Fukushima Nuclear Disaster

Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
1. Abstract
The earthquake which took place on March 11, 20111 in the Tohuku District, Japan triggered a
massive tsunami which eventually caused a nuclear power plant outbreak. The tsunami, 14–metres
in height struck the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, which is located in the towns of Okuma and
Futaba in the Fukushima Prefecture. This resulted in loss of power to the reactors of Units 1, 2 and
3.Along with this damage, the cooling system failed to work and there were hydrogen explosions
which ended in damaging the nuclear plant. The damages also include extensive release of
radioactive substances into our atmosphere and our earth. This accident certainly did loads of
damages to Japan and its people. There are lots of theories regarding ... Show more content on
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This would have perhaps managed to contain the situation and less consequence would have
incurred.
There was also the case of certain parties which had failed to follow the chain of command. The
prime minister's office did not announce a state of emergency in the short time after the accident.
The designed emergency response was for the emergency response unit to be the medium of
communication between the prime minister's office and the plant operator,TEPCO.This is to ensure
that the prime minister's office is well–informed regarding the situation.But in this case, the prime
minister's office communicated directly with TEPCO and the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. This
clearly shows the incompetence of the authorities to follow the procedures.
2.2 Industrial process and operation Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Power Plant consists of six nuclear
reactors and the types are the boiling water reactors (BWR). These reactors are light water reactors
and they were all designed by General Electric (GE).These reactors have a total of 4.7 GW in power
to drive the electrical generators. Reactors for units 1, 2 and 6 were supplied by GE whereas units 3
and 5 were supplied by Toshiba and Hitachi supplied the unit 4. 2.2.1 Working Principle of BWR
The BWR's working principles is as such, the reactors heats the water, which then
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The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
After considering both sides of advantages and disadvantages about nuclear energy, people are
thinking and trying to make life better. The purpose of supporting nuclear is because it can produce
energy without fossil fuel and it will not produce any bad effects of environmental chemical such as
carbon dioxide. On the other side, people are against nuclear because it is not safe enough and if
unpredictable incident happens to the industry they need to make appropriate decision quickly and
as soon as possible. Both sides of people have own purpose to make world safer to live usefully. For
example to the nuclear problem, there were some huge nuclear incidents because of unpredictable
things happened. It has been more than two years since an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Then the question came up that how did the natural disaster occurred, man–made hazards with high
technology, and heighten the risk to environmental health. Acceding to the Implications of the
Fukushima Nuclear Disaster: Man–Made Hazards, Vulnerability Factors, and Risk to Environmental
Health, first of all, the earthquake and tsunami exceeded estimations. Many international sources
suggested that secondary technological is needed in order to estimate that incident. This Fukushima
incident involved the first ever reactor core melt occurred by earthquake and tsunami. Since
Fukushima is north part of japan by the ocean, many fish market and dealer were there, however,
people started buying from them because of radiation. Radiation makes affect not only human. It is
also effect environment and natural animals such as fishes. If you eat affected fish you will also get
effect of radiation. The Fukushima disaster became a public debate emerge over the future
desirability of nuclear power in Japan. Despite the growing anti–nuclear sentiment and concerns
about the environmental risks of nuclear power, we contend that the continuing power of vested

The Nuclear Disaster at Chernobyl Essay
Every Year, The United States is faced with the threat of a Nuclear disaster or equipment failure.
Since the demand for energy increases, the federal government and private companies are forced to
create more chemical plants. Further, each plant in operation poses an immediate threat to the
drinking water and land around the area. According to the Energy Information Administration,
America's energy consumption in 2011 was thirteen times greater than it was in 1950. Currently,
there are at least 65 active nuclear plants that operate within 31 states. With energy usage increasing
at an alarming rate, the likelihood of a nuclear disaster occurring is a reality. It is important for
citizens to know what the nuclear disaster is, what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is always risk involved when handling nuclear threats. Sometimes human error is to blame for
emergency shutdowns. On March 22, 1975, In Alabama, a massive fire took place at Browns Ferry
Nuclear reactor. The fire was caused by an electrical inspector's leaving a candle too close to foam
rubber while checking to see if the crew plugged the air leaks correctly within the cable room. The
fire spread quickly, causing the alarms to sounds and the reactor to fail. As a result of his actions, the
pressure system was destroyed, causing air to rush in the reactor, and the core was almost exposed.
Control rods were able to help shut the reactor down and fire extinguishers were used to control the
fire.
Major disasters can happen anywhere in the world. Further, intelligence sharing, freelance
journalists, and News networks, allows for the damage of isolated disasters to be viewed in every
country. Sensationalized incidents such as the Chernobyl disaster in Ukraine, highlights a systemic
failure within government due to its failure to regulate private companies. Public outcry from the
disaster prompts world leaders to make immediate changes within its emergency disaster guidelines.
During the Chernobyl disaster, Simple errors such as a Faulty structure design within the reactors,
mechanical failure in a cooling system or reduced air pressure, and human error created an
environment for a meltdown to occur. Without the proper emergency features,

Nuclear Meltdown Disaster Plan
As our book states, "Nurses have both a personal and a professional role in relation to disasters.
Nurses' personal role is to develop a disaster plan for work, home, and family. Professionally nurses
are uniquely positioned to provide valuable information for the development of plans for disaster
prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery for the facilities in which they are employed as
well as the communities in which they live" (Nies, 2015). The community nurse as the book states
has the means and the knowledge to be influential in helping plan disaster protocols with the many
different governmental and community groups. The video, PBS Video: Nuclear Meltdown Disaster,
really hits home. I live exactly 17.6 miles from the Perry Power ... Show more content on
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In general, a system of sirens (or tone–alert radios) will be activated within the 10–mile emergency
planning radius to advise citizens to listen to local radio or television announcements for
information and safety instructions. Arrangements must be made in advance for evacuation route
planning, for reception and care of evacuated persons, and for special situations, such as the safe
transport of school children or hospital patients out of the area"(Emergency Preparedness, 2016). As
a community nurse much of the emergency response plan can be implemented by us. Nies states that
there are three levels Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention that all nurses can help implement.
"Preventative actions during the non disaster stage (primary), include assessing communities to
determine potential disaster hazards; developing disaster plans at local, state, and federal levels;
conducting drills to test the plan; training volunteers and health care providers; and providing
educational programs of all kinds" (Nies, 2015). Secondary prevention as the book states is what
needs to be done after the disaster occurs. This mainly deals with preventing further problems and
maintaining safety. Finally, tertiary prevention deals

