the others and they produced energy that the large cell also used. They
became dependant on each other so this relationship became permanent over time. The two absorbed
cells are what we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chloroplast is the photosynthesizing organelle of all photosynthetic eukaryotes. These are the
cells that eventually became what we know as plants. The mitochondria carry out cellular respiration
in other eukaryotic cells. It converts chemical energy of foods into a molecule of ATP. ATP is the
main energy source of cellular work and it is essential to life. As stated above, there were three
different prokaryotic cells, one larger than the others engulfed the other two but didn't digest them.
The evidence to support this is as follows; first, membrane. Then DNA, antibiotics, division and
ribosomes. Some organelles have double membrane which proves the endosymbiotic theory. There
can be double the DNA because the mitochondria and chloroplast each has their own structure.
Since mitochondria and chloroplast each has their own structure of DNA it was determined that they
divided independently in the third bigger cell which absorbed them. This way the eukaryote has

Describe The Role Of Photosynthesis In Living Organisms
Photosynthesis is one of the most important processes regarding living things. Photosynthesis is a
process that plants undergo in order to produce food for themselves as well as giving off oxygen as a
byproduct. Plants undergo photosynthesis because they are autotrophs, meaning that these
organisms can gather energy from various non–living structures and store that energy in
hydrocarbons (1). More specifically, most plants (including the elodea used during the lab) classify
further as phototrophs. Phototrophs are organisms in which gathers the energy they use during
photosynthesis from sunlight (1). The chemical equation which represents photosynthesis is as
displayed below (2):
6CO2 + 6H2O ––––––> C6H12O6 + 6O2 [1]
Sunlight energy
During photosynthesis, plants take in the carbon dioxide (6CO2) that is in the atmosphere while
their roots absorb water (6H2O) (3). With the presence of sunlight, the reaction can be initiated and
will further ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Photosynthesis occurs within the mesophyll, also known as the inner middle layer of the leaf which
contains numerous chloroplasts (4). Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes
place (5). Furthermore, chlorophyll is the green pigment within the chloroplasts where the sunlight
is absorbed (5). This lab consisted of using elodea leaves submerged in sodium bicarbonate (a
compound used to help the reaction produce O2) along with different colored lights (red, green, and
blue) to observe the effect that the different wavelengths have on the rate of photosynthesis. The
experiment also incorporated elodea leaves (also submerged in sodium bicarbonate) with the use

Photosynthesis Lab
1. What did Joseph Priestley find in 1780?
In 1780, Joseph Priestley constructed that plants could "restore air which has been injured by the
burning of candles."
2. What did Jan Ingenhouse discover?
Jan Ingenhouse discovered that light plays a dominant role in photosynthesis.
3. What did Jean Senebier find?
Jean Senebier found that fixed air, or CO2, was captured up through the process of photosynthesis.
4. What else was necessary according to Theodore de Saussure?
According to Theodore de Saussure, water was necessary.
5. State the overall reaction for photosynthesis.
Overall reaction for photosynthesis: 6 CO2 + 6H20–––––––––> C6 H12 O6 + 602 chlorophyll
6. What are the 2 different types of chlorophyll? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How many glucose molecules can be produced per second in a plant?
Three glucose molecules can be produced per second in a plant. 16. What happens to any glucose
that is not used by the plant?
Glucose that is not used by the plant is endured for chemical energy or it can be gathered as starch.
17. How many chloroplasts are present per cell?
There are about 40–50 chloroplast present per cell.
18. How long does it take for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth's surface?
It takes 8 minutes for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth's surfce.
19. How long does it take the plant to process and store it in a chemical bond?
It takes approximately five seconds for the plant to process and store it in chemical bonds.
20. How is light captured by living things?
Light is captured by living things by molecules called pigments.
21. What are pigments?

Pigments are molecules that have emerged to take in wavelengths in the distinguished region of the
spectrum.
22. What is the graph showing?
The graph is showing the absorption spectrum of pure and unmixed chlorophylls in a solution. 23.
What are the 2 primary pigments in photosynthesis
Two primary pigments in photosynthesis are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b (both absorb

Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis Essay
Photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration are two processes that work together to sustain the
living environment. They are similar processes in which energy is being converted and utilized by
organisms, however, photosynthesis and aerobic respiration also share some differences.
Photosynthesis is the process that takes place in plants and some algae in which light energy from
the sun is converted to chemical energy and is stored in the bonds of sugar. All plants need to make
sugar is light energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of the
plant cell, where the process utilizes chlorophyll. The parts of a chloroplast include the inner and
outer membranes, stroma, and thylakoids that are stacked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One of the two pyruvate molecules that was generated from glycolysis enters the mitochondrial
matrix where it is converted to acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA initiates a cyclical series of reactions,
creating the first compound in the Krebs cycle by transforming the last product formed in the Krebs
cycle into Citrate. During the Krebs cycle, 1 ATP molecule is created and 3 molecules of carbon
dioxide are released. Since only 1 of the 2 pyruvates is needed, the Krebs cycle repeats and six
carbon dioxide molecules are released and the Krebs cycle forms two more ATP. Krebs cycle
produces several molecules of NADH and FADH2, which will be used in creating more ATP in the
third step of aerobic cellular respiration.
The third step in aerobic cellular respiration is the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2
initiate the electron transport chain and transport electrons down a chain of reactions. NADH or
FADH2 will work with electrons and oxygen to convert ADP to ATP. During this process, NADH
loses its hydrogen and creates a hydrogen concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial
membrane. This hydrogen concentration gradient produces more ATP and NADH is now NAD+. At
the end of this process, water and ATP is

Miochondria And Chloroplasts
With surely convincing evidence researchers have been able to compile in support of the
endosymbiosis theory, it becomes hard for one to deny the possibility that cilia, mitochondria and
chloroplasts once existed as bacterial organisms (later to be taken up by host cells by
endosymbiosis).
The first piece of scientific evidence that can spark one's belief in the theory, is in the genetic
content of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own
genomes, separate from the genome of the nucleus. On top of this, their genomes are in fact more
similar to the genomes of bacteria than they are to the nuclear genomes of eukaryotes. Like bacteria,
the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts are usually arranged as circular

Chlorosystems Involved In Photosynthesis
Chloroplast can capture sunlight with the help of chlorophyll pigment and is responsible for
photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is divided into light and dark reactions:
a) Light reaction (Photosynthetic electron–transfer): The electrons in chlorophyll is energized by
sunlight causing electron movement along electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.
Chlorophyll obtains electron from water, H+ is pumped across thylakoid membrane resulting in the
synthesis of ATP. Similarly, there high energy electron convert NADP+ into NADPH.
There are two photosystems involved that are involved in absorbing sunlight to production of ATP
and NADPH. These are Photosystem II and Photosystem I, which are composed of light harvesting
complex and reaction center.

The Correlation Between Cellular Respiration And...
Oryza sativa uses both the process of cellular respiration and photosynthesis. These two
complementary processes help each other out. By looking at the reactants and products of the two, it
shows that they are opposite processes. Plants have the capability of utilizing these processes to
obtain the energy they need.
Photosynthesis is the chemical process of capturing light energy and converting it into a chemical
form. Through a series of reactions, the process takes sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce
oxygen and a carbohydrate, usually a sugar called glucose. The oxygen is released into the
atmosphere, while the glucose is stored inside the plant. Because sunlight is required, photosynthesis
is a diurnal activity.
On the other hand, cellular respiration occurs when the plant is in need of energy whether it is
daytime or night. Animals are capable of using cellular respiration, but cannot take on
photosynthesis due to the absence of chloroplasts. During cellular respiration the reactants are
oxygen and sugar, and the products are carbon dioxide and water. The energy stored in the sugar is
released. This is also known as aerobic respiration since oxygen is needed for it to occur. ... Show
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This form of respiration occurs without the presence of oxygen. Sometimes plants can be low on
oxygen levels, but still need energy to survive. In comparison to aerobic respiration, anaerobic
respiration is not as efficient. During aerobic respiration the glucose is completely broken down, but
this does not happen during the anaerobic respiration. Instead, the products are ethyl alcohol, carbon
dioxide, and less ATP. Plants cannot depend on this process for a long period of time, and will die if
the lack of oxygen is

Inhibition Of Direct Light Affects Elodea 's Co2...
Inhibition of Direct Light affects Elodea's CO2 production during Photosynthesis
Diana Monyancha
Sydney Censullo, Monica Mendoza, Saul Longoria
Biology 1441 Section 014; Audra Andrew; October 02, 2015
Elodea Canadensis, also referred to as American waterweed or common elodea, is an aquatic plant
that is usually found in lakes, ponds or even rivers. Elodea helps support aquatic life such as young
fish and amphibians by providing shelter and can be consumed as food by ducks and beavers.
Elodea, like many other plants, relies upon photosynthesis to acquire its energy and to make food.
To determine the importance of light energy in the process of photosynthesis, two Elodea plants
were placed inside CO2 saturated water and exposed to different light intensities: one was under full
light exposure while another was covered with mesh clothing to reduce the amount of light that it
received; the solutions to this plants were then neutralized and compared to a control group which
had no Elodea to see the amount of CO2 that each would have left after a period of an hour. The
yielded results indicated that under high intensities of light, the Elodea plant photosynthesized and
respired at the same rate; and while it was covered, it photosynthesized more because of an
indicative decrease in CO2 levels. Therefore light energy is an essential aspect that affects the
amount of CO2 that a plant can use in the process of photosynthesis.
Introduction Elodea Canadensis has its origins in

Chloroplast Is The Site Of Photosynthesis
Organelle Project: The Chloroplast
The chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells. The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.
Since chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis it is also where sugar is produced, because glucose is
a product of photosynthesis. To begin with, I made a solar power sugarcane processing plant. The
reason being is that the chloroplast is where photosynthesis takes place and a product of
photosynthesis is glucose (sugar), and a sugarcane processing plant produces sugar. In
photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy, which is then stored
and also used to make glucose. I have a light in the corner to represent the sun and solar panels on
the roof, which shows energy transformation.