Petryna's Nuclear Disaster
It is within human nature to try to cover up or conceal mistakes. However, sometimes the scale of
these mistakes can be excessive, and attempting to cover them up can even endanger millions. Such
a cover up, was the scenario induced by the Soviet government, while trying to withhold
information concerning a nuclear disaster. The catastrophic mishap, took place on April 26, 1986,
when a nuclear reactor exploded in modern day Ukraine. A maintenance test error resulted in an
explosion in Unit 4 Furthermore, futile attempts trying to subdue the damage actually caused
radioactive materials to ascend more rapidly, and formed a radioactive cloud extending over a large
portion of Northwestern Europe and Russia. Despite the magnitude of the event, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Petryna explains that the collapse of the Soviet Union and formation of the Ukrainian nation added
to the menace of the Chernobyl disaster. Ukraine was the country to keep most of the contaminated
land as a result of Chernobyl. To distinguish itself from the brutality of the Soviet Union, Ukraine
recognized much lower levels of radiation contamination. This action, essentially transformed
thousands under an acceptable level of radiation to be categorized as highly threatened. Faced with
the uncertainty of health and financial insecurity with a unstable economy, individuals try to be
labelled a "sufferer" or a radiation victim. In many cases doctors are bribed to deliver bogus
diagnoses to qualify individuals for the government compensation, which such sufferers are entitled
to. Such doctors and officials complicate the process, as individuals without the financial capital to
bribe the appropriate people, often find themselves in no shape to work but not unhealthy enough to
claim this compensation. For many Ukrainians, proving that they are terminally ill and eligible for
compensation has become an ongoing battle, an inherent problem elaborated upon by Petryna.
Considering the fact that the radiation released from the Chernobyl power plant will last for
thousands of years, Petryna hypothesizes that life for many victims and their offspring will be
inherently bleak. The

The Importance Of Human Rights During The Rwandan Genocide
There is a universal belief that everyone has fundamental rights, regardless of race, sex, nationality,
ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. These rights are not dictated by a permanent
authority and this allows for a great deal of disagreement regarding what human rights are.
Generally, these rights are recognized as to include right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery
and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more.
When a state fails to protect its citizen's fundamental human rights, it presents democratic countries
with a no–win situation. They are often faced with the choice of being a bystander to these grave
injustices or intervening, which could lead to another country's safety, but at the same time costing
you man power, money, and political power. One of the most prominent examples of a country
acting as a bystander to grave injustices was during the Rwandan Genocide when the United refused
to act because it could safely avoid the humanitarian crisis at no political cost. At the time of the
crisis, editorial boards of the major American newspapers discouraged U.S. intervention during the
genocide. They, much like the administration, deplored the genocide but believed, in the words of a
Washington Post editorial," The United States has no recognizable national interest in taking a role,
certainly not a leading role." Washington was silent. Lawmakers refused to lobby for U.S.
involvement on the

The Fukushima Nuclear Facility Disaster
The Fukushima nuclear facility disaster following the March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami
has motivated the need to design and build a small, remotely controlled repair device. The purpose
of the device is to navigate using remote control to a specified location, and complete a series of
tasks. This will protect the human operators from absorbing a high dose of radioactive
contamination. This project provides a platform for student groups to present their solutions to a
range of design problems such as remotely completing everyday tasks as well as solutions for
propulsion, sensing, and navigation. Each team is required to design construct, and operate a
prototype device meeting the requirements of annually determined problem ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, after brainstorming together, we finally came up with one design that was easy to succeed
and had the capacity to do all the five tasks very fast and easily, which are the magnets that we are
using today. Furthermore, in the engineering process we used, we needed to define the main
problem and test some designs to get the right one. Lastly, we improved our final design by making
it bigger. For the first design, we went to Walmart and we looked for a remote–controlled jeep that
had some good specifications, but when we saw a lot of RC car options we did not know which one
was the best, so we decided to buy one and try it. We found an RC jeep cost us $12.57, which was
not much. We made small talk about the size, the tires, the quality, and the way it was combined
together. After that, we bought the jeep and started to combine the material we had for the testing
together. Unfortunately, the car didn't work because it was bigger than the pipe. We started an
argument about how we could make it fit in the pipe, until finally we decided to refund the money
and started thinking about using a different device. For the second design, after the first device
failed the test we did not give up. We went to Walmart for the second time and looked for a smaller
car. We found a lot of different cars, but all the cars did not look like they had very good quality and
none looked very fast. We found an RC sports car

The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster And Its Effects On The World
On April 26th, 1986, at 1:23 A.M., the world's worst nuclear disaster to date occurred. It has
affected millions of people in Eastern Europe, and it has caused more than 360,000 people to
evacuate their homes and leave their belongings behind. It has also set a dangerous precedent to the
safety and operating procedures of other nuclear power plants around the world. Thirty years later,
people in Eastern Europe are still feeling the effects of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The
causes, the effects on animals and the environment, and the effects on humans of the Chernobyl
Nuclear Disaster are still being debated by scientists today. The causes of the Chernobyl Nuclear
Disaster involve the analysis of views, design deficiencies, operator errors, and the cleanup of the
disaster. When the accident happened, there were many different views and ideas of what happened.
One idea was that there was damage to the cooling system, and too much pressure built up in the
shell of the reactor, causing the hydrogen that was leaving and the air that coming in to mix and
cause the explosion ("Causes and Impact" 18). The other view on the accident, was human error due
to tests and experiments ("Causes and Impact" 18). It was determined that it was the operator's
errors and the design of the reactor, which had a safety features, which caused the disaster ("Causes
and Impact" 17). The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant used a different design compared to other
nuclear plants around the world.

Nuclear Energy Disaster Waiting For Happen?
Nuclear Energy...Disaster Waiting to Happen?
On March 11, 2011, Japan was rattled by a powerful earthquake and tsunami. Thousands of lives
were changed forever. As a result, there were countless deaths. Notwithstanding, the earthquake and
the tsunami destroyed homes, businesses, and roads. An excessive amount of debris was left behind.
The impact of the tsunami, as well as the earthquake, caused a major power outage which, in turn,
caused a nuclear meltdown and/or explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. In the
wake of the earthquake and the tsunami that followed, there were long–term effects on the
environment as well as on the quality of life of the Japanese people. As there is always a chance of a
nuclear meltdown and/or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One year following the nuclear meltdown and/or explosion, much of the area surrounding
Fukushima has remained closed (Fecht). The land is riddled with radioactive contamination. The
timeline for clean–up will span is at least forty years (Ridley). Many evacuated residents remain in
temporary housing with little hope of returning home (Ridley). Still another issue affecting the
quality of life is Japan's foodstuff. Following the nuclear disaster, the government has had to ban
provisions that were likely contaminated; they, also, have had to commence a massive food testing
program (Gibney). This not only affected the farmers of Japan, but small hometown gardeners as
well. Of course, the region most affected by radioactive fallout is the zone in the immediate vicinity
of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Even with negative long–term effects, the Japanese
government, yet believes nuclear power to be a viable source for energy.
As of 2015, there were sixteen nuclear power plants in use in Japan, seven others were closed, and
nine more were under construction (Gibney). Even with the possibility of another nuclear disaster,
the government has included nuclear power as a prerequisite for meeting and maintaining Japan's
energy needs. In June of the same year, Japan announced a proposal to "maintain [their] nuclear
power [usage] at 20–22 percent until the year 2030" (Gibney). Although the government