Chloroplasts Research Paper
The thylakoid is a membrane–bound compartment inside the cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. They
are made up of thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Thylakoids that are in the
chloroplasts are usually stacks of disks called grana or granum. The formation of thylakoids requires
light (the sun.) If there were an absence of light and the seedlings grew in the dark, the undergo
etiolation. Thylakoids don't develop and it literally kills the plant because its mouth for eating
(metaphorically) was sewn together.
Most enzymes in the important process of photosynthesis are usually embedded in the stroma in
thylakoid membranes. The stroma is filled with fluid surrounding the grana and also has a part in the
syntheses of organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide. After that production of the starch or
sugar moves out into the stroma. That is where the enzymes take carbon from carbon dioxide then
mixes it with oxygen and hydrogen to make a carbohydrate molecule. The function is generally
known as the Light–independent reactions or the dark reactions. ... Show more content on
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Granum is a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana are connected to make granum (plural)
which are connected by the stroma thylakoids which is also called intergrana thylakoids or lamellae.
Stroma thylakoids and grana thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein composition.
Because grana are so important in the formation of ATP, chloroplasts have around 10 to 100 grana.
The structure of granum, when seen under a light microscope, is the formation of green granules and
as a series of stacked disk–shaped membranes. Every granum has carotenoids and chlorophylls,
which creates the color of the

Why Mitochondria And The Cell With Versatile Operating...
Abstract:
Although mitochondria and chloroplasts encodes handful of their own proteins, however, majority
of their required proteins have to be synthesized in the cytosol and translocated into their correct
destinations using specialized transporting networks: TOM/TIM complexes in mitochondria and
TOC/TIC complexes in chloroplasts. Molecular chaperones play critical roles in facilitating
functional competent–protein import from the cytosol to their correct destinations, utilizing catalytic
motor components and other transporting channels. Biogenesis of both mitochondria and
chloroplasts and their maintenances in terms of transcription, translation and protein import into
their various numerous compartments requires very tight coordination to overcome energetic
barriers, protein aggregation and protein degradation. This essay describes molecular chaperones
involvement in protein import from the cytosol into these double membraned organelle
compartments.
Introduction:
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell with versatile operating systems (i.e. converts energy
derived from foods into cellular energy e.g. ATP, Amino Acid and lipid metabolisms, iron–sulphur
clusters and haem biosynthesis, and also the regulation of apoptosis) (Harbauer et al., 2014,
Bolender et al., 2008, Wiedemann et al., 2004). Equally, chloroplasts are also very versatile and
operates several metabolic and cellular processes (i.e. photosynthesis, amino acid and lipid
metabolism, cellular signalling and

Evaluate The Net Rate Of Photosynthesis
Introduction: Photosynthesis is the process that converts carbon dioxide into sugars, such as glucose,
using energy from the sun and other lights. When light is absorbed by the pigments in the leaf, the
energy absorbed is used to incorporate the carbon dioxide into organic molecules in a process called
carbon fixation. The equation for photosynthesis in words is carbon dioxide + water (light energy)
→ Glucose + Oxygen. In numbers it is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. This lab used leaf disks
to evaluate the net rate of photosynthesis under various lighting conditions, light, ambient light, and
dark. The lab members assessed the leaf responses under sunlight or ambient light. Leaf disks
normally float, however when the air spaces are pervaded with carbon dioxide, the overall density of
the leaf disk increases and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When sodium bicarbonate is added to the water, the bicarbonate ion acts as a carbon source for
photosynthesis causing the leaf disks to sink. As photosynthesis proceeds, oxygen is released into
the interior of the leaf, which changes its buoyancy causing the disk to rise. Since cellular
respiration is taking place at the same time in the leaf, consuming oxygen, the rate that the disks rise
is an indirect measure of the net rate of photosynthesis.
The structure of the leaf consists of the upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll, the vascular
bundles, and the stomates (Carter). The upper and lower epidermises serve as protection for the leaf,
and the stomates function in air exchange. Carbon dioxide enters through the stomates and oxygen
gas exits. The vascular bundles are the plant's transportation system; all water and nutrients moves
via the vascular bundles to different parts of the