Advantages Of Fema
I wavered back and forth a bit on which approach was better suited for society's well–being. Early
on in our modern Government it appears that most of the Emergency Management was piece mailed
as events occurred. Although, as new events occurred, new programs seemed to be established to
ease the post emergency recovery. This way of business reminds me of duct taping a hole in a pipe;
at some point you need to replace the pipe with something more suited for the application. While the
all hazards approach, and the emphasis on catastrophic events both have advantages, I believe that
the all hazards approach provides us with a clearer path for emergency management recovery and
preparedness. The first such example, according to (Haddow, ... Show more content on
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(Haddow et al., 2011). No clearer example needs to be shown other than the hurricane Katrina
disaster. The all hazards approach worked great as it matured into what it was near the end of the
1990's. When we shifted our eyes off the ball and fixated on terrorism as the only predicament we
would face, we were not prepared for what transpired in New Orleans. FEMA should not have
become a division of the Department of Homeland Security, any more than the DHS should fall
under the Department of Defense. I deduce the jury is still out as we have not had any substantial
natural disasters occur

The Chernobyl Disaster And The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
Uranium, which is the ninety–second element on the periodic table, is a very interesting element.
The radioactive uranium is used in atomic bombs. Also, people use it in what is called nuclear
power, an energy source that fourteen percent of the world uses. (NPR 3) In a nuclear power plant, a
process called fission that uses uranium is used to generate power. During fission, each uranium
atom is bombarded by neutrons, causing each uranium atom to turn into one atom of barium, one
atom of krypton, and three neutrons. These three neutrons bombard other uranium atoms, resulting
in more neutrons being produced and creating a chain reaction. Each time the uranium atom split,
energy is released. The leftover atoms are called nuclear waste. ... Show more content on
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As I mentioned before, uranium is used in atomic bombs. So, uranium mines are very dangerous
and nuclear power is not safe. Right? I disagree. Uranium mines have created ways to reduce
radiation levels to their workers whenever they can and limits as how much radiation is allowed in a
uranium mine. Also, people have spent over forty years already creating safety regulations for
uranium mines. Finally, there is not enough uranium in a uranium mine for either of those to blow
up like an atomic bomb. (World Nuclear Association 4) As a result of these safety protections during
uranium mining, there has only been 371 deaths due to uranium mining contamination between
1950 and 2000, which is an average of around only 7.42 deaths per year. (Motherboard 2) In
comparison, coal mining had an average of 16 deaths per year in 2014. (MSHA

Nuclear Energy: The Cold War And The Chernobyl Disaster
When you hear the word "nuclear", what do you think of? Does the thought scare you, intrigue you,
or have no effect at all? Nuclear energy has been a part of our lives for many years. Some events
that included nuclear power included the Cold War and the Chernobyl disaster. These events have
changed how people view nuclear energy. Nuclear power is used all around the world to create
efficient energy, but it can also be used to create weapons and destructive material. Nuclear power
has proven to be clean, efficient and cost effect; the Chernobyl disaster revealed to the world why
we needed to change training, safety procedure, and the structure of the plant itself.
Individuals throughout the world have heard of nuclear energy–people may be using ... Show more
The Three Mile Island accident happened on March 28th, 1979 near Middletown, Pennsylvania
(Vijayan, Kamble, Nayak, Vaze, and Sinha 2013). Ignorant workers, defects in the design of the
plant, and disastrous equipment were major components in the Three Mile Island disaster. Basically,
a valve erupted from too much pressure; this released just under 1,000,000 gallons of polluted water
into the basement of the plant. Only a small amount of radiation was leaked into the atmosphere, but
it was enough to scare people for years to come (Vijayan, Kamble, Nayak, Vaze, and Sinha 2013).
Only fractions of a millirem were found 50 miles away from the accident. A rem is a large dose of
radiation; a millirem is a thousandth of a rem (Edelson, 1986). This shows that there was not much
radiation that leaked into the atmosphere, unlike Chernobyl. In Sweden, they discovered numerous
millirems of radiation, which puts into perspective how big the Chernobyl disaster was. After the
Three Mile Island Accident, there were major changes including safety and defense–in–depth
improvements (Vijayan, Kamble, Nayak, Vaze, and Sinha 2013). The United States put forth major
changes in safety and technology for their nuclear power plants after the Three Mile Island accident,
but the Soviet Union did not believe this would happen in their plants. They believed they had no
flaws in their system and didn't want to add stronger safety features to their nuclear power plants to
protect them from

The Disaster Of The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Engineering Disaster Newton's third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction; this law is not only applied in our studies but in our daily lives. For engineers, this
is a law to live by; reminding each engineer that each of his/her actions will have an equal
consequence whether it is good or bad. Engineers are trusted and respected individuals who
represent not only themselves but the profession as a whole; their title gives them a great
responsibility and a reputation to carry. On rare occasions do engineers make mistakes that
sometimes lead to disasters that impact the lives of many. For every disaster that occurs as a result
of an engineering mistake; thousands of lessons are learned. One disaster that impacted the lives of
many and was labelled as the worst engineering disaster in history is the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
The chain of events that lead to this disaster where taken as lessons and used to write many of
today's engineering codes of ethics, and improve safety regulations in various industries.
On the morning of April 26th 1986 the world experienced the worst nuclear and engineering disaster
ever: the nuclear disaster of Chernobyl. Reactor number 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
exploded due various reasons: the design of the reactor itself had a major flaw that would make it
unstable when run at low power, and the employees responsible for running the reactor were
inadequately trained. Leonid Toptunov, the

The Pros And Cons Of The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
"An atom is the fundamental block of all matter, atoms are composed of smaller subatomic particles
neutrons, [Neutral], protons [Positive (+)] and electrons [negative (–)]. Nuclear energy is the energy
formed from the nucleus of an atom through different methods as fission (which is the way in which
an atom is split into smaller subatomic particles by hitting its nucleus with a neutron) and fusion
(which is the process in which new heavier atoms and large amounts of energy are produced by
bonding atoms together). (Nuclear Energy).Nuclear energy has various pros and cons, some of its
advantages are that it reduces global warming as a result of decreasing greenhouse gases emission
and CO92 production. While, its main disadvantage, is that the ... Show more content on
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(Events of Fukushima Nuclear disaster) The Fukushima Nuclear disaster had many effects on the
environment and health, some of its effects on the health are, infection of skin and that is mainly
caused because of radiation and chemicals in the water after the incident and little supply of clean
water, it also impacted the citizens physiologically (mainly the mothers, kids and workers) who
might have diseases as anxiety and depression, problems in pregnancy, related to deficiency of
iodine in the body, and some hormones not functioning properly, all these causes might lead to still
birth, and miscarriage and finally, radiation syndrome which is caused because of the release of
massive amounts of radiation, spread of cancer (as thyroid cancer) because of radiation, and ascend
of genetic inheritable diseases As in Diagram 2 (Health Concerns in Fukushima), we can signify that
the percentages of cancer increased highly because of the disaster in comparison to nowadays and
especially between people of ages (1month–20years)