Chloroplast Essay
In this experiment, chloroplast was isolated from spinach and the chloroplastic chlorophyll
concentration was calculated. The suspension was used to construct a negative control, a positive
control, 2 experimental tubes one with and one without a herbicide. Calculations were taken to plot
and find the Hill Reaction Rate. The hypothesis was that tube 4 with DCMU, the herbicide would
have an unchanging absorbance and thus the electron number would remain constant. While the
absorbance of tube 3 would vary to show the difference of electron numbers. In conclusion tube 3
had a steep line, of f(x)= –2.36E–03x + .0869, indicating photosynthesis. Tube 4 with DCMU was
not perfectly linear, with f(x)= 7.14E–05x + .0851, but in comparison to tube 3 did ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two tubes with chloroplast suspension were needed. One tube containing 5 ml of a 5 mg/ml
chlorophyll concentration and another with 1 ml of a 10 mg/ml chlorophyll concentration. The stock
solution was diluted to prepare these amounts with the reaction medium. 1 ml of chloroplast
suspension to cuvettes 1, 2, and 3 was added followed by 6ml of the stock DPIP solution. Tube 1
was wrapped in aluminum foil and placed in the dark. In tube 2 a few crystals of sodium dithionite
were added and the tube was shaken; this tube was the blank. Sodium dithionite reduced DPIP
completely. In tube 4, 0.5 ml of 10 mg/ml chloroplast suspension, 6 ml of DPIP, and 0.5 ml of
DCMU stock were added. The blank was used to set 100% transmittance on the Spec20 at 580 nm.
The absorbance of the other tubes was found and the time and value were recorded. Tubes were
placed in front of a light bulb and a reading was taken every 5 minutes for at least 30 minutes. The
wattage and distance of the bulb were recorded. After 30 minutes the A580 of the tube in the dark
was

Cellular Respiration And Photosynthesis
Plants are made up of eukaryotic cells that are responsible for the survival of all living organisms.
There are two processes that occur within plant cells to help produce the oxygen we breathe. These
processes are called photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is a reaction in which
light energy is converted into glucose and ATP. The chemical equation for this reaction is
CO2+H2O+light energy–––>C6H12O6+O2. This reaction takes place in the chloroplast of a plant
cell. There are two parts that make up photosynthesis: the light reactions that occur in the thylakoid
membrane, and the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma. The light reactions are made up of two
electron transport chains: Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI). To start, light energy from
the sun excites an electron in PSII and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions, along with carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air,
to produce glucose. The CO2 is converted into glucose in a process called carbon fixation. This
glucose molecule will be used in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a reaction in which
glucose is converted into ATP. The chemical equation is C6H12O6+O2–––>CO2+H2O+energy.
There are three parts that make up this reaction: glycolysis which occurs in the cytosol, the Kreb's
cycle which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative phosphorylation which occurs in the
cristae of the mitochondria. First, glycolysis, a catabolic reaction, will break glucose down into two
molecules of pyruvate. During this process, two NADH and two ATP are gained. The two pyruvate
are then converted into acetyl–CoA and used in the Kreb's cycle, which is another catabolic reaction.
This conversion produces one NADH and CO2. During the Kreb's cycle, the two acetyl–CoA will
be used up to produce six NADH, two FADH2, and two ATP, with waste products of H2O and

Environmental Effects On Cytoplasm Concentration
Environmental effects on Cytoplasm Concentration
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the use of sunlight to produce energy by plants. Cytoplasm plays a major role in
plant photosynthesis. This paper aim to understand the correlation between the concentrations of
chloroplast and the amount of energy produced in photosynthesis. That is, do plants with less
sunlight available to them tend to have more chloroplast present in their leaves?
High concentration of chloroplast means more ATP/energy is produced by the leaves. Leaves from
rain plant will be expected to have high concentration of chloroplast. This is to produce as much
energy to balance with the less sunlight it gets.
In a research on shade vs sunny leaves, the authors concluded that "Shade ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1,
Structure of Chlorophyll (J. Stein Carter 2014)
Materials and Method
Preparation
Small beaker and centrifuge tubes were pre chilled in ice bucket. 20 grams of each leaf (river plant,
dry plant and spinach) was measured. For each leaf, the stem was removed and combined with
80mL of sucrose buffer into a blender. Blended solution is obtained and filtered through a cheese
cloth. 13 mL of filtrate was transferred to a centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10
minutes. Supernatant was obtained and suspended in sucrose buffer. Note that the above procedure
was done for each leaf. Small sample of supernatant was stored in cuvettes and the rest used for the
following steps.
Positive and Negative Control
In a tube for each leaf (river plant and dry plant) solution, the following were added; 9 drops of Pi
buffer, 6 drops ADP, 6 drops PMS and 6 drop of the plant's chloroplast solution. The same was done
with two tubes containing spinach. ATP was however added to one tube and PMS was not added to
the other. Each tube was gently mixed and exposed to light for 10 minutes.
Test for Results
In a dark room, luciferase was added to each tube and the presence of light and duration noted.
Cuvettes with supernatant were obtained. Absorbance

Chloroplast Essay
The mitochondria and the chloroplast are important intracellular generators of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). In chloroplasts, ROS can be generated by direct transfer of excitation energy from
chlorophyll to produce singlet oxygen, or by univalent oxygen reduction of photosystem I, in the
Mehler reaction (Gill and Tuteja, 2010).The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) harbours
electrons with sufficient free energy to directly reduce O2 which is considered the unavoidable
primary source of mitochondrial ROS generation, a necessary accompaniment to aerobic respiration
(Gill and Tuteja, 2010).
However, ROS production in mitochondria takes place under normal respiratory conditions but can
be enhanced in response to various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Complex I and III of
mitochondrial electron transport chain are the sites of O2ˉ production. In aqueous solution, O2ˉ is
moderately reactive, but this O2ˉ can further reduced by SOD dismutation to H2O2 (Quan et al.,
2008)
In the absence of any protective mechanism ROS are highly reactive and they can seriously disrupt
normal metabolism through oxidative damage to protein, lipids and nucleic ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These results are similar in part to results obtained by Garratt et al., (2002) who found enhanced
SOD activity under P deficient condition in cotton cultures. Tewari et al., (2004) reported that, the
SOD activity in maize was significantly enhanced due to deficient supplies of all macronutrients
except calcium, in which the increase in SOD activity was insignificant. They also explained that,
deficiency of each of the macronutrients not only intensified the achromatic bands of SOD activity
compared to those in the control but also indicated new SOD isoforms. While in the control plants,
six SOD isoforms were detected, deficiencies of P and Mg caused induction of three new SOD

Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis by Using Leaf Disc
Title : Studying the rate of photosynthesis using leaf discs.
Aim :
To measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis in leaf discs.
Introduction : The simple concept of photosynthesis is that it can occurs in the presence of light,
which takes place in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. Photosynthesis can also be defined as the
production of simple sugars from carbon dioxide and water causing the release of glucose and
oxygen. The chemical equation for photosynthesis can be expressed as:
(light) 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (in the presence of chlorophyll)
Thus, in this experiment, we are required to determine the rate of photosynthesis of leaf disc. But
first, we must know that, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii)Qualitative data At the beginning of the experiment, all the leaf discs sink at the bottom of
beaker.As time increases, more leaf discs rises to the surface of sodium hydrogen carbonate
solution.
When Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution are sucked by syringle, some bubbles are produced.
When leaf disc are transferred to the bottom of beaker, there are gas bubbles around the leaf discs.
The colour of the leaf discs are green. They feel a little thick when cork borer is used to punch the
leaf.
B)Data Processing
i)Average time taken for the indicator to change from purple to greenish colour.
Average = (∑Time taken for first trial + Time taken for second trial)/(number of leaf discs)
Eg : for 10cm = Average time taken =
(672.00 + 735.00 + 922.80 + 927.00 + 933.00 + 723.00 + 783.00 + 807.00 + 810.00 + 844.20)s/10
=

The Discovery, Structure, Metabolic Processes, Regulation...
ABSTRACT
Upon discovery of photosynthesis and the pathways that the molecules took during this process,
chloroplasts were soon uncovered. Scientists have taken a keen interest in chloroplasts since their
discovery. This review article will explore the discovery, structure, metabolic processes, regulation
and the genome of the chloroplast. Chloroplast are not only vital in providing food for plant life,
they are essential regulating and producing molecules for the cell. Once thought to function on their
own chloroplast have their own DNA and many unique characterizes. While much has been
discovered about the chloroplast there are still many unanswered questions and useful applications
for these tiny organelles. INTRODUCTION
Chloroplasts are very interesting organelles, thought to have once been independently functioning
cells. It is believed that they were once cyanobacteria floating around in the primordial soup. These
bacteria underwent respiration on their own in the absence of molecular oxygen until the ozone
layer was formed and oxygen gas could exist on earth. Once this occurred, eukaryotic organisms
started to flourish and they engulfed the bacteria. Once the bacteria were engulfed these prokaryotic
organisms over time with evolution became what we now know today as the chloroplast.
Chloroplast today are organelles within cells that have double membranes. They function in the
plant to not only capture light from the sun and turn it into carbohydrates for the plant