Nuclear energy represents only 15% of the electricity produced worldwide ("World Energy Needs
and Nuclear Power"). Though in France, 80% of its electricity production is from nuclear energy
and more than 25% of electricity in Europe comes from nuclear energy ("World Energy Needs and
Nuclear Power"). Nuclear energy represents a very small percentage in many countries' total
electricity production, but this percentage is likely to go up in the coming years ("World Energy
Needs and Nuclear Power"). Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, a mineral of which one of
the isotopes, U– 234 is unstable ("World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power"). The nucleus breaks
down resulting in the emission of heat and radiation followed by a chain reaction ("World ... Show
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Nuclear energy is a great way to power quite a few places that are unable to use coal, oil, or any
other kind of energy. People don't like using nuclear energy because they hear nuclear and instantly
think of bombs, but if we could just change that thought, more people would think about nuclear
energy. Currently, there is North Korea, who is working towards nuclear weapons which started out
as just nuclear energy in the 1980's (Stephen Budiansky,

Emergency Management
In order to understand the historical context of the emerging discipline of emergency management
and how it is a continuing evolving process we need to look at our past. Throughout the history of
mankind there have been disasters, with them being either man–made or by Mother Nature. In each
of these instances we have taken what we have learned and tried to apply it, to make sure that a
disaster on that scale doesn't happen again. One of the early examples that explains why there is an
emerging discipline of emergency management happened in 1803. In this year a congressional act
was passed to help a small town in New Hampshire that was devastated by a fire, and was an early
example of the federal government becoming involved in a local disaster ... Show more content on
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After the attacks, a five color homeland security advisory system was put in place to warn citizens
of another possible attack that could occur, which helped reduce the nation's vulnerability to
terrorism and minimizing the damage from potential terrorist attacks (Haddow et al., 2014). This
type of response showed how the government would handle a new type of threat from a new enemy.
While there had been terrorist attacks beforehand, they were never to this scale, and the attacks
prompted a new type of response by the government on how they would handle this new emerging
emergency, i.e. the creation the five color system mentioned earlier, warning of the potential threat
of another attack. One could make the argument that the response made by the government after the
events of 9/11, were very similar to the governments response to the threat of nuclear fallout with
the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In both cases there was a new threat and the government had
to come up new ways of thinking in order to not only deal with an emergency but how to warn and
prepare its citizens should the worst occur in the future. We saw that after the attacks there were
major changed made and major precautions put in place across the country in order to protect
people. Some of these include tighter security checkpoints at major airport, sports stadiums and
theme parks, and a weekly if not daily update on what color threat level we were currently at given
by the news. While some people may not have liked the changes made, they showed how the
practice continuing practice of emergency management had made our lives safer and that the
government is on the lookout for our safety and to try to prevent something like it from happening
again in the

Natural Disasters in Nuclear Energy
Natural Disasters in Nuclear Energy Development
Carlaine Puckett
Strayer University
Abstract
The modern day dependency on fossil fuels has led to a global search for ethical and
environmentally–sound alternative energy. Among the most powerful is nuclear energy, though it is
mired in controversy. This essay describes, among other things, the nuclear energy process, and with
it the weaknesses. Amid the hope of one day using nuclear energy as a "green" energy source, there
is much fear of devastation, due to the four main nuclear disasters in Earth's history. After the most
recent nuclear disaster, Fukushima, Germany reversed their stance on nuclear energy, denouncing
any future involvement with the research, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once we are liberated from our dependence upon fossil fuels, we can leap into the sustainable future
nuclear power promises to provide. Nuclear energy is created through a complicated scientific
process. This process utilizes an amount of natural resources so small that it is by far the most
productive form of alternative energy. Uranium deposits are found in rocks around the world. The
rocks are crushed and then leached to dissolve the uranium. "Yellowcake" (uranum oxide U308) is
precipitated out of the solution and converted into gaseous form. It is then enriched with the U–235
isotope, turned into pellets, and incased in long metal tubes known as fuel rods. These fuel rods
comprise the core of a nuclear reactor. Water is poured over the reactor to regulate its temperature.
During this part of the process, the water is converted to steam which is channeled through turbines,
thus creating electricity (WNA, 2011). The above mentioned process contains weaknesses.
However, through planning, and error scientists have been able to minimize, if not even eliminate
the treat level from these weaknesses. At the uranium mines, tailings are produced, which are the
materials that can be left over after the mining process. During the operation of nuclear energy small
amounts of radioactive isotopes are released. At the reactor site, spent nuclear fuel, including
plutonium

Nuclear Power : A Case Study On The 1986 Disaster At The...
Introduction
Nuclear power plays a hugely important role in the generation of today's world's everyday energy
needs. Accounting for around 11% of the world's energy needs, nuclear energy is generally
harnessed using uranium as the fuel [1]. Within a nuclear reactor, a neutron collides with a uranium
nucleus to induce a chain fission reaction. This is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits to
form two separate atoms, with a great quantity of energy being released in the process [2]. This heat
energy is absorbed by water or carbon dioxide gas which is pumped through the reactor and later is
used to heat water converting it to steam. The steam then rotates turbines in order to produce
electricity. This report will explore the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Production of nuclear power leads to lower energy costs and provides jobs for thousands of people.
In contrast to the advantages of nuclear power, listed below are some of the major disadvantages:
Nuclear power produces large amounts of toxic waste which can be harmful to the environment.
Greenhouse gases are still produced in other ways, contributing to climate change.
The consequences of a nuclear accident are potentially very damaging to human life, health and the
environment.
Case–Study: The 1986 Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station is located approximately 3.6 kilometres from the city of
Pripyat in the Soviet Union (now part of Ukraine, close to the border with Belarus) [4]. The power
station was the site of four completed nuclear reactors, as well as two further reactors under
construction. In the early hours of the 26th of April 1986, Reactor 4, which had been running for
approximately 2 years prior, was undergoing maintenance checks in order to review emergency
procedures [5]. In a test to examine whether the cooling pump system could function in the event of
the failure of the auxiliary electricity supply, too many control rods were lowered, causing a near–
complete shutdown of the reactor. Engineers raised the rods in an attempt to restart the system, but
raised too many rods, resulting in a great increase in power output. At 1.23am, the emergency

The Disaster Of Nuclear Generating Station Essay
Abstract:
In the early morning hours of 28th March 1979, the worst disaster in the history of nuclear energy
production in the US took place. Unit Two of the Three Mile Island had a meltdown releasing some
amount of radioactivity into the surrounding area. The meltdown led to the possibility of Unit 2 of
the reactor facility to explode. The ramifications of the accident revealed the conceptual difficulties
of assessing social risks and the political difficulties in managing them (Nelkin, March 1981).This
paper aims at describing the accident, the post–accident setup and clean–up and the various losses
which have been attributed to the disaster. It also intends to develop an understanding of the various
complex issues and social vulnerabilities and risks that caused the disaster. The paper raises a very
important question about the safety of the nuclear power plants in the world and the risk the reactors
pose to the people and environment as a whole.
Introduction:
The Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI) is located in the Susquehanna River
flowing in the south of Harrisburg Town in the state of Pennsylvania, U.S. The generating station
comprises of two generating units TMI–1 and TMI–2. TMI–1 has a generating capacity of 852
MWe and the commercial operation began in 1974.
Unit Two of the Three Mile Island Generating Station was similar in construction to Unit One. It
was of a slightly higher capacity than Unit One and the generating capacity was 906 MWe. The