Separation And Separation Of Spinach Pigments By Paper...
INTRODUCTION Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms
use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. The photosynthesis process and
their capability of producing organic materials from CO2 is having a big influence in the biosphere.
The process of photosynthesis generates the plants to take two inorganic substances, CO2 and water,
and also light, and remodel their atoms to make the organic compounds on which life depends:
(McGraw–Hill)
Light
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
In order to allow light to enter the plant body and, in particular, to be used in the process of
photosynthesis, the absorption of pigments is necessary. A pigment is a colored substance that
absorbs light of a particular wavelength. Unabsorbed portions of the solar spectrum are ... Show
Separation and identification of spinach pigments by Paper Chromatography. Pigments are relatively
non–polar organic substances that are why I obtained the separation with the help of the petroleum
ether and acetone solution. I was able to obtain two main types of chlorophyll: chlorophyll a which
is bluish or dark–green, and chlorophyll b which is yellowish or light green. The yellow pigments in
leaves are called xanthophyll and the orange pigments are called carotenoids. The orange colored
band, made of the pigment called carotenoids are the most soluble in alcohol, so it traveled the
farthest. After analyzing the results of the paper chromatography, the next step was the
determination of the absorption spectrum for the spinach leaf pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b,
xanthophyll, and carotenoids. The amount of absorbance was determined with the help of the
spectrophotometry, which quantitatively measured the fraction of the light passing through each
pigment extract solution, indicated on the absorbance scale. The wavelength was increased every
20–nm, starting with 400–nm, and reaching 740–nm. The results are shown in Table 1 and Table

Chloroplast Outline
Intro outline
Chloroplast function
Its movements: photorelocation
Importance of chloroplast location
Proteins involved with it
Correlation with light
How the light induces the protein In plants, chloroplasts function to conduct photosynthesis where
the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores
it in the energy–storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water. They then
use the ATP and NADPH to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the
Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis,
much amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell
varies from one,

Why Chloroplasts Are Important Photosynthetic Organelles?
Chloroplasts are important photosynthetic organelles that present in plant cells. It is believed that
chloroplasts evolve from an endosymbiotic event; engulfment of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium
by a large heterotrophic host cell (1, 2). During this process proteins in the cyanobacterium has been
transferred to the nucleus and also the proteins that are essential for organelle biogenesis has been
transferred to the cyanobacterium making it dependent on the host. Although chloroplast proteins
have estimated to consist of 3500–4000 different types of polypeptides, the protein coding capacity
in chloroplast genes is approximately 200 polypeptides (3, 4). This data further suggest that most of
the proteins found in chloroplast are encode by nuclear genome and transport to the chloroplast. At
least, a few proteins are use secretory pathway in which first targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum
and then transfer to the chloroplast through vesicles (5–7).
Chloroplasts are organized structures for photosynthesis and they consist of three distinct
membranes. They are outer membrane, inner membrane and thylakoid membranes. Photo
complexes, photosynthetic proteins are assemble in the thylakoid membrane network. These three
membranes separate three spaces in the chloroplast, namely, intermembrane space, stroma and
thylakoid lumen. Protein targeting and translocation into chloroplast is therefore of broad interest.
A general outline of chloroplast protein import
According to the

Atp Synthesis Essay
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, it is a useable form of energy for cells, the energy is trapped
in a chemical bond that is released and it is used to dive other reactions that need energy.
Photosynthetic organisms use the sunlight to get energy in order to synthesize their own fuel.
Chemical energy is then made by converting the sunlight in order to compel the synthesise of the
carbohydrates from the carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is then released when the carbohydrate is
synthesized. Photosynthesis is on two parts, first there is the light reactions in where the light is
converted into chemical energy which is the ATP, and then this is stacked in the chloroplasts
membranes in where the ATP and the electron carrier are used in the second part. The second part of
the process is called light–independent and it occurs in the chloroplasts in the stroma, the carbon
dioxide produces sugar in a series of reaction called the Calvin cycle.
In a non–photosynthesis the fuel has to be taken and the most common fuel is the sugar glucose the
other molecules like fats or protein can give energy but it has to be converted into glucose or
something that can be used in a glucose metabolism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three parts, the first glycolysis in where the glucose metabolism in the cell produces
double molecules that occur outside the mitochondria in a cytoplasm. The second part is the cellular
respiration this is when oxygen converts cells into three molecules of carbon dioxide and traps then
energy that is released in the ATP process. The third part is called fermentation this is when the cells
convert into lactic acid that does not require oxygen however it is not efficient as cellular respiration
because it occurs in the

How Does Photoautotroph Affect The Rate Of Photosynthesis
Chemistry Summative Lab
By: Sahil Kothari
Partners: Allan Chang and Vaishnavi Kotha
Lab Title: PROCESSES AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR
RESPIRATION IN PHOTOAUTROPHS
I. BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Biology Background Information
All plants are autotrophs meaning they capture energy from different environments through a
process called photosynthesis. Many plants, photoautotrophs, are a sore example of organisms that
make their own food by harnessing the suns energy. Plants use the sun's energy and convert it to
chemical energy to create organic molecules to aid in ecosystem advancement. Additionally,
photoautotrophs serve as a source of food for many consumers as they provide energy and building
materials for cells and body parts.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The color violet and red are some examples of wavelengths are violet which has short wavelength,
and red has longer wavelengths. White is the most effective as it is a mixture of all the colors of the
rainbow. Additionally, chlorophyll is the pigment which is key in the process of photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll absorbs all the different colored wavelengths, but leaves green as the colour it reflects
and as the colour we

Marine Marcoalgaes Lab Report
Photosynthesis of marine marcoalgaes split into 2 processes; light reaction (photochemical reaction
which is affected by concentration of the chlorophyll and irradiance) and the dark reaction (chemical
process, where temperature and concentration of the substrate influence on). However between
those two reactions, there is an intermediates metabolic process, where NADPH and ATP are
produced. The amount of produced NADPH and ATP depends upon light limitation, which later
results of dark reaction sufficiency. In photosynthesis pigments function is to absorb the light energy
as photons. They are localized in the light –harvesting antenna protein – pigment (LHC) in thylakoid
membraines of the chloroplast. (Dring, 1992) Bladders wrack contain wide ... Show more content on
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Hence most of the energy which was previously absorbed by accessory pigments is actually transfer
to chlorophyll a. This transfer is possible due to a fact that chlorophyll a among all other pigments
have the possibility to absorb at the longest wavelength. Moreover its excitation cost less energy.
However chlorophyll a can be divided into different forms, which depends upon changes of the
maximal wavelength absorption, which range between 662 and 700 nm. This "segregation" system
allows the transfer from the short wavelength to long wavelength and appears as a two distinct
systems, which are the photosystem I (PI) and photosystem II (PII). The organization of the systems
present as: PI contains the chlorophyll a longest wavelength absorption type, while PII also contain
the chlorophyll a, but a short wavelength absorption type and additionally the accessory pigments.
In the each of the reactive center there is an energy trap, therefore PI with single molecule of a
chlorophyll a with absorption of 700 nm will have a P700 trap, where PII will result with P 680–690
trap where the absorption wavelength by different form of chlorophyll a and accessory pigments is
shorter. (Dring

Why Is Plant Cells?
Why is it that plant cells are autotrophic whereas animal cells are not? The answer is simple;
chloroplasts. These are green organelles that are the main site for photosynthesis in plant cells. They
allow the plant to be known as the 'producer' in a food chain. Being such an essential part of the
plant cell, the question arises, where exactly did they come from in the first place. Have they been a
part of the plant cells since the beginning of time or did they evolve from some other species, and
how are they able to carry out a process without which there would probably no life on earth. Where
did they come from? Interestingly, like organisms chloroplasts have ancestors too. These are called
"cyanobacteria". Cyanobacteria are morphologically complex organisms which belong to the family
of eubacteria, also known as 'true bacteria'. Chloroplasts evolved from these organisms by the
'endosymbiont hypothesis' which is the same mechanism that explains how mitochondria evolved.
According to this theory, chloroplasts were not just mere structures once, in fact they were
individual organisms and that is the reason that they contain their own genome. Not only were they
quite similar to cyanobacteria, they also had a close relationship with plants cells, an interaction
known as a symbiotic relationship. One can wonder, what exactly happened to chloroplasts then?
Why didn't they remain an individual species? Over time, these 'photosynthetic bacterial cells'
formed the chloroplasts

Lab Report : The Photosynthesis
Summary: The photosynthesis lab is comprised of three short experiments. These experiments
showed how to understand and apply the absorbance spectrum and which colors and wavelengths
correspond to visible light. In order to fully understand this absorbance spectrum and how to apply
it, we initially prepared a substance comprised of acetone, a large spinach leaf and petroleum ether
and measured its absorbance in the spectrophotometer. This showed us what wavelengths
corresponded to the most absorption of the spinach leaf. It is understood that the least amount of
absorbance should occur after 500 nm and the lower the number, the lower the absorbency. Thus,
the 700 ranges is the very least amount of absorbency and the results showed us that the lowest
amount of absorbance was around 740nm, which is an accurate, representation of this solution.
Next, to understand what wavelengths of light drive the light reactions you can visibly see in
photosynthesis, we used CMS in a variety of tubes and measured its absorbency under white light,
no light, and colored filters such as red and green. We then used the chlorophyll extract we
originally prepared and painted this on a chromatography strip. We measured the band distances to
find out the number of pigments in the spinach leaf. These processes helped emphasize how the
chloroplast pigment extract and chloroplast membrane suspension have different functional
capabilities and how photosynthesis works. Methods: This photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Research Paper
Photosynthesis is the processes that captures energy from the sunlight to male sugars that store
chemical energy. and cell respiration releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based
molecules to make atp when oxygen is presented. and atp is the molecule that transfers energy from
the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. With all of these process they work together to
capture energy by the sun and convert it into everyg of life. It starts with the photosynthesis. First,
the carbon dioxide and oxygen will enter the leaves in plants through the stomata. then the water
travels from the roots and will go into the vascular system. then chloroplast absorbs sunlight.
However, there's 2 part in hopothesis. The parts re light dependant and light independent. ... Show
And the light independent happens to make atp used to make the glucose. Atp is very important
since cells use it for functions. however, with photosynthesis the cell respiration and photosynthesis
chloroplast absorb the energy from sunlight and build sugras, then the mitochondria will release the
chemical energy to make atp. the cell respiration starts with 3 carbon molecules they enter cell
respiration in mitochondria, and the energy carrying molecules transfer energy to electron transport.
so next the energy carrying molecule which atp molecules are produced. last heat and water are
released as waste