Marine Life Fukushima was the second worst nuclear disaster in the history of the world.
Contamination can spread through air, dust, trash, wildlife, and of course water. TEPCO reported
that around 300 tons of contaminated water had leaked in to the ocean. By April 15, 2011 radiation
levels were 6500 times the legal limit. Cod and pollock are important because of their global
demand. Cod has tested positive for radiation contamination more than once since the disaster, not
only in the Fukushima area, but in many other areas too. 70% of domestic product comes from the
Pacific Ocean. This has led to a lot of negative information circulating through Japanese society and
a shortage of positive information (or at least an indifference to it). Negative ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
After three month the majority of the radiation had actually disappeared. However, the half–life of
cesium 137 is 30 years. This leads to the question of what is the long–term impact of this disaster.
These contaminates exists inside berries roots and small animals, all of which are the diet of
Japanese boars. In recent years the boar population left unchecked has increased 330 percent.
During this time the boars have cause an estimated £620,000 of damage. Normally the meat of
Japanese boars is high in protein and the healthiest of the red meets. The same cannot be said for
these boars now heavily contaminated due to their choice of food. Tests carried out have found the
meat of these boars to be 300 times the radiation limit for human consumption. hunters have been
dispatched over fear of boar attacks and acts of aggression. Overflowing mass graves now litter the
Fukushima prefecture. Scientists are too hasty to label a people ignorant for not accepting their
finding when strong stigmas and legitimate threats

“Risk Can Be Identified and Controlled. Therefore All...
"Risk can be identified and controlled. Therefore all industrial disasters are preventable." Discuss.
This essay discusses the apparently logical proposition that if risk can be identified and controlled,
industrial disasters are preventable. It first examines the concepts of 'risk', 'identification and
control', 'disaster' and 'preventable' before examining the nature of the industrial disaster through a
systems approach; it will be shown that a disaster can be deconstructed in order to present a series of
'hooks' on which preventative action could be taken. However, the nature of the system and
organizational culture in which it operates prohibits those lessons from being applied. Furthermore,
not only are there limits to lessons, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This systems approach seeks to identify lessons in order to predict future disasters within industry
because of the isomorphic nature of these systems. From an organizational perspective, Toft and
Reynolds (2005 cited in Module 1, Unit 5: 5.6) argued that although disasters are low frequency
events when viewed in the context of one organization, managers could benefit from isomorphic
foresight if they viewed incidents which occurred across the whole industry and learned from one
another, where organizations and/or operations are similar. Thus, given the availability of theoretical
models and empirical evidence, it would appear to be a rational assertion that industrial disasters
could be prevented because industry could learn from its own experiences. However, there are a
number of barriers to this, both in general and specifically, due to limitations on isomorphic
learning.
The first general issue of reductionism (Elliott, 2000). There may be a tendency to take a simple
approach to causes of disasters (Richardson, 1994) reducing them to simplistic activity or blame;
this diverts attention away from emergent properties, or previously unforeseen system interactions
(Elliott, 2000) and inhibits a holistic approach which would otherwise consider the range of
political, economic and

Nuclear Power : The Chernobyl Disaster
The Chernobyl Disaster "After Chernobyl, thousands and thousands of people, if not millions, were
given a death penalty and had to pay the price..." (Wladimir Klitschko). On April 26, 1986, the
Chernobyl Power Station in Pripyat, Ukraine, was running low power tests when the reactor
overheated leading to an explosion and radiation releasing into the atmosphere. Despite this being
one of the most serious nuclear disasters in world history, causing great harm to the earth and life
around it, we now know more about the dangers of nuclear energy than ever before. It is very
important that we continue to strengthen our regulations to make nuclear energy a safe, reliable
energy source. After the intense battle of World War II, the Allied ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The pressure from the nuclear arms race affected both the US and USSR causing them to
miscalculate their nuclear reactor designs. In March 28, 1979, the US endured one of their biggest
nuclear power plant accidents in US history, Three Mile Island. The accident that occurred in
Middletown, Pennsylvania, was the result of a malfunction in Unit 2 reactor's cooling system. After
this event, the US realized that they needed to strengthen regulations and improve the safety of
nuclear energy. Unlike the US, the Soviet Union was more focused on passing up their opponent
rather than focusing on the safety of nuclear energy. In 1970, the Soviet Union started to build a
nuclear power plant 80 miles north of Kiev, Ukraine in a town called Chernobyl. After the launch of
Chernobyl, 3 km away, a new town called Pripyat was built to house the employees who operated
the new power plant. Sixteen years later, as Chernobyl was midway through of constructing their
5th reactor, the 4th reactor endured an explosion which led to the spread of large amounts of
radiation into the atmosphere as a result of poorly engineered designs. The Soviet Union used an
unusual designed reactor called, RBMK also known as LWGR (Light Water Graphite Reactor). The
Soviet–designed RBMK (reaktor bolshoy moshchnosty kanalny, high–power channel reactor) was a
pressurized water–cooled reactor with individual fuel channels and used

A Note on the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster: The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster is an accident that took place at a
nuclear power plant in Ukraine in April 1986. The accident was because of a flawed Soviet reactor
design, severe mistakes by the plant operators, and direct result of Cold War isolation. As the
resultant steam explosion and fires emitted radioactive reactor core into the downwind and the
Earth's atmosphere, the accident was also attributed to the lack of any safety culture. The Chernobyl
Nuclear Disaster was a unique event because it's the only accident in commercial nuclear power
history in which radiation–related losses took place. Nonetheless, the design of the reactor is
exceptional and the disaster of minimal relevance to other elements of the nuclear industry.
Background on the Disaster: The Chernobyl Nuclear Power plant consisted of four nuclear reactors
with each of them capable of producing 1 gigawatt of electric power. During the time when the
disaster took place, these four reactors were producing approximately 10 percent of the electricity
used in Ukraine. The construction of this power plant started in the 1970s with the first reactor
commissioned in 1977 and the fourth in 1983. At the time when the disaster happened, the other two
nuclear reactors were still under construction (West par, 4). In April 1986, the operating crew
planned to evaluate whether the turbines of the fourth reactor could produce adequate energy to
maintain the running of the coolant

The Disaster Of Nuclear Power Essay
Many critics argue that due to the Three Mile Island nuclear incident that occurred March 28, 1979,
in Pennsylvania resulted in a reactor meltdown, with no casualties due to a combination of
equipment failure and a lack of operators understanding what to do to a faulty reactor. This incident
has put the majority public to have safety concerns over not only the operators working in the plants
but also the civilians in the surrounding area. Yet since the accident, the United States formed the
National Academy for Nuclear Training to improve training the Institute of Nuclear Power
Operations which reviews and accredits nuclear utilities' training programs for all key positions at
each plant. In addition, nuclear energy plants have proven the ability to produce clean electricity
without greenhouse gas emissions and the reliability due to its increased efficiency and increased
power output.
Nuclear power is generated from the energy that is released from a heavy nucleus into a lighter,
more stable nuclei. The heat produced is used to boil water which drives a steam turbine to generate
electricity. This chain reaction process is also called fission. A key element to fuel nuclear plant is
uranium. Uranium is considered to be a nonrenewable energy source, even though it is a common
metal found in rocks worldwide. U–235 is most commonly used in plants because its atoms are
easily split apart. To extract U–235 uranium ore is mined; for the United States, this element is
found in the

The Disaster Of Nuclear Reactors
An earthquake centered 130 km off shore of the city of Sendai in Miyagi caused 11 nuclear reactors
that were operating at 4 different nuclear plants to shut down on March 11, 2011(Fukushima
Accident, 2015). The earthquake had a magnitude of 9.0, which is classified as one of the worst
earthquakes/ greatest earthquakes on the earthquake scale, the tsunami following the earthquake was
about 560 sq km resulting in over 19,000 human deaths. The earthquake and tsunami caused the
following nuclear units to shut down, Tokyo Electric Power Company 's (Tepco) Fukushima Daiichi
1, 2, 3, and Fukushima Daini 1, 2, 3, 4, Tohoku 's Onagawa 1, 2, 3, and Japco 's Tokai, total 9377
MWe net (ibid).
Nuclear plants create energy through radioactive substances that help the creation of energy.
Substances can become radioactive because the nucleus of each atom is unstable and can decay
giving off nuclear radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays (What is
Radioactivity, n.d.). Most power reactors use water as a coolant, in light–water reactors, the core is
surrounded by the coolant under pressure. The nuclear fuel contains uranium that contains 2 to 4
percent uranium–235. For fuel rods the uranium is changed to uranium dioxide (Nuclear Energy,
n.d.). Heat is created by the uranium–235 atoms splitting which is called fission then steam is made
which spins a turbine to drive a generator and produces electricity, this is a nuclear reaction.
Fukushima are boiling–water

The Failure Of The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster Essay
Executive Summary Thomas J. Watson once said, "go ahead and make mistakes. Make all you can,
because that 's where you will find success: on the far side of failure." Making mistakes or failures
are a part of life, as Watson puts it, it is vital to make mistakes and learn from them. Making
mistakes is an integral part of innovation. It is the ability to overcome these faults; faults allow
humans to grow and expand on the knowledge of the unknown so that in the future we are well
prepared for the unexpected. By understanding from previous failures, it stimulates innovation, new
ways to approach and triumph over obstacles. The purpose of this report is to highlight significant
engineer failures over history. Many of the disasters occurred in the latter half of the 20th and
beginning of the 21st century. Starting with the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, three aerospace related
accidents, Challenger, Apollo 13, and Mars Climate Orbiter. As well as the radiation machine,
Therac–25, and the more recent Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Each of the topics will go in–depth on
background information, how the incident occurred, way it could have been prevented, and future
implications, or measures taken due to these accidents to avoid future disasters. Nothing is perfect,
everything has flaws, this includes processes and people. There is not a final approach to solve
problems. Mistakes do not discriminate; it happens at some point in one's life. One of the most
critical take on mistakes is

Nuclear Power And The Chernobyl Disaster
The Chernobyl Disaster was not meant to happen at all, what was supposed to happen was an
experiment to see if the reactor's own electrical needs could be supplied by a freewheeling turbine in
the event of a power outage, but the experiment did not go as it was planned. This experiment gone
wrong caused so much radiation sickness to the people, which lead to death by sickness, or death by
cancer. The people who lived ended up having children with many mutations and disabilities. The
Soviet Union wanted to hide the fact this never happened, so they released false information about
the disaster to the public not realizing the many after effects this would have on the world, the
people and the environment. Nuclear power plants may create a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first part of the five basic parts to a nuclear reactor starts with the core which holds the Uranium
fuel. As there are many different types of reactors each core holds a different type of Uranium. For
some examples, a heavy water reactor uses natural Uranium, which 0.7% is Uranium–235, while
light water reactors use Uranium that has been enriched, so that Uranium–235 makes up around 3–
5% of the total. The next part of the reactor is the moderator, now the moderator is a light material
such as water. The water will allow the neutrons to be slowed down without being captured. The
benefit of slowing down these fast neutrons during fission is it can increase their efficiency by
causing further fission. Control Rods are made up of materials that can absorb neutrons, such as
silver, boron, indium, hafnium, or cadmium. These are introduced into the reactor to reduce the
number of neutrons and thus stop the fission process when required to stop. Another use of the rods
is to control the level and distribution of power in the reactor. Next part of the reactor is the coolant.
The coolant is the fluid that circulates through the reactor core. This absorbs and transfers heat that
is produced by nuclear fission. Also at the same time, it maintains the temperature of the fuel within
the acceptable limits. The final part the nuclear reactor is the

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster
Sarah Byrnside
PhySci 111
Research Paper
24 April 2015
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster was a nuclear accident
that occurred in 2011 at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant following an underwater earthquake
that produced tsunamis, eventually resulting in a full nuclear meltdown and toxic amounts of
radiation being dumped into the atmosphere. This particular nuclear disaster is infamous because,
despite the earthquake and tsunami, it is still considered a man–made disaster. Had Fukushima plant
workers been properly trained regarding what to do in the event of a nuclear disaster and had the
Japanese government reacted more swiftly and efficiently, the damage to the reactors would have
been less extensive and a full nuclear meltdown could have been prevented altogether. The factors
that led to the meltdown, however, can be learned from and used to develop better safety procedures
and educate people so that hopefully the next nuclear accident can be avoided in the future. Simply
put, the nuclear reactors at the Fukushima plant use chemical reactions to boil water, producing
electricity. They achieve this through the process of nuclear fission, which is the splitting of an atom
in two and gives off energy in the form of heat. If one of the pieces of the split atom collides with
another atom, that atom will then undergo fission and hit other atoms which will undergo the same
process. This chain reaction of splitting atoms continues on