Chloroplast Lab
Chloroplast is an organelle that is found in plants and some algae. It is a food producer of the cell.
The structure is constructed by a double layer membrane, an outer and an inner layer membrane.
Chloroplast contains many different pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins etc. The
chlorophylls are of different types. It is a very important biomolecule for photosynthesis that helps
plants to absorb energy from sun light.
This experiment focus on pigments quantification from chloroplast. Pigments are extracted from
frozen chloroplasts extracted from barley leaves. Dilution was made using buffer. In order to get
final concentration acetone (100%) was added into each dilution. Thereafter total concentration of
pigments is determined

Endosymbiosis and evolution of Organelles Essay
Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the
common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during
Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the
evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as
discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from α–proteobacteria bacterium
which was engulfed by the ancestral anaerobic eukaryotic cell, through endocytosis, and retained
within the cytoplasm due to atmospheric oxygen increase. Prokaryote organism produced ATP,
through oxidative phosphorylation, by receiving organic compounds from ... Show more content on
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They all have a double membrane chloroplasts, but the glaucophytes plastid morphology is unusual
because it resembles cyanobacteria, as they still include the outer peptidoglycan layer between the
chloroplast envelopes, and also resemble Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta plastid. Both Rhodophyta
and Glaucophyta consist of various features that are derived from the cyanobacteria but absent from
Chlorophyta. These are phycobilins pigments and phycobilisomes on the surface on thylakoid
membranes. Because of sequencing algae chloroplast genomes it is evident that glaucophytes,
rhodophytes and chlorophytes have evolved from a second endosymbiotic event, since they are
closely related to the ancestral cyanobacteria (Tomitani, 2006). Alternatively, some algal groups
have chloroplast with more than a double membrane, such as photosynthetic dinoflagellates and
stramenophile, implying that secondary endosymbiosis occurred due to heterotrophic eukaryote
engulfing chloroplast containing eukaryote. The secondary endosymbiosis event is suggested as
nucleomorphs', traces of primary host's nucleus, are present in the periplastid space between the
second and third chloroplast membranes of cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes. In the
cryptomonads the nucleomorphs is formed due to the reduction of red algal nucleus and in the
chlorarachniophytes due to the reduction of green algal nucleus. Thus, plants had multiple
endosymbiotic events and each evolved independently

Photosynthesis Process
Photosynthesis is a process that plans protistans and some bacteria, use energy from the sun to create
sugar. Cellular respiration turns into ATP which is fuel used by all living things. The transformation
of sunlight energy into chemical energy, also goes along with the same process as green pigment
chlorophyll. The photosynthetic process mostly uses water and releases the oxygen that is
mandatory for us humans must have to live. The two stages connected with Photosynthesis are
called light dependent reactions and light independent reactions, light independent reactions is also
known as the Calvin Cycle. Light dependent reactions need sunlight, the energy from this sunlight is
consumed by chlorophyll and made into stored energy. This energy is now in the form of electron
carrier molecule NADPH ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These reactions working in respiration are called catabolic reactions, that break bigger molecules
down into smaller molecules , letting energy release in the operation , as weak so called high energy
components are substituted by stronger components in the produce. Respiration is mainly how a cell
releases energy to start the cellular procedure. Cellular respiration is thought of as an exoergic redox
reaction that puts off heat. The general reaction happens in a multitude of biochemical processes,
most of these are redox responses their selves. Even though cellular respiration happens to be a
combustion metathesis , it obviously does not appear as one during its process in a living cell
because of its sluggish discharge of energy from the multitude of oxidisation. The different stages of
cellular respiration consist of but are not limited to pyruvate oxidation, glycolysis, oxidative
phosphorylation, and the citric acid or Krebs

How Photosynthesis Has Changed The Earth

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