Essay on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster It is a silent enemy, it has no odor, no smell, no shape,
yet it is one of man's deadliest foes. Radiation is not something most people face on a daily basis,
but for the town of Prypiat in the Ukraine it is a barren wasteland because of it. The Chernobyl
Nuclear Power Plant disaster was the worst nuclear catastrophe to have ever occurred and, is a
perfect example of what can happen when the blind and unmasked furry of atomic power is left
unharnessed. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is near the town of Prypiat, Ukraine, 18 km
northwest of the city of Chernobyl, 16 km from the border of Ukraine and Belarus, and about 110
km north of Kyiv. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the test program was not formally coordinated with either the chief designer of the
reactor, nor with the scientific manager. Instead, it was approved only by the director of the plant.
According to the test parameters, at the start of the experiment, the thermal output of the reactor
should have been no lower than 700 MW. If the conditions of the reactor had been as planned, the
test almost certainly would have proceeded safely. The eventual disaster resulted from attempts to
boost the reactor output once the experiment had started, inconsistent with the approved procedure.
(Marples 39–43) The Chernobyl power plant had been in operation for two years without the
capability to ride through the first 60–75 seconds of a total loss of electric power. The station
managers wished to correct this at the first opportunity. This may explain why they continued the
test, even when serious problems arose, and why the requisite approval for the test was not sought
from the Soviet nuclear oversight regulator. (Gale 22–25) At 1:23:04 a.m. the experiment began, the
steam to the turbines was shut off, and a run down of the turbine generator began, together with the
four Main Circulating Pumps (MCP). The diesel generator started and sequentially picked up loads,
which was complete by 01:23:43; during this period the power for these four MCPs was supplied by
the coasting down turbine generator. As the momentum

The Three Mile Island Nuclear Disaster
Nuclear fission is a cost–effective, and relatively clean way to generate power. Since, the mid–
1940's, with the formation of the first atomic bombs, engineers have worked on improving nuclear
power. In the 1970's and 80's nuclear power plants were built in cities to provide power for homes,
workplaces, and other facets of life. Nuclear reactions were not well understood by the general
public and therefore nuclear engineers inherited a certain status. Also as a result, nuclear power
plants raised concerns for many Americans. The chances of a nuclear reactor failure were very slim,
however, the consequences were devastating. Engineers feared that if the general public knew of the
possible consequences that there would be massive amounts of unnecessary fear. As a result,
operators of nuclear reactors were not informed of procedures to follow in the event of an
emergency. On May 28, 1979, around 4 a.m. in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania at Three Mile Island
nuclear power plant, the worst nuclear accident in United States history occurred (Backgrounder...).
The Metropolitan Edison Company was operating Reactor 2 as normal but then it suddenly
shutdown due to a rise in the temperature of the coolant feed. When functioning properly, the
reactor is cooled by a steady stream of a coolant water that flows into and then out of the reactor
which is the cooled and recycled back to the reactor. However, the temperature of the inlet, coolant
feed increased and caused the reactor to

Nuclear Power Disasters : Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Disasters: Fukushima Daiichi
Fukushima Daiichi joins the ranks of nuclear disasters that include Chernobyl (1989) and Three
Mile Island (1979). Fukushima Daiini, sat alongside Daiichi, and was not damaged during the
earthquake or tsunami. It is still operable.
Worldwide, there are 439 (GW 377) and 69 (GW 66) nuclear power plants–although not all are in
operation, at this time. Nuclear power plants are either nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, or power that
is derived from nuclear decay. Many of these plants have been in operation since the late 60s and
early 70s and have not created any disasters or near disasters. Nuclear power, for what it's worth, is
considered clean, renewable, and safe energy.
Japanese Earthquake and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To ensure backup power, nuclear power plants have generators to keep water circulating and cooling
the fuel rods. There were 13 generators on–site and only one of those was undamaged by the
tsunami. The generators for Fukushima Daiichi were installed on the ocean side of the plant, as well.
What happened, and what created the disaster was the failure of the generators to come into play.
The first of the Daiichi power units exploded within 17 to 24 hours of the initial event. Without the
ability to pump water over the fuel rods, the rods continue to heat until they reach unsustainability
and the plant exploded. Three employees were killed as a result of the earthquake and tsunami and
hundreds more have worked diligently to remove and cleanup the affected buildings. Thus far, none
of those employees have died.
Studies performed in the 1960s showed that the sea level, at which the Fukushima plants were
designed and built, was acceptable for tsunami conditions. At the time the studies were done, a
tsunami and earthquake of such a magnitude as that which hit northeastern Japan was unknown and
newer studies–done since 2011–have altered the original findings.
In truth, the 13 generators located ocean–side should not have been installed in that location, as the
surviving plant Daiini's generators were located on the opposite side–on land–and that plant
survived with only minimal structural

The Long Term Health Risk For The General Population...
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 PURPOSE OF PROJECT To quantify the long term health risk for the
general population exposed to radiation by the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster in the aftermath
of the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. 1.2 BACKGROUND On the 11th March
2011, following a magnitude 9 earthquake in the Pacific, a fifteen meter tsunami hit Honshu, the
main island of Japan, killing over 19,000 people and damaging the Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear
Power Plant. Over the following days while workers worked to contain the accident days the
crippled Nuclear Power Plant released dangerous nuclear isotopes into the atmosphere resulting in
the biggest nuclear disaster since Chernobyl in April 1986. Experience from the ... Show more
The exposure to the radiation released will not only result in heightened risks for cancer in
populations, but may also result in other, non–cancer related health problems such as thyroid
diseases, visual impairment, circulatory diseases, hereditary disorders and teratogenic defects
(developmental defects in fetuses). It is important that exposure to radiation be estimated so that
cancer risks can be estimated and appropriate responses and health measures can be implemented by
governments to deal with future development in health problems related to the release of radiation
from Fukushima. In 2013 the World Health Organization released its health risk assessment for the
Fukushima–Daiichi Nuclear disaster concluding that for the general population "the lifetime risk for
some cancers may be somewhat elevated above baseline rates for certain age and sex groups that
were in the areas most affected" and that disease attributable to the disaster is likely to remain below
detectable levels. In 2012 Ten Hoeve and Jacobson provided the first estimates of the health impact
of the Fukushima nuclear accident, estimating an additional 15 to 1100 (most likely 130) cancer
related mortalities for the general population. Both Sophisticated modeling to come to these
conclusions. This work to attempts to independently without reference to either's methodology

Fukushima Nuclear Disaster Research Paper
Prevent Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Disaster
The most extreme way to produce power is by nuclear fission. They do this by splitting single
atoms, Nuclear Energy Institute states ?Nuclear power plants obtain the heat needed to produce
steam through a physical process. This process, called fission, entails the splitting of atoms of
uranium in a nuclear reactor. The uranium fuel consists of small, hard ceramic pellets that are
packaged in long, vertical tubes. Bundles of this fuel are inserted into the reactor.? Power produced
this way also has drawbacks. Producing this kind of power also produces an extreme amount of
heat. If the cooling system loses power the reactor temperature rises dangerously high which will
then release radiation, causing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reactor was overheating to the point it was emitting radioactive material. The Tokyo Energy
Power Company admitted that they failed to inspect thirty–three cooling system equipment for the
six reactors about two weeks before the disaster (NYTimes.com).
The inspection was to see if the Tokyo Energy Power Company could extend the life of the reactors
or to shut them down, which the reactors failed the inspection, but the TEPCO decided to extend the
lives of the reactors according to the NY Times. The NY times also stated ?regulators said that ?
maintenance management was inadequate? and that the ?quality of inspection was insufficient??
(nytimes.com).
The reactors one, two, and three were outdated and soon the rest of the reactors will be outdated.
NY Times talks about how the nuclear operators are deciding whether or not to expand the life of
the reactors since they are almost to the forty–year statutory limit. All of the 18 reactors, which
includes the five at Fukushima and 13 more in Japan will turn forty years old in the next ten years

Essay on The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
*Works Cited Not Included Chernobyl is a popular nuclear disaster it was a terrible technological
disaster. Chernobyl is a small town in the Ukraine. The closest major city is Kiev. Kiev is the capital
of the Ukraine. It is made up of 2.4 million people. In 1986 April 26 Chernobyl experienced an
unforgettable nuclear disaster. At the time, the USSR was responsible for roughly 10% of the
world's nuclear power. The year of the accident Chernobyl nuclear power plant was using four of
the most modern soviet reactors, the RBMK–type.
The cause of this tragedy was due to operator error. The nuclear operators were running a test to
observe how the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Soviets put only the bottom pipes in containment because this was easier. The main weakness
was in shutting the reactor down. As a result of inadequacy the shutdown rods are part of the normal
plant control system rather than being a separate emergency system. Again a fault in the control
system also makes the emergency shutdown unable to function. Another weakness was that
Chernobyl had only partial containment. Because of the partial containment the radiation went out
the top of the reactor where there were no leak tight boxes. The hot fuel and graphite were exposed
to air when they went out the top of the reactor. If there had been a completed containment, then the
water and steam from the broken pipes would have dissolved almost all of the cesium and
radioactive iodine that escaped. Even if the containment leaked the cesium and the iodine would not
get out. Because the hot fuel and graphite were exposed to air this chemical reaction did occur. The
operators had removed all of the control rods except for six. This action is against procedures. It is
not safe for any reactor to operate with so many control rods removed. Besides the RBMK reactor
was not designed to operate at such low power. The power generators of this reactor were run by
steam forced through turbines. By the time the reactor exploded none of the turbines were turning
and all of the steam was building.

Chernobyl : The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
Chernobyl was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred April 26th, 1986 at the Chernobyl
Nuclear Power Plant in the town of Pripyat, Ukraine. Chernobyl is the worst nuclear disaster in the
world in terms of cost and causalities. 31 people died as a direct result of the explosion – all of
whom were reactor staff and emergency workers. Until the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
disaster, Chernobyl was the only nuclear accident classified as a level 7 event (the maximum
classification) on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The Chernobyl accident was the outcome of
a extremely flawed Soviet–era reactor design called RBMK as well as faulty and careless actions of
the under educated and under trained operators. RBMK –which translates to "High Power Channel–
type Reactor"–is a design that American physicist Hans Bethe has called "fundamentally faulty,
having a built–in instability." The RBMK design is now universally recognized as being defective,
although as of 2013 there are 11 RBMK reactors operating in Russia. The operators had switched
the safety systems off, and the reactor was being operated under improper and unstable conditions.
The accident occurred during an experiment scheduled to test a possible safety emergency core–
cooling feature. At 1:23 a.m. on April 26, extremely hot nuclear fuel rods were lowered into cooler
water, creating a giant amount of steam, which – because of the RBMK reactors ' design flaws –
created more reactivity in the nuclear core of reactor

The Meltdown Of The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster
On March 11, 2011, Japan was hit by an earthquake and a tsunami resulting in 15,894 confirmed
deaths, with 2,556 people missing. This was the fourth strongest earthquake to hit in recent years
with a magnitude of 9.1 ("Damage Station Police" ). However, this was not the only disaster to have
struck Japan, the combination of the earthquake and tsunami led to the meltdown of a power plant
in, Tōhoku region, Japan. This event became known as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
Nuclear meltdowns has contributed harm to many environments by radioactive leaks, soil
contamination, and radiation exposure.
200 miles away from the Fukushima, fresh water fish were being hit with high levels of radiation.
These organisms that are exposed to radiation

The Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Disaster
In the world, many countries have nuclear power plants. There are about 438 reactors around the
world(Nuclear Energy Institute). I will inform you about the nuclear accidents and a brief
background about nuclear power plants. Nuclear reactors make electricity for towns, cities, and
other places.
¨The first self–sustaining nuclear chain reaction test was in December 2nd 1942( Anderson 1).¨
After that came more nuclear reactors and with more nuclear reactors, comes the greater chance of
an accident. Throughout the world there has been only 99 accidents, but most of the nuclear
accident have been quite minor. But three out of those 99 accidents were quite major. The three
major accidents were at Fukushima, Japan, Chernobyl, Ukraine, and Three Mile Island,
Pennsylvania.
Fukushima Japan is the biggest nuclear disaster and only the second disaster to give off a level
seven on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Three Mile Island nuclear power plant was designated as a Historical Marker on March 25,
1999. The meltdown began in the non–nuclear secondary system on March 28,1979, then a pilot
operated relief valve was stuck open in the primary system that allowed large amounts of coolant
out. This disaster could have been prevented but many of the workers were improperly trained and
human error played a factor. There were no deaths but it made the way for new regulations for
nuclear power plants. Workers started to clean up the Three Mile Island disaster in August 1979 and
ended in December of 1993.
The last and final disaster I will be talking about is the Chernobyl disaster in Pripyat, Ukraine. The
Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster is the worst nuclear power plant disaster on history. An
explosion in the nuclear core during an emergency shutdown is what all started this. The nuclear
disaster occurred on April 26, 1986. The Chernobyl disaster was a seven on the International
Nuclear Event

America's First Nuclear Disaster
Sl–1: America's First Nuclear Disaster Describe the Incident and Identify Toxic Materials On
January 3, 1961 at 9:01 PM the United States experienced what any believe the be the first nuclear
reactor accident in world history (Adams, 1996). The US Army had commissioned a small reactor
prototype to be built in the Idaho desert that surround Idaho Falls. They believed that they were
isolated enough that they could conduct experiments with a small reactor that would mimic the
conditions of the site they wished to have the reactor on while also allowing for a safety zone for the
people in the nearby town. The reactor was a small three rod affair that did not have the shielding or
the safety measures that would come in response to this accident (Stacy, 2000, 144). For some
reason, the center control rod, possibly for maintenance purposes, was manually lifted
approximately 50 cm (Stacy, 2000, 141). This caused there to be an instant, or prompt, criticality
which caused the reactor to blow up (Stacy, 2000, 141). The reason for this appears to be that the
reactor activated due to the reaction caused by the influx of water, a moderator, into the system. The
reaction rapidly heated the moderator and the cooling water to steam which expanded in the small
containment vessel and caused the reactor pressure lid to blow off of the vessel (Stacy, 2000, 141).
Two of the three men, who were working inside the reactor compartment, apparently died instantly
from the explosion. The other

Fukushima Nuclear Disaster

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